Ozone Improved Bone Dynamic of Female Rats Using Zoledronate.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of ozone (OZN) therapy on the dynamics of bone tissue in ovariectomized rats treated with zoledronic acid (ZOL). Female Wistar rats aged 6 months (n = 110) were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). At month 3 post-OVX, 10 animals were euthanized to characterize the bone tissue architecture using microtomography (micro-CT). The remaining animals were divided into two groups: ZOL group, administered with ZOL (100 µg/kg body weight); saline (SAL) group (0.45 mL of SAL solution), both for 28 days. At month 3 post-treatment, 10 animals from each group were euthanized to characterize the bone architecture using micro-CT. The remaining animals were divided into the following groups: ZOL (n = 20), ZOL + OZN (n = 20); SAL (n = 20), and SAL + OZN (n = 20). The animals in ZOL + OZN and SAL + OZN groups were intraperitoneally administered with OZN (0.7 mg/kg body weight) once every 2 days. On days 30 and 60, six animals from each group were euthanized for analysis and structural characterization of bones in the femoral head and spine. Some samples of the femoral neck were subjected to biomechanical tests, while some samples were analyzed under a laser confocal microscope. The other samples collected from the femoral neck and spine were analyzed for area of neoformed bone and used for performing inflammatory cell and osteocyte counts. Data were submitted to statistical analysis considering a significance level of p < 0.05. Bone volume percentage and osteocyte and inflammatory cell counts were upregulated in the femoral head region of the ZOL + OZN group. Biomechanical analysis of the femoral neck revealed that the modulus of elasticity was similar between the ZOL and ZOL + OZN groups but differed significantly between the SAL and SAL + OZN groups. The positive areas for calcein and alizarin in the ZOL and ZOL + OZN groups were higher than those in the SAL and SAL + OZN groups. This suggested a positive synergistic effect of OZN and ZOL on the maintenance of bone mass and restoration of bone tissue vitality in ovariectomized rats.

Feasible low bone density condition for assessing bioactivity in ex-in vivo and in vivo studies.

OBJECTIVE: To choose a critical animal model for assessments of bone repair with implant installation by comparing senile rats (SENIL) to young ovariectomized rats (OXV). METHODOLOGY: For the ex-in vivo study, the femurs were precursors for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cellular responses were performed, including cell viability, gene expression of osteoblastic markers, bone sialoprotein immunolocalization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralized matrix formation. For the in vivo study, the animals received implants in the region of the bilateral tibial metaphysis for histometric, microtomography, reverse torque, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS: Cell viability showed that the SENIL group had lower growth than OVX. Gene expression showed more critical responses for the SENIL group (p<0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity obtained a lower expression in the SENIL group, as for the mineralization nodules (p<0.05). The in vivo histological parameters and biomechanical analysis showed lower data for the SENIL group. The confocal microscopy indicated the presence of a fragile bone in the SENIL group. The microtomography was similar between the groups. The histometry of the SENIL group showed the lowest values (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In experimental studies with assessments of bone repair using implant installation, the senile model promotes the most critical bone condition, allowing a better investigation of the properties of biomaterials and topographic changes.

Feasible low bone density condition for assessing bioactivity in ex-in vivo and in vivo studies

Abstract Objective To choose a critical animal model for assessments of bone repair with implant installation by comparing senile rats (SENIL) to young ovariectomized rats (OXV). Methodology For the ex-in vivo study, the femurs were precursors for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cellular responses were performed, including cell viability, gene expression of osteoblastic markers, bone sialoprotein immunolocalization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralized matrix formation. For the in vivo study, the animals received implants in the region of the bilateral tibial metaphysis for histometric, microtomography, reverse torque, and confocal microscopy. Results Cell viability showed that the SENIL group had lower growth than OVX. Gene expression showed more critical responses for the SENIL group (p<0.05). The alkaline phosphatase activity obtained a lower expression in the SENIL group, as for the mineralization nodules (p<0.05). The in vivo histological parameters and biomechanical analysis showed lower data for the SENIL group. The confocal microscopy indicated the presence of a fragile bone in the SENIL group. The microtomography was similar between the groups. The histometry of the SENIL group showed the lowest values (p<0.05). Conclusion In experimental studies with assessments of bone repair using implant installation, the senile model promotes the most critical bone condition, allowing a better investigation of the properties of biomaterials and topographic changes.

