Initiation of retinopathy of prematurity screening examinations in extremely premature infants.

PURPOSE: To determine whether extremely premature infants require screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) if <31 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). METHODS: The medical records of infants born in community hospital settings at <31 weeks' gestational age (GA) were reviewed retrospectively. Prevalence and progression of ROP in infants born at <24 weeks' GA were compared with infants born at 24-30 weeks' GA. RESULTS: A total of 2,061 records were reviewed: 1,969 infants were born at 24-30 weeks' GA; 92, at <24 weeks. Infants born <24 weeks' GA were more likely to develop pre-plus and plus disease or require treatment than infants born 24-30 weeks' GA (P < 0.0001) and did so earlier (P = 0.0001). Eight infants developed pre-plus or greater ROP <31 weeks' PMA; 6 were born <24 weeks' GA. Three infants developed plus disease or required treatment <31 weeks' PMA, the earliest at 27 and 3/7 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should consider initiating ROP screening examinations before 31 weeks' PMA, particularly for infants born <24 weeks' GA and those with lower birth weights.

The socioeconomic effect of COVID-19 on pediatric ophthalmologists: data from the first 12 months.

PURPOSE: To investigate the socioeconomic effect on pediatric ophthalmologists (POs) of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the association of practice type with financial impact. METHODS: An email follow-up survey of all AAPOS active members (POs) in April 2021, was used in conjunction with two prior surveys. The majority of US states were represented, and respondents were categorized as academic/university (AU), hospital employee (H), or one of three types of private practice: multispecialty ophthalmology practice (MSP), pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus group (PG), or solo practice (SP). RESULTS: The cumulative results during this one-year period revealed 1,533,203 examinations not performed, of which 498,291 were Medicaid. Over 65,000 surgeries were not performed. The average salary loss per PO was $57,188. The total loss of revenue for the pediatric ophthalmology sector was over $303,788,000. Practice groups making at least 75% of their prior year revenue were as follows: H, 81%; AU, 64%; MSP, 52%; PG, 50%; SP, 40%. Salary reduction in each group was as follows: H, 4.2%; AU, 15.4%; MSP, 17.2%; PG, 23.1%; SP, 40.9%. The average loss per practice was $290,151. More than 95% of private practice POs received funds from the Paycheck Protection Program. CONCLUSIONS: At the one-year mark of the pandemic, patient care had been severely disrupted, with subsequent financial consequences. Private practice providers (and especially solo practices) were disproportionally negatively affected.

Congenital macular scars in siblings from CLDN19 mutations.

We report 2 consecutive siblings who presented with unilateral and bilateral macular scars, respectively (initially presumed in the older sibling to be from congenital toxoplasmosis), who also developed chronic kidney disease. Both underwent genetic testing and were positive for a mutation in CLDN19, confirming the diagnosis of familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis with severe ocular involvement. One of our patients had the unique finding of mild foveal hypoplasia, which is not typically associated with CLDN19 mutations.

The impact of the COVID-19 shutdown on US pediatric ophthalmologists.

In recent months, the COVID-19 pandemic has threatened the financial viability of pediatric ophthalmology practices. To measure the economic impact, the American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) Socio-economic Committee surveyed current US members at the peak of the COVID shutdown, in April 2020. With a robust response rate, the survey portrays that some pediatric ophthalmology practices are ominously strained, if not irreparably harmed.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Amniotic Membrane Graft for the Treatment of Symblepharon in a Patient With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa.

PURPOSE: To report a case of symblepharon due to epidermolysis bullosa (EB), surgical treatment, and follow-up to 14 years. METHODS: A 17-year-old white female with recessive dystrophic EB presented with decreased vision due to extensive symblepharon OU. There was opacification and neovascularization of the cornea OU with limited motility. RESULTS: The symblepharon was surgically lysed, anterior lamellar keratectomy performed, and amniotic membrane graft transplanted to the cornea and palpebral conjunctiva, first in the OS and subsequently in the OD. Visual acuity improved from counting fingers to 20/40 in the OS and from 20/200 to 20/70 in the OD at 2 months and 6 weeks postoperatively, respectively, with minimal symblepharon, mild corneal scarring, neovascularization, and haze of OU. She recovered full ductions, but noted diplopia and had a 35 prism diopter exotropia. Symblepharon resolved after 6 months, and alignment improved to 4 prism diopter exophoria. At 14 years follow-up, visual acuity was 20/20 in the OD and 20/30 in the OS, with clear cornea, maintained on fluorometholone 0.1% one drop OU at bedtime. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical symblepharolysis, superficial lamellar keratectomy, and amniotic membrane graft transplantation were effective for our patient with recessive dystrophic EB. Her postoperative exotropia resolved over time with monitoring and convergence exercises.

Acute visual loss in a child with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease: case report and review of the literature.

Acute visual loss secondary to ischemic optic neuropathy in children is extremely rare. The causes are usually hypotension or anemia. We describe the clinical course of a 9-year-old boy with a functional renal transplant who presented to the emergency room hemodynamically stable after waking up with complete bilateral loss of vision (no light perception). Examination showed that he had suffered massive nocturnal blood loss from esophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension. The patient's end-stage renal disease was secondary to autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), an entity comprised of renal cysts and hepatic fibrosis. Ophthalmologic findings in ARPKD are rarely cited in the literature. A literature search revealed 3 other cases of sudden visual loss reported in nonophthalmologic journals in patients with ARPKD. Funduscopic examination showed bilateral optic nerve head pallor and swelling with associated flame hemorrhages. The fact that this patient already had mildly pale nerves on presentation, along with hemodynamically compensated blood pressure and pulse, suggested chronic as well as acute ischemia. Based on our findings and other reported cases in the literature, ophthalmologic examinations may be indicated in all patients with ARPKD.