Awareness, information sources, and beliefs regarding palliative care in the general population in Japan: a nationwide cross-sectional survey (INFORM study 2023).

BACKGROUND: The diversification of information sources and changes in social structures necessitates updates on the state of public awareness of palliative care. Therefore, we clarified the status and determinants of awareness, information sources, and beliefs, regarding palliative care in Japan. METHODS: This nationwide cross-sectional survey included 10 000 participants aged ≥20 years enrolled through random sampling using a two-stage stratification in 2023. We used a mailed self-administered questionnaire (INFORM Study 2023). The questionnaire items were selected (partially modified) from the Health Information National Trends Survey (USA) to ensure comparability, included palliative care awareness, information sources, and beliefs. Weighted logistic regression was conducted to explore the determinants of awareness. RESULTS: Of the 3452 participants that responded (response rate: 35.3%), 65.2% had palliative care awareness. The weighted logistic regression analysis revealed that respondents less likely to have any palliative care awareness were younger, were male, had limited education history, had lower household income, and were non-Internet users. Of these, sex had the clear association (adjusted odds ratio for female vs. male: 3.20 [95% CI: 2.66-3.85]). Across all age groups, healthcare professionals (58.5%) and the Internet (30.5%) were the most trusted source of information. Younger participants frequently received information online. Most participants believed that palliative care was beneficial, although 82.0% associated it with death. CONCLUSIONS: The Japanese population had a relatively high palliative care awareness, with the majority trusting information from healthcare professionals rather than the Internet. Further efforts are warranted to address barriers to receiving trustworthy palliative care information.

Effectiveness of an online text-based stress management program for employees who work in micro- and small-sized enterprises: A randomized controlled trial.

Background: Internet psychoeducational interventions improve employees' mental health. However, implementing them for employees in micro- and small-sized enterprises (MSEs) is challenging. Objectives: This randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of a fully automated text-based stress management program, "WellBe-LINE," in improving mental health and job-related outcomes for employees in workplaces with fewer than 50 employees. Methods: The program was developed based on stakeholder interviews and surveys of 1000 employees at MSEs. Adult full-time employees at an enterprise with fewer than 50 employees were recruited from registered members of a web survey company in Japan. Participants were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group (1:1). Participants in the intervention group were invited to register for the program using the LINE app. Psychological distress measured by Kessler 6 (K6) was a primary outcome, with self-administrated questionnaires at baseline, 2-month (post), and 6-month follow-ups. A mixed model for repeated measures conditional growth model analysis was conducted using a group ∗ time interaction as an intervention effect. Implementation outcomes were measured through implementation outcome scales for digital mental health (iOSDMH). Results: 1021 employees were included in this study. No significant effects were shown in any outcome. The reported implementation outcomes were positively evaluated, with 80 % acceptability, 86 % appropriateness, and feasibility (ease of understanding the contents [88 %], frequency [86 %], and length of content [86 %]). Conclusions: A simple text-message program for employees at MESs was acceptable, appropriate, and feasible; however, it did not result in improved mental health or job-related outcomes. Trial registration: UMIN clinical trial registration: UMIN000050624 (registration date: March 18, 2023).

Height, body mass index, physical activity, and risk of colorectal cancer in relation to expression of insulin receptor: The Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study.

To ascertain the involvement of insulin receptors (IRs) in colorectal carcinogenesis, we investigated the association of height, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity with colorectal cancer (CRC) and two subtypes of CRC according to the expression level of IR. We utilized data from a large-scale, population-based prospective cohort study of 18,158 middle-aged and elderly subjects in Akita and Okinawa, Japan. In the statistical analysis, we used the Cox proportional hazards model and estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of CRC and its subtypes as defined by immunohistochemistry of IRß, a transmembrane subunit of IR. In the IRß-defined subtypes, height showed no apparent association with the risk of IRß-positive CRC. In contrast, a multivariable HR of IRß-positive CRC was 1.77 (95% CI = 1.04-3.03) with a BMI of ≥30.0 kg/m2 (i.e., obesity), compared to a BMI of <25.0 kg/m2. Further, an increase in physical activity was significantly associated with decreased risk of IRß-positive CRC (multivariable HR per 5 METs-hour/day = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.88-0.99). Meanwhile, we found no significant association between any exposure and IRß-negative CRC. Likewise, heterogeneity between the two subtypes of CRC was not statistically significant. These findings imply that obesity and physical activity exert promoting and suppressing effects on the development of CRC expressing IRs, respectively.

