Hysteroscopy before in-vitro fertilisation (inSIGHT): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Hysteroscopy is often done in infertile women starting in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) to improve their chance of having a baby. However, no data are available from randomised controlled trials to support this practice. We aimed to assess whether routine hysteroscopy before the first IVF treatment cycle increases the rate of livebirths. METHODS: We did a pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial in seven university hospitals and 15 large general hospitals in the Netherlands. Women with a normal transvaginal ultrasound of the uterine cavity and no previous hysteroscopy who were scheduled for their first IVF treatment were randomly assigned (1:1) to either hysteroscopy with treatment of detected intracavitary abnormalities before starting IVF (hysteroscopy group) or immediate start of the IVF treatment (immediate IVF group). Randomisation was done with web-based concealed allocation and was stratified by centre with variable block sizes. Participants, doctors, and outcome assessors were not masked to the assigned group. The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy (detection of a fetal heartbeat at >12 weeks of gestation) within 18 months of randomisation and resulting in livebirth. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01242852. FINDINGS: Between May 25, 2011, and Aug 27, 2013, we randomly assigned 750 women to receive either hysteroscopy (n=373) or immediate IVF (n=377). 209 (57%) of 369 women eligible for assessment in the hysteroscopy group and 200 (54%) of 373 in the immediate IVF group had a livebirth from a pregnancy during the trial period (relative risk 1·06, 95% CI 0·93-1·20; p=0·41). One (<1%) woman in the hysteroscopy group developed endometritis after hysteroscopy. INTERPRETATION: Routine hysteroscopy does not improve livebirth rates in infertile women with a normal transvaginal ultrasound of the uterine cavity scheduled for a first IVF treatment. Women with a normal transvaginal ultrasound should not be offered routine hysteroscopy. FUNDING: The Dutch Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW).

The impact of diagnostic criteria on the reproducibility of the hysteroscopic diagnosis of the septate uterus: a randomized controlled trial.

STUDY QUESTION: Does the use of diagnostic criteria in the hysteroscopic diagnosis of a septate uterus improve inter-observer agreement? SUMMARY ANSWER: Pre-set diagnostic criteria slightly improve the inter-observer reproducibility of hysteroscopy in diagnosing a uterine septum, although agreement remains moderate. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: The inter-observer agreement on the hysteroscopic diagnosis of the septate uterus has been reported to be poor. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: From April 2013 until May 2014, a randomized controlled comparative inter-observer study was performed. A total of 191 gynecologists from 43 countries took part. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTINGS, METHODS: Each gynecologist was asked to assess 10 video recordings of hysteroscopy procedures with a specific focus on the internal uterine shape. The hysteroscopies had been performed in subfertile women and women with recurrent miscarriage. The recordings contained images of uterine cavities primarily diagnosed as septate, arcuate or normal. Participating gynecologists were randomized into two groups: one group received diagnostic criteria for a septate uterus before assessment of the videos (DC group), whereas the other group assessed the recordings without instruction (no DC group). The inter-observer agreement, expressed as the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), was compared between groups. Main outcomes were the inter-observer agreement on the uterine shape and the necessity of surgical correction. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Eighty-six observers were randomized to the DC group and 105 to the no DC group. The ICCs in the diagnosis of a septum were 0.59 versus 0.52, in the DC group and the non-DC group, respectively (P-value: 0.002). The overall agreement on the need for surgical correction was found to be moderate (DC ICC 0.43 versus no DC 0.39, P-value: 0.70). Most importantly, once a septate uterus had been diagnosed, the agreement on the need for surgery was poor in both groups (DC ICC 0.05 versus no DC ICC 0.02, P-value: 0.78). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: We used video recordings rather than studying real-time hysteroscopic procedures, which may have influenced the accuracy of the assessments. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The reproducibility of hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of a septate uterus is moderate, even with the use of standardized criteria. The fact that the agreement among physicians on both the diagnosis of a uterine septum, as well as the decision to resect such septum after hysteroscopy is moderate, may imply that hysteroscopy is insufficient as single tool to diagnose and decide on treatment of a septate uterus. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: No study funding was received and no competing interests are present.

Endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates after IVF: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Thin endometrium on ultrasound in the course of ovarian hyperstimulation has been thought to be associated with poor success rates after IVF, even in the absence of prior intrauterine surgery or infection. To assess the clinical significance of endometrial thickness (EMT) for IVF outcome, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: The electronic databases Pubmed, Cochrane and Embase were searched up to October 2013 for articles that studied the association between EMT and IVF outcome. The articles had to be written in the English or Dutch language. Studies were included if two-by-two tables for EMT and pregnancy rates could be constructed. Study quality was scored using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist. Summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves were estimated to assess the accuracy of EMT in the prediction of pregnancy. In addition, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a Mantel-Haenszel random effect model expressing the association between EMT and pregnancy chances. Meta-regression was performed to determine if female age and number of oocytes at retrieval interacted in the estimated effect of EMT on IVF outcome. RESULTS: A total of 1170 studies was retrieved by the search. The overall quality of the 22 studies included in the review and meta-analysis was moderate. The estimated sROC curve indicated a virtually absent discriminatory capacity of EMT in the prediction of pregnancy. A thin endometrium (≤ 7 mm) was observed in only 2.4% of the reported cases (260/10 724). In these cases a trend towards lower ongoing pregnancy and live birth rates for women with EMT ≤ 7 mm was observed [OR 0.38 (95% CI 0.09-1.5)]. The probability of clinical pregnancy for an EMT ≤ 7 mm was significantly lower compared with cases with EMT > 7 mm [23.3% versus 48.1%, OR 0.42 (95% CI 0.27-0.67)]. Positive and negative predictive values for the outcome of clinical pregnancy 77 and 48%, respectively. The relationship between the number of oocytes and female age on the one hand and pregnancy on the other hand was very weak making correction for these variables unfeasible. CONCLUSIONS: Current data indicate that EMT has a limited capacity to identify women who have a low chance to conceive after IVF. The frequently reported cut-off of 7 mm is related to a lower chance of pregnancy, but occurs infrequently. The use of EMT as a tool to decide on cycle cancellation, freezing of all embryos or refraining from further IVF treatment seems not to be justified based on the current meta-analysis. Further research is needed to investigate the real independent significance of EMT in IVF.