Development of colonies of uruçu stingless bees fed a vitamin-amino acid supplement / Desenvolvimento de colônias de abelhas sem ferrão uruçu alimentadas com o suplemento aminoácido vitamínico

This study proposes to investigate the influence of a vitamin-amino acid supplement on the weight of colonies of uruçu stingless bees (Melipona scutellaris). The experiment was carried out with 24 colonies and three treatments, which consisted of a solution of different proportions of supplement (0, 3, and 5 mL) diluted in syrup (water and sugar). Although this supplement is effective and indicated for other species of domestic animals, analysis of variance with repeated measures over time did not reveal a significant effect (P > 0.05) of its dose on the weight of the hives, showing that the supply of the vitamin-amino acid supplement does not meet the nutritional requirements of the colony. The use of this product did not have a positive effect on the development of the uruçu bee colonies, so it should not be employed as a major source of amino acids and vitamins in the diet of bees. Beekeepers are suggested to provide uruçu bees with an abundant diversity of plants so that they have access to different types of pollen as a source of nutrients.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a influência do suplemento aminoácido vitamínico no peso de colônias de abelhas sem ferrão Uruçu (Melipona scutellaris). O experimento foi realizado com 24 colônias e três tratamentos, consistindo na oferta de uma solução de xarope (água e açúcar) diluído com diferentes proporções de 0, 3 e 5 mL de suplemento. Embora este suplemento seja eficaz e indicado para outras espécies animais de domésticos, a análise de variância com medida repetida no tempo não apresentou efeito significativo (P> 0,05) do nível desse suplemento sobre o peso das colmeias, mostrando que a oferta do suplemento aminoácido vitamínico, não supre a necessidade nutricional para a colônia. Conclui-se que o uso desse produto não surtiu efeito positivo no desenvolvimento de colônias de abelhas Uruçu (Melipona scutellaris), indicando que não deveria ser utilizado como fonte majoritária de aminoácido e de vitaminas na alimentação das abelhas. Sugere-se que os meliponicultores proporcionem às abelhas Uruçu (Melipona scutellaris) uma abundante diversidade de plantas a fim de que tenham acesso a diferentes tipos de pólen como fonte de nutrientes.(AU)

How Foliar Fungal Diseases Affect Nitrogen Dynamics, Milling, and End-Use Quality of Wheat.

Foliar fungal diseases may cause important losses on yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). They may impact crop growth rate differently, modifying nitrogen (N) dynamics and carbohydrate accumulation in the grain. The relationship between N and carbohydrates accumulation determines the grain protein concentration, which impacts the gluten concentration and rheological properties of the wheat flour. In addition, types of fungicides and N fertilization can influence the intensity of foliar diseases and have an effect on the milling and end-use quality, depending on the bread-making aptitude of the genotypes, the nutritional habit of the pathogen involved, the amount and time of infection, environmental factors, and interactions between these factors. In that way, N fertilization may modify the severity of the diseases according to the nutritional habit of the pathogen involved. Some fungicides, such as strobilurins and carboxamides, produce high levels of disease control and prolong the healthy leaf area duration, which translates into important yield responses, potentially compromising the grain protein concentration by additional carbohydrate production, with consequences in the bread-making quality. Furthermore, infections caused by biotrophic pathogens can be more damaging to N deposition than to dry matter accumulation, whereas the reverse has been generally true for diseases caused by necrotrophic pathogens. The time of infection could also affect yield components and N dynamics differentially. Early epidemics may reduce the number of grains per area and the N remobilization, whereas late epidemics may affect the thousand kernel weight and mainly the N absorption post-flowering. A review updating findings of the effects of infections caused by foliar fungal pathogens of different nutritional habits and the incidence of several factors modifying these effects on the above-ground biomass generation, N dynamics, protein and gluten concentration, milling, rheological properties, loaf volume, and other quality-related traits is summarized. Three main pathogens in particular, for which recent information is available, were taken as representative of biotrophic (Puccinia triticina), necrotrophic (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis), and hemibiotrophic (Zymoseptoria tritici) nutritional habit, and some general models of their effects are proposed. New challenges for researchers to minimize the impact of foliar diseases on end-use quality are also discussed.