Nursing Support for Constipation in Patients with Cancer: A Scoping Review.

Background: Constipation is an uncomfortable symptom experienced by many patients with advanced cancer, and it decreases the quality of life. Several studies have advised pharmacological therapies for constipation management, whereas others have promoted nonpharmacological approaches that promote changes in the patient's lifestyle. However, constipation management by nurses has not yet been systematically reviewed in patients with cancer. Therefore, this study conducted a scoping review of nursing support focused on nonpharmacological therapies offered to relieve constipation in patients with cancer. Methods: The review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping review framework. We searched the databases of PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library, and Ichushi-Web of the Japan Medical Abstract Society from the databases' inceptions to August 31, 2023, using various search terms such as "cancer," "constipation," and "nursing care." Results: A total of 1501 articles that met the eligibility criteria were identified; of these, 5 articles were selected, and 1 additional article was found via handsearching. The final sample included six articles. We categorized the articles into three major nursing support types: acupressure, aroma massage to the abdomen, and self-management education. Five studies used a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, including one with a randomized, waiting-list controlled trial, and one used a non-RCT design. All included studies showed the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions to improve constipation. Conclusion: This study also identified three types of nursing support for patients with cancer to relieve constipation. However, because of the small sample size, further evidence is required.

Dietary vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer according to vitamin D receptor expression in tumors and their surrounding stroma.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) has been molecularly classified into several subtypes according to tumor, stromal, and immune components. Here, we investigated whether the preventive effect of vitamin D on CRC varies with subtypes defined by Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in tumors and their surrounding stroma, along with the association of somatic mutations in CRC. METHODS: In a population-based prospective study of 22,743 Japanese participants, VDR expression levels in tumors and their surrounding stroma were defined in 507 cases of newly diagnosed CRC using immunohistochemistry. Hazard ratios of CRC and its subtypes according to dietary vitamin D intake were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Dietary vitamin D intake was not associated with CRC or its subtypes defined by VDR expression in tumors. However, an inverse association was observed for CRC with high VDR expression in the stroma (the highest tertile vs the lowest tertile: 0.46 [0.23-0.94], Ptrend = 0.03), but not for CRC with low VDR expression in the stroma (Pheterogeneity = 0.02). Furthermore, CRC with high VDR expression in the stroma had more somatic TP53 and BRAF mutations and fewer APC mutations than those with low VDR expression in the stroma. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first evidence that the preventive effect of vitamin D on CRC depends on VDR expression in the stroma rather than in the tumors. CRC with high VDR expression in the stroma is likely to develop through a part of the serrated polyp pathway, which tends to occur with BRAF but not with APC mutations.

Shared decision-making support program for older patients with advanced cancer using a question prompt list and geriatric assessment: A pilot randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Older patients with cancer are less likely to express their treatment preferences than younger patients. Question prompt lists (QPLs) facilitate communication between patients and physicians. Geriatric assessment (GA) is recommended when older patients with cancer make treatment decisions. This study estimated the effect size of a shared decision-making (SDM) support program combining QPLs with GA in terms of patients' subjective evaluation of the SDM process for a future definitive randomized controlled trial. We also evaluated the number and quality of aging-related communication during consultations, and feasibility and acceptability of the study for exploratory purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a pilot study with randomized allocation and blind evaluation. Patients aged 65 years or older at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, scheduled to discuss the changes of their treatment, were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to the SDM support program or usual care. This program consisted of 30-60 min of face-to-face coaching, with QPLs and GA provided before the coaching. As the primary endpoint, the decisional conflict scores given by the patients immediately after the consultation were compared between the two groups. For the secondary endpoints, the number and quality of aging-related communications during the consultations were assessed by evaluators (blinded) using audio-recordings. Adherence, burden, and usefulness were assessed for evaluating feasibility and acceptability of the SDM support program. RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled. All patients completed the GA questionnaire, for which 70% did not require any individual assistance. Answering the questionnaires took approximately 11 min. The decisional conflict scores were mean [standard deviation (SD)]: 19.3 [10.8] vs. 18.0 [11.1] (effect size: Cohen's d = 0.12) for the SDM support program and usual care groups, respectively. The number of aging-related communications during the consultation for the new treatment was higher in the SDM support program group than the usual care (mean [SD]: 3.3 [1.2] vs. 2.2 [1.5], effect size: cohen's d = 1.32). Patients felt that the SDM support program was useful but not burdensome or difficult. DISCUSSION: The SDM support program was considered useful and feasible for older patients and able to facilitate communication regarding aging-related concerns. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The study protocol was registered on September 23, 2020, in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000041867).

Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of an Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome System at Cancer Hospitals in Japan.

Background and objective Implementing electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) in oncology practice has shown substantial clinical benefits. However, it can be challenging in routine practice, warranting strategies to adapt to different clinical contexts. In light of this, this study aimed to describe the implementation process of the ePRO system and elucidate the provider-level implementation barriers and facilitators to a novel ePRO system at cancer hospitals in Japan. Methods We implemented an ePRO system linked to electronic medical records at three cancer hospitals. Fifteen patients with solid cancers at the outpatient oncology unit were asked to regularly complete the Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE™) questionnaire and European Organization for Research and Treatment Core Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C30) by using the smartphone app between October 2021 and June 2022. Thirteen healthcare professionals were interviewed to identify implementation barriers and facilitators to the ePRO system by using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research framework. Results The healthcare professionals identified a lack of clinical resources and a culture and system that emphasizes treatment over care as the main barriers; however, the accumulation of successful cases, the leadership of managers, and the growing needs of patients can serve as facilitators to the implementation. Conclusions Our experience implementing an ePRO system in a few Japanese oncology practices revealed comprehensive barriers and facilitators. Further efforts are warranted to develop more successful implementation strategies.

Risk factors for intraoperative and delayed perforation related with gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Perforation is one of the most important complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early gastric cancer (EGC). Several studies have examined risk factors for intraoperative and delayed perforations, but most were retrospective analyses with small numbers of patients. METHODS: This study represents a secondary analysis of a Japanese multicenter prospective cohort study. We investigated the factors associated with each type of perforation using 9015 patients with 9975 EGCs undergoing ESD between July 2010 and June 2012. RESULTS: Intraoperative perforation occurred in 198 patients (2.2%) with 203 lesions (2.0%), necessitating emergency surgery for four lesions (0.04% [2.0%, 4/203]). Delayed perforation occurred in another 37 patients (0.4%) with 42 lesions (0.4%), requiring emergency surgery for 12 lesions (0.12% [28.6%, 12/42]). Factors showing significant independent correlations with intraoperative perforation were upper or middle third of the stomach; remnant stomach or gastric tube; procedure time ≥100 min; tumor size >35 mm; body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2; and ≥72 years. Factors showing significant independent correlations with delayed perforation were procedure time ≥60 min; BMI < 18.5 kg/m2; ≥75 years; ulceration; and tumor size >20 mm. Intraoperative perforation occurred most frequently at the greater curvature in the upper third of the stomach (7.9%), whereas delayed perforation occurred most frequently at the greater curvature in the middle third (1.2%). CONCLUSION: This multicenter prospective cohort study clarified the risk and risk factors of intraoperative and delayed perforation related to ESD for EGCs, providing information to help endoscopists reduce perforation.

Applicability of Nursing Support for Patients With Terminal Cancer and Their Families: A Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: This report investigates the applicability of nursing support for patients with cancer with a prognosis of months and weeks, and their families. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the applicability of nursing support for five symptoms (dyspnea, pain, nausea/vomiting, constipation, and delirium) in patients with cancer during the last weeks of life, and the caregiver burden on their families. DESIGN SETTING: A Delphi study was used to determine the applicability of nursing support for patients with terminal cancer and their families. Eight experts in symptom palliation in Japan who have direct care or research experience with these populations were included. The Delphi method was used to assess nursing support types for prognoses of months and weeks. Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement for either "high applicability" or "low applicability" of each support type. RESULTS: A total of 50 nursing support types for 5 symptoms were evaluated as highly applicable for 92% (n = 46) of patients with cancer with a prognosis of months. For patients with cancer with a prognosis of weeks, 78% (n = 39) of the nursing support was rated as highly applicable. For both prognosis groups, all nursing support (n = 6) for caregiver burden was highly applicable. CONCLUSION: Applicability ratings of nursing support may be influenced by a high degree of invasiveness, accessibility of knowledge and information, and high expectations of effectiveness. Future studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of nursing support evaluated as highly applicable to patients with cancer during the last few months and weeks of life.