The international agreement study on the diagnosis of the septate uterus at office hysteroscopy in infertile patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the international agreement on the hysteroscopic diagnosis of septate uterus. DESIGN: Interobserver study. SETTING: Eight hysteroscopy recordings were put online on the website of the European Society of Gynaecological Endoscopy. PATIENT(S): Asymptomatic, infertile women indicated for a first in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment cycle. INTERVENTION(S): Office hysteroscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The interobserver agreement on the uterine shape and necessity to correct the abnormality found. RESULT(S): Seventy-eight observers from 24 different countries assessed 8 hysteroscopy recordings. The interobserver agreement on uterine shape variations septate and arcuate was fair (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.27). Observers from the same country reached a significantly higher level of agreement. The agreement on the necessity of correction was poor (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.17). The most distinct features for diagnosing a septate uterus judged to be the extent of endocavitary bulging and the angle of the bulging structure from the fundal area. CONCLUSION(S): The agreement among international experts on the hysteroscopic diagnosis of the septate uterus was found to be poor. This may have implications for the accuracy of screening hysteroscopy for diagnosing uterine cavity abnormalities in infertile patients. Development of consented definitions for the hysteroscopic diagnosis of septate and arcuate uterus is recommended.

Maternal cardiovascular risk profile after placental abruption.

The prevalence of premature cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is increased in women with a history of maternal placental syndromes, including pregnancy-associated hypertensive disorders (eg, preeclampsia), fetal growth restriction, and placental abruption. Whereas previous studies have shown a high prevalence of CVD risk factors after pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, this has not been studied for women with a history of placental abruption. To explore the association of placental abruption with CVD risk factors after delivery, we compared 75 women with a history of placental abruption with a control group of 79 women with uneventful pregnancies at 6 to 9 months postpartum for the presence of common CVD risk factors. In a subanalysis, data were stratified according to the presence or absence of concomitant hypertensive disease and further adjusted for potential confounders. Women with previous placental abruption had significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure, body-mass index, fasting blood glucose, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol as compared with controls with only uneventful pregnancies. In the subanalysis, all differences remained significant for women with a history of placental abruption only (ie, without concomitant gestational hypertension), except for the associations with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Most likely, the identified CVD risk factors predispose to placental abruption and development of premature CVD later in life.

The inSIGHT study: costs and effects of routine hysteroscopy prior to a first IVF treatment cycle. A randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment a large drop is present between embryo transfer and occurrence of pregnancy. The implantation rate per embryo transferred is only 30%. Studies have shown that minor intrauterine abnormalities can be found in 11-45% of infertile women with a normal transvaginal sonography or hysterosalpingography. Two randomised controlled trials have indicated that detection and treatment of these abnormalities by office hysteroscopy after two failed IVF cycles leads to a 9-13% increase in pregnancy rate. Therefore, screening of all infertile women for intracavitary pathology prior to the start of IVF/ICSI is increasingly advocated. In absence of a scientific basis for such a policy, this study will assess the effects and costs of screening for and treatment of unsuspected intrauterine abnormalities by routine office hysteroscopy, with or without saline infusion sonography (SIS), prior to a first IVF/ICSI cycle. METHODS/DESIGN: Multicenter randomised controlled trial in asymptomatic subfertile women, indicated for a first IVF/ICSI treatment cycle, with normal findings at transvaginal sonography. Women with recurrent miscarriages, prior hysteroscopy treatment and intermenstrual blood loss will not be included. Participants will be randomised for a routine fertility work-up with additional (SIS and) hysteroscopy with on-the-spot-treatment of predefined intrauterine abnormalities versus the regular fertility work-up without additional diagnostic tests. The primary study outcome is the cumulative ongoing pregnancy rate resulting in live birth achieved within 18 months of IVF/ICSI treatment after randomisation. Secondary study outcome parameters are the cumulative implantation rate; cumulative miscarriage rate; patient preference and patient tolerance of a SIS and hysteroscopy procedure. All data will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle, using univariate and multivariate logistic regression and cox regression. Cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed to evaluate the costs of the additional tests as routine procedure. In total 700 patients will be included in this study. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will help to clarify the significance of hysteroscopy prior to IVF treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01242852.