In Vitro Antagonistic Activity of Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium sudanense Causing Seedling Blight and Seed Rot on Wheat.

Fusarium sudanense is a novel fungus recently isolated from asymptomatic samples of wheat grains in Argentina. The fungus caused symptoms of seedling blight and seed rot on wheat after artificial inoculations. It is known that the production of mycotoxins by pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus is harmful to human and animal health. Moreover, the warm and humid conditions that are favorable for growth and mycotoxin production of these species put the Argentinian wheat production area at a high risk of mycotoxin contamination with this novel pathogen. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum against F. sudanense under in vitro tests at different environmental conditions. Fungi were screened in dual culture at different water activities (αw) (0.995, 0.98, 0.95, and 0.90) and temperatures (25 and 15 °C). The growth rate of the fungi, interaction types, and dominance index were evaluated. Also, the interaction between T. harzianum and F. sudanense was examined by light and cryo-scanning microscopy. T. harzianum suppressed the growth of F. sudanense at 0.995, 0.98, and 0.95 αw at 25 °C and 0.995 and 0.98 αw at 15 °C. Macroscopic study revealed different interaction types between F. sudanense and T. harzianum on dual culture. Dominance on contact where the colonies of T. harzianum overgrew the pathogen was the most common interaction type determined. The competitive capacity of T. harzianum was diminished by decreasing the temperature and αw. At 0.95 αw and 15 °C, both fungi grew slowly, and interaction type "A" was assigned. Microscopic analysis from the interaction zone of dual cultures revealed an attachment of T. harzianum to the F. sudanense hyphae, penetration with or without formation of appressorium-like structures, coiling, plasmolysis, and a veil formation. According to our results, T. harzianum demonstrated capability to antagonize F. sudanense and could be a promising biocontrol agent.

Etiology, symptoms and prevention of chalkbrood disease: a literature review / Etiologia, sintomas e prevenção da doença cria giz: uma revisão bibliográfica

The fungus Ascosphaera apis, responsible for causing the chalkbrood disease of honey bees, is widely present in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, but has also spread to other regions of the world such as Brazil. Although it is not usually lethal for the colony, it can reduce its population, hampering its development. This study is a review on the disease that presents a broad overview of its development, identification methods as well as ways to control it. Research shows that chalkbrood is associated with several factors and is most frequently found in colonies of Apis bees during the spring, when there is excess humidity and sudden temperature changes in the hive. Other factors such as viral or bacterial infection, the presence of the ectoparasite Varroa destructor, pesticide poisoning and poor nutrition of nurse bees can also affect its incidence and severity. Field diagnosis is made based on the presence of hardened mummified brood in the pupal stage, of white or black color, in the cells and entrance. Affected cells show dead pupae covered with white mycelia, resembling cotton, or hardened, dry and brittle, resembling chalk pieces, which originated the name. To date, there are no efficient methods to reduce the damage caused by chalkbrood. Genetic selection of bees with higher hygienic behavior and disease resistance is recommended.(AU)