Implementation of an internet-based stress management program in micro- and small-sized enterprises: a study protocol for a pre-post feasibility study of the effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Although internet-based stress management programs are proven effective in improving mental health among workers, micro- and small-sized enterprises (MSEs), lacking in occupational healthcare services, face challenges implementing them. To address this gap, this study will develop the program with stakeholders at MSEs to aim for real-world implementation. OBJECTIVES: This paper describes a study protocol for a pre-post feasibility study of an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trial of text-based internet-based programs ("WellBe-LINE") in MSEs with less than 50 employees. This feasibility study primarily aims to evaluate trial methods for future effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trials. METHODS: For this study protocol, an internet- and text-based self-care intervention program using the LINE app (a popular message tool in Japan) will be prepared according to evidence-based psychoeducational topics. Based on our online survey findings, personalized algorithms will be implemented according to employees' gender, age, and psychological distress levels. A personalized program using a popular pre-existing text app is expected to reduce employees' burdens and be attractive to them, resulting in successful implementation outcomes and mental health benefits. A pre-post design feasibility study will be conducted on ten companies to evaluate trial methods (e.g., recruitment and procedures). The primary outcome will involve individual-level penetration, defined as the proportion of the number of employees who register for the program divided by the total number of invited employees at the company. The progression criterion to go next trial specifies that more than 50% of the recruited companies obtain 60% individual penetration, which is set based on the findings of the prior survey of employees at MSEs and of interviews of stakeholders involved in this study, and will be measured by LINE system. Finally, acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility will be measured using internet-based questionnaires and interviews. DISCUSSION: This pre-post feasibility study for future effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trials will provide in-depth knowledge about the successful implementation of text-based, semi-personalized, self-care mental health interventions in real-world settings using both quantitative and qualitative data. CONCLUSIONS: This feasibility study will help validate the effectiveness of text-based interventions using a widely used social networking service (SNS) tool for employees in MSEs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN clinical trial registration, UMIN000046960. Registered on February 21, 2022. https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000053570.

Patients' perceptions of patient-centered communication with healthcare providers and associated factors in Japan - The INFORM Study 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe patients' perceptions of the patient-centeredness of their communication with healthcare providers in Japan, and to examine factors associated with these perceptions. METHODS: We analyzed the cross-sectional data from the INFORM Study 2020, which is a nationwide survey on health information access in Japan. A total of 3605 respondents completed the survey. Our primary outcome was the nine elements of the patient-centered communication scale (PCCS), which was compiled from 2703 respondents (75.0%) reporting at least one provider visit within 12 months. It was rated on a four-point Likert scale: always, usually, sometimes, and never. We used binary logistic regression to examine the association between sociodemographic and health-related variables, and each element of the PCCS. RESULTS: For all elements, the percentage of respondents who agreed that their healthcare providers always communicated in a patient-centered way was low (17-31%). Patients with higher age, higher education, poorer general health status and a larger number of visits to providers in the previous 12 months were more likely to have positive perception. CONCLUSION: Patient-centered communication as reported in a national sample in Japan was low. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Efforts are needed to improve the patient-centeredness of patient-provider communication in Japan to optimize health outcomes.

