Emergency coronary artery bypass surgery after chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the PROGRESS-CTO registry.

BACKGROUND: Emergency coronary artery bypass surgery (eCABG) is a serious complication of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary artery intervention (PCI). METHODS: We examined the incidence and outcomes eCABG among 14,512 CTO PCIs performed between 2012 and 2023 in a large multicenter registry. RESULTS: The incidence of eCABG was 0.12% (n = 17). Mean age was 68 ± 6 years and 69% of the patients were men. The most common reason for eCABG was coronary perforation (70.6%). eCABG patients had larger target vessel diameter (3.36 ± 0.50 vs. 2.90 ± 0.52; p = 0.003), were more likely to have moderate/severe calcification (85.7% vs. 45.8%; p = 0.006), side branch at the proximal cap (91.7% vs. 55.4%; p = 0.025), and balloon undilatable lesions (50% vs. 7.4%; p = 0.001) and to have undergone retrograde crossing (64.7% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.006). eCABG cases had lower technical (35.3% vs. 86.7%; p < 0.001) and procedural (35.3% vs. 86.7%; p < 0.001) success and higher in-hospital mortality (35.3% vs. 0.4%; p < 0.001), coronary perforation (70.6% vs. 4.6%; p < 0.001), pericardiocentesis (47.1% vs. 0.8%; p < 0.001), and major bleeding (11.8% vs. 0.5%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of eCABG after CTO PCI was 0.12% and associated with high in-hospital mortality (35%). Coronary perforation was the most common reason for eCABG.

Antiplatelet Therapy and Bleeding Outcomes With CYP2C19 Genotyping.

PURPOSE: The impact of antiplatelet therapy with availability of CYP2C19 genotyping on bleeding in a real-world setting has not been extensively studied. METHODS: Prospective, single-center, cohort study conducted between December 2015 and October 2019 with 1-year follow-up. Patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), CYP2C19 genotyping, and received P2Y12 inhibitor therapy. The primary outcome was time to first bleed of any severity using Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria. Secondary outcomes included time to first major bleed and rates of antiplatelet switching. RESULTS: The primary outcome occurred in 697 of 2091 (33%) participants at a median of 15 days. Major bleeding occurred in 176 (8%) of patients. Compared to clopidogrel, treatment with ticagrelor or prasugrel was associated with increased risk of any bleeding (adjusted HR [aHR] 2.04, 95% CI 1.69-2.46). For patients without CYP2C19 no function alleles, treatment with prasugrel or ticagrelor was associated with increased risk of any bleeding (aHR 2.31, 95% CI 1.83-2.90). Similar associations were observed for major bleeding. No difference in ischemic events was observed. Among patients discharged on ticagrelor or prasugrel, 199 (36%) were de-escalated to clopidogrel within 1 year. De-escalation was more likely after a bleed if patients did not have a no function allele (35.9% vs 19.1%; P = .02). CONCLUSION: Bleeding is common in post-PCI patients on antiplatelet therapy. Patients on high potency agents had higher bleeding risk in the population at-large and in non-carriers of CYP2C19 no function alleles. Genotype-guided antiplatelet de-escalation should be further explored in prospective studies.

In-Hospital Outcomes of Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Patients With Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery.

BACKGROUND: We examined the procedural outcomes of chronic total occlusions (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). METHODS AND RESULTS: We compared the clinical, angiographic characteristics and outcomes of 3486 CTO interventions performed in patients with (n=1101) and without (n=2317) prior CABG at 21 centers. Prior CABG patients (32% of total cohort) were older (67±9 versus 63±10 years; P<0.001) and had more comorbidities and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (50% [40-58] versus 55% [45-60]; P<0.001). The CTO target vessel in prior CABG patients was the right coronary artery (56%), circumflex (26%), and left anterior descending artery (17%). The mean J-CTO (2.9±1.2 versus 2.2±1.3; P<0.001) and PROGRESS-CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention; 1.5±1.1 versus 1.2±1.0; P<0.001) score was higher in prior CABG patients. Retrograde (53% versus 30%, P<0.001) and antegrade dissection reentry (35% versus 28%; P<0.001) techniques were used more frequently in prior CABG patients. Prior CABG patients had lower technical (84% versus 89%; P<0.001) and procedural (82% versus 87%, P<0.001) success, but similar incidence of in-hospital major complications (3.1% versus 2.5%; P=0.287). In-hospital mortality (1% versus 0.4%; P=0.016) and coronary perforation (7.1% versus 3.1%; P<0.001) occurred more frequently in prior CABG patients, however, CABG patients had a lower incidence of pericardial tamponade (0.1% versus 1.0%; P=0.002) and pericardiocentesis (0% versus 1.3%; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a large multicenter CTO percutaneous coronary interventions registry, prior CABG patients had lower success rate but similar overall risk for complications, although mortality was higher and the incidence of tamponade was lower. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02061436.