O fungo Ascosphaera apis, responsável por causar a doença apícola cria giz, ocorre amplamente nas regiões temperadas do hemisfério norte, estendendo-se a outras regiões do mundo como, no caso, do Brasil. Normalmente não chega a exterminar a colônia, pode reduzir a sua população, prejudicando o seu desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão sobre essa enfermidade, apresentando um amplo panorama sobre o seu desenvolvimento, métodos de identificação, bem como as formas de combatê-la. Estudos mostram que essa doença está associada a diversos fatores, sendo mais frequente em colônias de abelhas Apis na primavera quando ocorre excesso de umidade e trocas bruscas de temperatura na colmeia. Outros fatores como infecções por vírus, bactérias e a presença do ectoparasita Varroa destructor, envenenamento por pesticida e má alimentação das abelhas nutrizes também podem induzir a sua incidência e severidade. O diagnóstico de campo é identificado pela a presença de crias mumificadas na fase de pupa endurecidas de cor branca ou negras nos favos e no alvado. As células de crias operculadas nos favos apresentam pupas mortas cobertas por micélio branco semelhantes a algodão ou endurecidas, secas e quebradiças, semelhantes a pedaços de giz, o que deu origem ao seu nome. Até o momento, não existe uma forma eficaz para reduzir os prejuízos da cria giz e recomenda-se a seleção genética de colônias que apresentam maior comportamento higiênico e maior resistência a doenças.(AU)

Etiology, symptoms and prevention of chalkbrood disease: a literature review / Etiologia, sintomas e prevenção da doença cria giz: uma revisão bibliográfica

The fungus Ascosphaera apis, responsible for causing the chalkbrood disease of honey bees, is widely present in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, but has also spread to other regions of the world such as Brazil. Although it is not usually lethal for the colony, it can reduce its population, hampering its development. This study is a review on the disease that presents a broad overview of its development, identification methods as well as ways to control it. Research shows that chalkbrood is associated with several factors and is most frequently found in colonies of Apis bees during the spring, when there is excess humidity and sudden temperature changes in the hive. Other factors such as viral or bacterial infection, the presence of the ectoparasite Varroa destructor, pesticide poisoning and poor nutrition of nurse bees can also affect its incidence and severity. Field diagnosis is made based on the presence of hardened mummified brood in the pupal stage, of white or black color, in the cells and entrance. Affected cells show dead pupae covered with white mycelia, resembling cotton, or hardened, dry and brittle, resembling chalk pieces, which originated the name. To date, there are no efficient methods to reduce the damage caused by chalkbrood. Genetic selection of bees with higher hygienic behavior and disease resistance is recommended.

O fungo Ascosphaera apis, responsável por causar a doença apícola cria giz, ocorre amplamente nas regiões temperadas do hemisfério norte, estendendo-se a outras regiões do mundo como, no caso, do Brasil. Normalmente não chega a exterminar a colônia, pode reduzir a sua população, prejudicando o seu desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão sobre essa enfermidade, apresentando um amplo panorama sobre o seu desenvolvimento, métodos de identificação, bem como as formas de combatê-la. Estudos mostram que essa doença está associada a diversos fatores, sendo mais frequente em colônias de abelhas Apis na primavera quando ocorre excesso de umidade e trocas bruscas de temperatura na colmeia. Outros fatores como infecções por vírus, bactérias e a presença do ectoparasita Varroa destructor, envenenamento por pesticida e má alimentação das abelhas nutrizes também podem induzir a sua incidência e severidade. O diagnóstico de campo é identificado pela a presença de crias mumificadas na fase de pupa endurecidas de cor branca ou negras nos favos e no alvado. As células de crias operculadas nos favos apresentam pupas mortas cobertas por micélio branco semelhantes a algodão ou endurecidas, secas e quebradiças, semelhantes a pedaços de giz, o que deu origem ao seu nome. Até o momento, não existe uma forma eficaz para reduzir os prejuízos da cria giz e recomenda-se a seleção genética de colônias que apresentam maior comportamento higiênico e maior resistência a doenças.