Potential for expanding indications and curability criteria of endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer in elderly patients: results from a Japanese multicenter prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Evidence for endoscopic resection (ER) in elderly patients with early gastric cancer (EGC) is limited. We assessed its clinical outcomes and explored new indications and curability criteria. METHODS: We analyzed data from a Japanese multicenter, prospective cohort study. Patients aged ≥75 years with EGC treated with ER were included. We classified eCuraC-2 (corresponding to noncurative ER, defined in the Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines) into elderly-high (>10% estimated metastatic risk) and elderly-low (EL-L) (≤10% estimated metastatic risk). RESULTS: In total, 3371 patients with 3821 EGCs were included; endoscopic submucosal dissection was the prominent treatment choice. Among them, 3586 lesions met the guidelines' ER indications, and 235 did not. The proportions of en bloc and R0 resections and perforations were 98.9%, 94.4%, and 0.8%, respectively, in EGCs within the indications. In EGCs beyond the indications, they were 99.5%, 85.4%, and 5.9%, respectively, for lesions diagnosed as ≤3 cm and 96.0%, 64.0%, and 18.0%, respectively, for those >3 cm. Curative ER and EL-L were observed in 83.6% and 6.2% of lesions within the indications, respectively, and in 44.2% and 16.8% of lesions <3 cm beyond the indications, respectively. The 5-year cumulative gastric cancer death rates after curative ER and elderly-high were 0.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-0.6) and 3.5% (95% CI, 2.0-5.7), respectively. After EL-L, the rate was 0.9% (95% CI, 0.2-3.5) even without subsequent treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The usefulness of endoscopic submucosal dissection for elderly EGC patients was confirmed by their clinical outcomes. Lesions of ≤3 cm and EL-L emerged as new ER indication and curability criteria, respectively. (Clinical trial registration number: UMIN000005871.).

A feasibility study of provider-level implementation strategies to improve access to colorectal cancer screening for patients with schizophrenia: ACCESS2 (N-EQUITY 2104) trial.

BACKGROUND: People with schizophrenia have a lower colorectal screening rate than the general population. A previous study reported an intervention using case management to encourage colorectal cancer screening for patients with schizophrenia in psychiatric outpatient settings. In this feasibility study, we developed provider-level implementation strategies and evaluated the feasibility of conducting a definitive trial in terms of the penetration of the intervention assessed at the patient level. Additionally, we examined the fidelity of strategies to implement the intervention at the provider level in a routine clinical psychiatric setting. METHODS: This was a multicenter, single-arm feasibility study with medical staff at psychiatric hospitals in Japan. The provider-level implementation strategies developed in this study included three key elements (organizing an implementation team appointed by the facility director, interactive assistance using a clear guide that outlines who in the hospital should do what, and developing accessible educational materials) to overcome major barriers to implementation of the intervention and four additional elements (progress monitoring, joint meetings and information sharing among participating sites, adaptation of encouragement methods to specific contexts, and education of on-site staff), with reference to the elements identified in the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC). The feasibility of the strategies was evaluated by the proportion of patients who were eligible for encouragement (patients with schizophrenia aged 40, 50, or 60) who received encouragement. We set the goal of providing encouragement to at least 40% of eligible patients at each site. RESULTS: Two public and four private psychiatric hospitals in Okayama and Shimane prefectures participated in this study. Regarding fidelity, all elements of the strategies were conducted as planned. Following the procedures in the guide, each team prepared and provided encouragement according to their own facility and region. Penetration, defined as the proportion of eligible patients who received encouragement, ranged from 33.3 to 100%; five of the six facilities achieved the target proportion. CONCLUSIONS: The provider-level implementation strategies to implement encouragement were feasible in terms of penetration of the intervention assessed at the patient level. The results support the feasibility of proceeding with a future definitive trial of these strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCT, jRCT1060220026 . Registered on 06/04/2022.

Associations of individual characteristics and socioeconomic status with heated tobacco product harmfulness perceptions in Japan: A nationwide cross-sectional study (INFORM Study 2020).

IntroductionIn Japan, heated tobacco products (HTPs) are promoted by the tobacco industry as reduced-risk tobacco products despite the lack of evidence for this claim. This study determined the distribution of HTP-harmfulness perception and identify the explanatory factors associated with the perception of HTP as less harmful than conventional cigarettes.MethodsA nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted with Japanese people aged 20 years or older (INFORM Study 2020) using a self-administered questionnaire. We performed descriptive analysis and weighted logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between explanatory factors (e.g., individual characteristics, socioeconomic status, and trusted sources of cancer information) and the perception of HTPs as less harmful.ResultsAmong 3,420 participants (response rate: 35.2%), the proportions of those who perceived HTPs as less harmful were 40.3% and 18.3% for users and non-users of tobacco, respectively. For participants aged 20-39 years, the proportion were 49.9% and 30.4%, respectively. Among 1,160 non-tobacco users who were familiar with HTPs, male, aged under 39 years, and had lower education were associated with the perception of HTPs as less harmful. Trusted sources of cancer information were not associated with the perception of HTPs as less harmful.ConclusionsThis study showed that, among non-tobacco users, being male, aged under 39 years, and lower education were associated with a perception of HTPs as less harmful. Public health stakeholders should provide the latest evidence about HTP harmfulness in their daily practice, and strengthen the regulations on HTP marketing directed at both tobacco- and non-tobacco users.

