Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Properties of the Culinary-Medicinal Fairy Ring Mushroom, Marasmius oreades (Agaricomycetes).

This study is based on the phenolic composition and the antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activities of the edible mushroom Marasmius oreades from Turkey. The phenolic composition of an M. oreades ethanol extract was measured by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminium chloride colorimetry, and ultraperformance liquid chromatography. The antioxidant activity was evaluated on the basis of DPPH radical scavenging activity. The effect of the M. oreades ethanol extract was also screened in order to determine glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. The antimicrobial activity of the mushroom extract was evaluated by using well diffusion and was based on the minimum inhibitory concentration. In addition, the antibiofilm potential of M. oreades was analyzed against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Finally, the anticancer effects of the mushroom extract were tested on colon (HT-29) and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines by using the MTT assay. The results revealed that the total amount of phenolics in the ethanol extract of M. oreades was 10.990 ± 0.0007 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, and the total amount of flavonoids was 1.139 ± 0.0052 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g. The ultraperformance liquid chromatography results indicated that the M. oreades ethanol extract contained various phenolic compounds: catechin, ferulic, gallic acid, and vanillic acid. The M. oreades ethanol extract scavenged about 80% of DPPH free radicals. It did not show any effect on the glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase enzyme activities, but its maximal concentration (10 mg/mL) increased superoxide dismutase activity (8%). The ethanol extract of M. oreades showed a moderate anticancer effect on the HT-29, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Although the ethanolic extract of the mushroom did not show sufficient antibacterial activity, it presented a strong antibiofilm effect against all studied pathogenic strains at the tested concentrations.

Investigation of the Polyphenol Composition, Biological Activities, and Detoxification Properties of Some Medicinal Mushrooms from Turkey.

OBJECTIVES: Ethanolic extracts of the mushroom species Ganoderma adspersum, Inonotus hispidus, Russula chloroides, and Sarcodon imbricatus were investigated for their polyphenolic contents and biological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The radical scavenging activity of the extracts was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) (DPPH) method and their polyphenolic compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Furthermore, the activity effects of mushroom extracts on the enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also examined. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of mushroom extracts was evaluated by disc diffusion method. RESULTS: Ethanolic extract of I. hispidus demonstrated the highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents, with 227.23±4.96 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 42.14±0.20 quercetin equivalent/g, respectively. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed for ethanolic extracts of I. hispidus, with 10.687±1.643 µg/mL IC50. HPLC analysis demonstrated that R. chloroides was composed of ferulic acid, gallic acid, and myricetin compounds. The highest GST enzyme activity effect was detected with the ethanol extracts of I. hispidus and S. imbricatus. None of the mushroom extracts demonstrated significant inhibition of the bacterial strains used. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that I. hispidus may be proposed as a new potential source of natural medicine and its potential may be related to its polyphenolic content, which needs further investigation.

Screening Effects of Methanol Extracts of Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Reseda lutea on Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense Systems and Aldose Reductase Activity.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of methanol extracts from the flowers and leaves of Diplotaxis tenuifolia and Reseda lutea on the activity of AR, CAT, GST, and GPx. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant samples were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods. Also, the effects of extracts on CAT, GST, GPx, and AR enzyme activities were investigated using kinetic assays. RESULTS: The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected in the methanol extract of D. tenuifolia leaves with 144.49±0.29 mg gallic acid equivalent/L and 250.485±0.002 quercetin equivalent/L, respectively. The best activity profile for GST and GPx were observed in the extract of leaves belonging to D. tenuifolia with IC50 values of 121±0.05 and 140±0.001 ng/mL, respectively. According to the results, methanol extracts from leaves of R. lutea and D. tenuifolia showed no significant activity potential on AR. Moreover, none of the studied extracts demonstrated any reasonable CAT activation potential. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that leaves of D. tenuifolia had good effect on the antioxidant enzymatic defense system, which it makes it a good constituent of the daily diet.