Oficina verde: manejo de elementos da natureza na saúde mental / Green workshop: managing elements of nature in mental health

INTRODUÇÃO: A Oficina Verde é uma horta-jardim montada em uma unidade de saúde mental para crianças e adolescentes do Distrito Federal, sob inspiração da Biofilia, que defende a inclinação natural dos seres humanos para amar todas as formas de vida e se beneficiar da proximidade com a Natureza. OBJETIVO: Melhorar os atendimentos da Unidade, com a criação de área verde que propicie manejo da terra, de animais e plantas, e torne mais confortável e acolhedora a sala de espera. MÉTODO: A Oficina Verde foi implantada a partir de parceria com a Emater-DF, Novacap e o Viveiro do Lago Norte, cada uma contribuindo conforme competência e disponibilidade próprias, e com a colaboração não remunerada de servidores do Compp. RESULTADOS: O projeto melhorou a ambiência, tem inspirado usuários do serviço a replicarem a ideia, propiciou a distribuição de informações, sementes e mudas, e influenciou mudança de hábito entre os servidores. CONCLUSÃO: A criação de uma área cultivada em uma unidade de saúde mental trouxe muitos benefícios aos usuários e aos servidores e pode ser adotada em outros serviços públicos sem elevação de custos.

Compatibility of chemical insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi for control of soybean defoliating pest, Rachiplusia nu / Compatibilidad de insecticidas químicos y hongos entomopatógenos para el control de Rachiplusia nu, plaga defoliadora de la soja

Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the major lepidopteran pests defoliating soybeans (Glycine max Merrill) in Argentina. The combined use of chemical insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi is a promising pest-control option to minimize adverse chemical effects. In this work, we evaluated the interactions between five insecticides-two being considered biorational-and five fungal entomopathogenic strains under laboratory conditions in order to determine the possible usefulness of combinations of these agents against R. nu. The insecticides were tested for compatibility at four doses by in vitro bioassay and for the lethality of R. nu by inoculations at three doses. Fungal strains were applied at 1 x 10(8), 1 x 10(6), and 1 x 10(4) conidia/ml. The combinations of those insecticides with Beauveria bassiana (LPSc 1067, LPSc 1082, LPSc 1098), Metarhizium anisopliae (LPSc 907), and Metarhizium robertsii (LPSc 963) caused higher R. nu-larval mortalities than any of the individual agents alone. We observed significant differences in the in vitro conidial viability, vegetative growth, and conidia production of the five strains of entomopathogenic fungi exposed to different doses of the chemical insecticides. The combination gamma-cyhalothrin-LPSc-1067 caused the highest percent mortality of R. nu larvae, with synergism occurring between the two agents at 50% and 25% of the maximum field doses.

Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) es una de las principales plagas de lepidópteros defoliadores del cultivo de soja (Glycine max Merrill) en Argentina. El uso combinado de insecticidas químicos y hongos entomopatógenos es una opción de control de plagas prometedora para minimizar los efectos químicos adversos. En este trabajo se evaluaron las interacciones entre 5 insecticidas -2 de ellos considerados biorracionales-- y 5 cepas fúngicas entomopatógenas en condiciones de laboratorio, para determinar la posible utilidad de combinaciones de estos agentes frente a R. nu. Se evaluó la compatibilidad de los insecticidas a 4 dosis mediante bioensayos in vitro y la letalidad de aquellos sobre R. nu mediante inoculaciones a 3 dosis. Las cepas fúngicas se evaluaron a concentraciones de 1 x 10(8), 1 x 10(6) y 1 x 10(4) conidios/ml. Las combinaciones de estos insecticidas con Beauveria bassiana (LPSc1067, LPSc 1082, LPSc 1098), Metarhizium anisopliae (LPSc 907) y Metarhizium robertsii (LPSc 963) causaron una mayor mortalidad de larvas de R. nu que cualquiera de los agentes individuales. Asimismo, se observaron diferencias significativas en la viabilidad de los conidios in vitro, el crecimiento vegetativo y la producción de conidios de las 5 cepas de hongos entomopatógenos expuestos a diferentes dosis de los insecticidas químicos. La combinación gamma-cialotrina-LPSc-1067 causó el mayor porcentaje de mortalidad de larvas de R. nu, con un efecto de sinergismo entre los 2 agentes al 50 y el 25% de las dosis de campo recomendadas por el fabricante.