Trust in Mass Media as Sources of Cancer Information: Findings from a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Survey in Japan.

Trust is a major factor in effective public dissemination and use of relevant health information to guide important health decisions. To examine mass media as a communication channel for delivering cancer information among Japanese adults, we identified the level of trust in various types of mass media as sources of cancer information, and examined factors associated with trust, including exposure to mass media, sociodemographic factors, and cancer history. Data were analyzed for 3,109 Japanese adults who responded to a nationally representative cross-sectional mail survey. Data included trust in cancer information sources, sociodemographic variables, cancer history, and exposure to mass media. Logistic regression analysis was used. The prevalence of high trust in cancer information sources was highest for physicians (94.7%). Among mass media, Internet (47.2%) was the most trusted source of cancer-related information, followed by television (44.3%), newspapers/magazines (42.7%), and radio (32.7%). The high-exposure group for newspapers (AOR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.07-1.54) was more likely to trust newspapers. Similarly, high-exposure groups for radio (1.22, 1.02-1.45), Internet (1.21, 1.01-1.45), and television (1.30, 1.10-1.53) were positively associated with trust in each media type. Although trust in mass media was lower than trust in physicians, the study found that a large group of respondents had high levels of trust in mass media sources. Trust in cancer information from each mass media type was mainly related to the level of exposure to each mass media type. Developing health communication strategies using mass media may be effective for disseminating relevant cancer information in Japan.

Nursing Support for Nausea and Vomiting in Patients With Cancer: A Scoping Review.

Nausea and vomiting are symptoms commonly experienced by patients with advanced cancer and have a wide range of causes, including pharmacological interventions. Additionally, multiple factors often simultaneously cause nausea and vomiting. These highly distressing symptoms may be directly or indirectly related to the disease and can significantly impact both the physical and psychological well-being of patients. This study aims to identify the nursing support provided to reduce nausea and vomiting experienced by patients with cancer. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist and Arksey and O'Malley's framework. We searched the PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in the Cochrane Library, and the Ichushi-Web of the Japan Medical Abstract Society databases for all content published from the inception of each database through July 31, 2023. A total of 4,625 scientific articles were identified after literature screening. In total, 58 articles were included for full-text review, and 10 articles were finally selected for review. The types of study designs comprised six randomized controlled trials, three prospective observational studies, and one before-after study with no controls. The types of cancers included in the articles were colorectal, breast, lung, pancreatic, gynecological, stomach, and sarcoma. The total sample size of the study population was 793 patients (range = 12-281) for intervention studies and 4,333 patients (range = 20-4,197) for observational studies. Nursing support, extracted from the 10 articles, was classified into the following six types: massage therapy, acupressure, early palliative care, psychosocial support, self-symptom monitoring, and coordinated care. The review yielded six classifications of nursing support for nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. Future research should examine the feasibility of providing nursing support for nausea and vomiting in cancer patients.

Feasibility of a community-adapted multi-domain intervention for dementia prevention among older adults: a research protocol.

BACKGROUND: Multi-domain interventions effectively prevent dementia in clinical settings; however, their efficacy within local communities is unclear. This study assesses the feasibility of an adapted multi-domain intervention for dementia prevention in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: The single-arm trial enrolls 60 participants from two Obu City communities, Japan. PRIMARY OUTCOME: participant retention in the adapted multi-domain intervention; secondary outcomes: health and implementation outcomes. Over 12 months, a team of researchers and public health nurse oversees the study in the first half, gradually shifting the management to public health nurses in the second half. Using the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced, the clinical programme is adjusted for the local community. It includes a 60-minute exercise and 30-minute group sessions, targeting lifestyle, diet, and social participation. DISCUSSION: This pioneer study evaluates the feasibility of an adapted intervention programme for dementia prevention in a community setting. Challenges in disseminating dementia prevention programmes warrant further investigation into effective implementation as well as strategies and methods to appeal to the target population. Upon confirming this programme's feasibility, future studies can further evaluate its broader effectiveness. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol is registered with the Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) of the University Hospital's Medical Information Network, under registration number UMIN000050581.