Procedural Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions for Chronic Total Occlusions Via the Radial Approach: Insights From an International Chronic Total Occlusion Registry.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the frequency and outcomes of radial access for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: Radial access improves the safety of PCI, but its role in CTO PCI remains controversial. METHODS: We compared the clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics of 3,790 CTO interventions performed between 2012 and 2018 via radial-only access (RA) (n = 747) radial-femoral access (RFA) (n = 844) and femoral-only access (n = 2,199) access at 23 centers in the United States, Europe, and Russia. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 65 ± 10 years, and 85% were men. Transradial access (RA and RFA) was used in 42% of CTO interventions and significantly increased over time from 11% in 2012 to 67% in 2018 (p < 0.001). RA patients were younger (age 62 ± 10 years vs. 64 ± 10 years and 65 ± 10 years; p < 0.001), less likely to have undergone prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (18% vs. 39% and 35%; p < 0.001), and less likely to have undergone prior PCI (60% vs. 63% and 66%; p = 0.005) compared with those who underwent RFA and femoral-only access PCI. RA CTO PCI lesions had lower J-CTO (Multicenter CTO Registry in Japan) (2.1 ± 1.4 vs. 2.6 ± 1.3 and 2.5 ± 1.3; p < 0.001) and PROGRESS CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention) complication (2.3 ± 1.9 vs. 3.2 ± 2.0 and 3.2 ± 1.9; p < 0.001) scores. The mean sheath size was significantly smaller in the RA group (6.6 ± 0.7 vs. 7.0 ± 0.6 and 7.3 ± 0.8; p < 0.0001), although it increased with lesion complexity. Antegrade dissection re-entry (20% vs. 33% and 32%; p < 0.001) was less commonly used with RA, whereas use of retrograde techniques was highest with RFA (47%). The overall rates of technical success (89% vs. 88% vs. 86%; p = 0.061), procedural success (86% vs. 85% vs. 85%; p = 0.528), and in-hospital major complication (2.47% vs. 3.40% vs. 2.18%; p = 0.830) were similar in all 3 groups, whereas major bleeding was lower in the RA group (0.55% vs. 1.94% and 0.88%; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Transradial access is increasingly being used for CTO PCI and is associated with similar technical and procedural success and lower major bleeding rates compared with femoral-only access interventions. (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention [PROGRESS CTO]; NCT02061436).

Usefulness of Atherectomy in Chronic Total Occlusion Interventions (from the PROGRESS-CTO Registry).

There is limited data on the use of atherectomy during chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We compared the clinical and procedural characteristics and outcomes of CTO PCIs performed with or without atherectomy in a contemporary multicenter CTO PCI registry. Between 2012 and 2018, 3,607 CTO PCIs were performed at 21 participating centers. Atherectomy was used in 117 (3.2%) cases: rotational atherectomy in 105 cases, orbital atherectomy in 8, and both in 4 cases. Patients in whom atherectomy was used, were older (68 ± 8 vs 64 ± 10 years, p <0.0001) and had higher Japan-chronic total occlusion score (3.0 ± 1.2 vs 2.4 ± 1.3, p <0.0001). CTO PCI cases in which atherectomy was used had similar technical (91% vs 87%, p = 0.240) and procedural (90% vs 85%, p = 0.159) success and in-hospital major adverse cardiac event (4% vs 3%, p = 0.382) rates. However, atherectomy cases were associated with higher rates of donor vessel injury (4% vs 1%, p = 0.031), tamponade requiring pericardiocentesis (2.6% vs 0.4%, p = 0.012) and more often required use of a left ventricular assist device (9% vs 5%, p = 0.031). Atherectomy cases were associated with longer procedural duration (196 [141, 247] vs 119 [76, 180] minutes, p <0.0001), and higher patient air kerma radiation dose (3.6 [2.5, 5.6] vs 2.8 [1.6, 4.7] Gray, p = 0.001). In conclusion, atherectomy is currently performed in approximately 3% of CTO PCI cases and is associated with similar technical and procedural success and overall major adverse cardiac event rates, but higher risk for donor vessel injury and tamponade.

Comparison Between Traditional and Guide-Catheter Extension Reverse Controlled Antegrade Dissection and Retrograde Tracking: Insights From the PROGRESS-CTO Registry.