Compatibility of chemical insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi for control of soybean defoliating pest, Rachiplusia nu.

Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the major lepidopteran pests defoliating soybeans (Glycine max Merrill) in Argentina. The combined use of chemical insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi is a promising pest-control option to minimize adverse chemical effects. In this work, we evaluated the interactions between five insecticides-two being considered biorational-and five fungal entomopathogenic strains under laboratory conditions in order to determine the possible usefulness of combinations of these agents against R. nu. The insecticides were tested for compatibility at four doses by in vitro bioassay and for the lethality of R. nu by inoculations at three doses. Fungal strains were applied at 1×108, 1×106, and 1×104conidia/ml. The combinations of those insecticides with Beauveria bassiana (LPSc 1067, LPSc 1082, LPSc 1098), Metarhizium anisopliae (LPSc 907), and Metarhizium robertsii (LPSc 963) caused higher R. nu-larval mortalities than any of the individual agents alone. We observed significant differences in the in vitro conidial viability, vegetative growth, and conidia production of the five strains of entomopathogenic fungi exposed to different doses of the chemical insecticides. The combination gamma-cyhalothrin-LPSc-1067 caused the highest percent mortality of R. nu larvae, with synergism occurring between the two agents at 50% and 25% of the maximum field doses.

Synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid from eicosapentaenoic acid in retina neurons protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress is involved in activating photoreceptor death in several retinal degenerations. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the retina, protects cultured retina photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and promotes photoreceptor differentiation. Here, we investigated whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a metabolic precursor to DHA, had similar effects and whether retinal neurons could metabolize EPA to DHA. Adding EPA to rat retina neuronal cultures increased opsin expression and protected photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by the oxidants paraquat and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Palmitic, oleic, and arachidonic acids had no protective effect, showing the specificity for DHA. We found that EPA supplementation significantly increased DHA percentage in retinal neurons, but not EPA percentage. Photoreceptors and glial cells expressed Δ6 desaturase (FADS2), which introduces the last double bond in DHA biosynthetic pathway. Pre-treatment of neuronal cultures with CP-24879 hydrochloride, a Δ5/Δ6 desaturase inhibitor, prevented EPA-induced increase in DHA percentage and completely blocked EPA protection and its effect on photoreceptor differentiation. These results suggest that EPA promoted photoreceptor differentiation and rescued photoreceptors from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through its elongation and desaturation to DHA. Our data show, for the first time, that isolated retinal neurons can synthesize DHA in culture. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in retina photoreceptors, and its precursor, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have multiple beneficial effects. Here, we show that retina neurons in vitro express the desaturase FADS2 and can synthesize DHA from EPA. Moreover, addition of EPA to these cultures protects photoreceptors from oxidative stress and promotes their differentiation through its metabolization to DHA.

Müller glial cells induce stem cell properties in retinal progenitors in vitro and promote their further differentiation into photoreceptors.

Using stem cells to replace lost neurons is a promising strategy for treating retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Among their multiple functions, Müller glial cells are retina stem cells, with a robust regenerative potential in lower vertebrates, which is much more restricted in mammals. In rodents, most retina progenitors exit the cell cycle immediately after birth, differentiate as neurons, and then cannot reenter the cell cycle. Here we demonstrate that, in mixed cultures with Müller glial cells, rat retina progenitor cells expressed stem cell properties, maintained their proliferative potential, and were able to preserve these properties and remain mitotically active after several consecutive passages. Notably, these progenitors retained the capacity to differentiate as photoreceptors, even after successive reseedings. Müller glial cells markedly stimulated differentiation of retina progenitors; these cells initially expressed Crx and then developed as mature photoreceptors that expressed characteristic markers, such as opsin and peripherin. Moreover, they were light responsive, insofar as they decreased their cGMP levels when exposed to light, and they also showed high-affinity glutamate uptake, a characteristic of mature photoreceptors. Our present findings indicate that, in addition to giving rise to new photoreceptors, Müller glial cells might instruct a pool of undifferentiated cells to develop and preserve stem cell characteristics, even after successive reseedings, and then stimulate their differentiation as functional photoreceptors. This complementary mechanism might contribute to enlarge the limited regenerative capacity of mammalian Müller cells.