Nursing Support for Caregiver Burden in Family Caregivers of Patients With Cancer: A Scoping Review.

Purpose: To identify nursing support for caregiver burden in family caregivers of patients with cancer. Methods: This scoping review was guided by Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage scoping review framework. All available published articles from database inception to July 31, 2023 were systematically searched through PubMed, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and Ichushi-Web of the Japan Medical Abstract Society databases with additional relevant studies from the article list. Each key journal was manually searched. Results: Overall, 502 articles were screened, and 34 were finally included. The results of the qualitative thematic analysis were categorized into 7 components of nursing support: psychological and educational support, psychological and educational support using mainly non-face-to-face (Information and Communication Technology), psychological and educational support mainly using non-face-to-face (telephone) methods, mindfulness to support, support aimed at reducing caregiver stress, support for both patients and caregivers, and others. Of the 34 studies, 23 were randomized controlled trials (RCT), and the remaining 11 were non-RCTs. Conclusion: The results of the scoping review categorized nursing support for caregiver burden in the family caregivers of patients with cancer into 7 components. Future research should examine the feasibility of implementing these components.

Smoking cessation interventions and implementations across multiple settings in Japan: a scoping review and supplemental survey.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the leading risk factor for death worldwide. In Japan, although several evidence-based interventions (EBIs) for smoking cessation have been disseminated or adopted, there is a gap between scientific evidence and the actual implementation. This scoping review aimed to describe the knowledge gaps in local-level smoking cessation interventions in Japan, their implementation outcomes, implementation barriers and facilitators, and the use of implementation strategies. METHODS: This study comprised two approaches: (1) a comprehensive scoping review of primary and grey literature, and (2) a supplemental survey of organizations in the grey literature. For the scoping review, we included original studies or reports on smoking cessation interventions targeting adults aged 18 years and older, or providers of cessation support at various settings (community, workplace, school, and clinical settings) in Japan. The extracted data included basic characteristics, intervention categories, implementation outcomes, factors influencing implementation, and implementation strategies for each intervention. Responses to the supplemental survey were extracted same used for the scoping review. To gain a deeper understanding, semi-structured interviews were conducted with some of the organizations in the survey. RESULTS: A total of 600 interventions with 691 intervention components, based on EBIs in the 2020 US Surgeon General Report, from 498 articles were included in the data extraction; 32 of the 88 organizations responded to the survey. Regarding the overall knowledge about smoking cessation intervention components, behavioral counseling, and cessation medication in clinical settings were mostly reported (34.7%). Implementation outcomes were measured in 18 articles (3.0%) and penetration was mostly reported. Regarding influential factors, "available resources," and "knowledge and beliefs about the intervention" for barriers, and "relative priority" for facilitators were mostly reported. Implementation strategies were measured in 29 articles (4.8%), and "Train and educate stakeholders" was mostly reported. CONCLUSIONS: Most EBIs reported in the Japanese literature included smoking cessation treatments in clinical settings. While a few articles focused on the implementation indicators in Japan, significant knowledge and experience were extracted from the grey literature, especially in the workplace and community settings. Future research should focus more on implementation to reduce the knowledge gap regarding smoking cessation interventions.

Mental Health Reform Processes and Service Delivery Shift From the Hospital to the Community in Belgium and Hong Kong.

Aim: We aimed to illustrate and compare the processes of mental health policies aiming at a service delivery shift from the hospital to the community using implementation science, and to identify important implementation strategies. Methods: This study had a comparative case study design. The cases were the Belgian mental health reform, and the person-centered model of mental health in Hong Kong, China. Several documentary sources were reviewed, including the published literature and websites. Data on policy processes were extracted, analyzed using directed content analysis, and categorized into constructs of the conceptual model for evidence-informed policy formulation and implementation arranged for the mental health policy. Results: Several similarities were identified in the strategies for active implementation and dissemination; official staff allocation, and training to the community psychiatric services, an approach to adjust the number of psychiatric hospital beds, and promoting collaboration between health care sectors and social welfare sectors. Under distinct social contexts, differences were found in all processes. Conclusions: Each of the described policy processes can serve as a model for countries in similar social contexts seeking to shift their psychiatric service delivery. Furthermore, our findings suggest widely applicable implementation strategies for policies aiming at a service delivery shift.