Infusión intraósea en la resucitación pediátrica: nuestra experiencia / The role of intraosseus infusion in children resuscitation. Our experience and a case presentation

En los últimos años fueron conseguidos progresos importantes en el tratamiento del niño en estado crítico. No obstante, a pesar del desarrollo de los cuidados intensivos neonatales y pediátricos, uno de los problemas técnicos que con cierta frecuencia se observan en la práctica, es el obtener un rápido y eficiente acceso vascular. La técnica de la infusión intraósea fue descrita originalmente por Doan y Drinker et al en 1922, siendo muy utilizada en la resucitación pediátrica por los años cuarenta, y posteriormente abandonada. Recientemente ha merecido de nuevo el interés y constituido un arma valiosa en situaciones de emergencia, como enfermedad diarreica aguda con deshidratación severa, hemorragias gastrointestinales, para la administración de anticonvulsivantes en las convulsiones agudas y actualmente como técnica valiosísima para la administración de soluciones cristaloides a los infantes con cuadro clínico de choque por dengue en las primeras horas de tratamiento como medida heroica. A propósito de un caso clínico y otras observaciones en que se ha utilizado esta técnica con éxito, los autores hacen algunas consideraciones teóricas, sus indicaciones y contraindicaciones.

In last years important progresses were attained in the management of the child in critical condition. However, in spite of the development of the intensive neonatal and paediatric care, the fast and efficient vascular approach is one of technical problem usually observed in the practice. Doan and Drinker et al were the first in describing the intraosseus infusion in 1922, being very useful in the paediatric resuscitation during the forties. Recently, it has deserved a new interest and has been a useful weapon in the emergent conditions as the acute diarrheic disease with severe dehydration, gastrointestinal haemorrhages, for the administration of crystalloid solutions in those patients presenting shock for dengue within the first hours of treatment as a heroic measure. Authors make some theoric considerations on this technique and its indications and contraindications.

Holodiagrams in birefringent media.

The modifications to the holodiagram concept to describe free propagation (the extraordinary ray) inside birefringent materials are described. Holodiagrams are graphs showing the loci where the sum or the difference in the optical path from a generic point to two foci is the same. The holodiagrams obtained in this way give the shape of the surfaces that satisfy Fermat's principle, conjugate by reflection of one focus into the other, and represent the interference fringes obtained if both points are coherent sources. The reflection law in birefringent media is investigated in relation to this diagram. One direction for the optical axis is considered: parallel to the line joining the source and the observation point. Quartz-type and calcite-type crystals are studied.

Afecciones laríngeas en trabajadores de la enseñanza / Laryngeal diseases in teaching staff

Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, de corte transversal, basado en profesores del Instituto Preuniversitario "Rafael María de Mendive" de Santiago de Cuba para determinar la morbilidad por afecciones laríngeas. Se precisó la existencia o no de enfermedades mediante el interrogatorio y examen clínico, que incluyó la laringoscopia indirecta. Se analizaron factores de riesgo asociados, tales como: edad, sexo, somatotipo, hábitos tóxicos, carga docente y antecedentes patológicos personales, dados por infecciones en las vías respiratorias altas y cavidad bucal, trastornos emocionales, así como presencia de polvo ambiental y ruido. Resultó significativa la asociación entre las afecciones laríngeas y la sobrecarga docente, los trastornos emocionales, los antecedentes patológicos personales y la convergencia de más de 3 factores de riesgo