OBJECTIVES: The most common re-entry technique during retrograde chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is reverse controlled antegrade and retrograde tracking (rCART). The use of guide-catheter extensions can facilitate rCART, but has received limited study. METHODS: We compared the clinical and procedural characteristics and outcomes of traditional rCART vs guide-catheter extension rCART vs cases in which both techniques were used (combined rCART) in patients with successful retrograde CTO crossing in a contemporary multicenter CTO-PCI registry. RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2018, rCART was used in 467 of 1336 retrograde CTO-PCI cases. Guide-catheter extension rCART was used in 60/467 cases (13%; use increased from 0% in 2012 to 26% in 2017). The traditional rCART group, guide-catheter extension rCART group, and combined rCART group had similar target lesion J-CTO scores (3.3 ± 1.1 vs 3.2 ± 1.2 vs 3.6 ± 0.8, respectively; P=.28), technical success rates (99% vs 100% vs 96.4%, respectively; P=.36), procedural success rates (93.2% vs 93.8% vs 96.3%, respectively; P=.82), and major in-hospital adverse cardiac event (MACE) rates (6.4% vs 9.4% vs 3.6%, respectively; P=.66). Total procedural time was longer in the combined rCART group (196 min [IQR, 146-256 min] vs 200 min [IQR, 164-293 min] vs 255 min [IQR, 195-280 min], respectively; P<.01), with a trend for lower patient air kerma radiation dose in the guide-catheter extension groups (4.11 Gray [IQR, 2.49-5.77 Gray] vs 3.19 Gray [IQR, 1.29-4.74 Gray] vs 3.47 Gray [IQR, 2.89-5.56 Gray]; P=.07). CONCLUSIONS: Guide-catheter extension rCART is increasingly being used for retrograde CTO crossing and is associated with similar success and MACE rates as traditional rCART.

Prevalence and Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions for Ostial Chronic Total Occlusions: Insights From a Multicenter Chronic Total Occlusion Registry.

BACKGROUND: Ostial chronic total occlusions (CTOs) can be challenging to recanalize. METHODS: We sought to examine the prevalence, angiographic presentation, and procedural outcomes of ostial (side-branch ostial and aorto-ostial) CTOs among 1000 CTO percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) performed in 971 patients between 2015 and 2017 at 14 centres in the US, Europe, and Russia. RESULTS: Ostial CTOs represented 16.9% of all CTO PCIs: 9.6% were aorto-ostial, and 7.3% were side-branch ostial occlusions. Compared with nonostial CTOs, ostial CTOs were longer (44 ± 33 vs 29 ± 19 mm, P < 0.001) and more likely to have proximal-cap ambiguity (55% vs 33%, P < 0.001), moderate/severe calcification (67% vs 45%, P < 0.001), a diffusely diseased distal vessel (41% vs 26%, P < 0.001), interventional collaterals (64% vs 53%, P = 0.012), and previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) (51% vs 27%, P < 0.001). The retrograde approach was used more often in ostial CTOs (54% vs 29%, P < 0.001) and was more often the final successful crossing strategy (30% vs 18%, P = 0.003). Technical (81% vs 84%, P = 0.280), and procedural (77% vs 83%, P = 0.112) success rates and the incidence of in-hospital major complication were similar (4.8% vs 2.2%, P = 0.108), yet in-hospital mortality (3.0% vs 0.5%, P = 0.010) and stroke (1.2% vs 0.0%, P = 0.030) were higher in the ostial CTO PCI group. In multivariable analysis, ostial CTO location was not independently associated with higher risk for in-hospital major complications (adjusted odds ratio 1.27, 95% confidence intervals 0.37 to 4.51, P = 0.694). CONCLUSIONS: Ostial CTOs can be recanalized with similar rates of success as nonostial CTOs but are more complex, more likely to require retrograde crossing and may be associated with numerically higher risk for major in-hospital complications.

The Hybrid Approach to Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Update From the PROGRESS CTO Registry.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the techniques and outcomes of hybrid chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a diverse group of patients and operators on 2 continents. BACKGROUND: CTO PCI has been evolving with constant improvement of equipment and techniques. METHODS: Contemporary outcomes of CTO PCI were examined by analyzing the clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics of 3,122 CTO interventions performed in 3,055 patients at 20 centers in the United States, Europe, and Russia. RESULTS: The mean age was 65 ± 10 years, and 85% of the patients were men, with high prevalence of diabetes (43%), prior myocardial infarction (46%), prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (33%), and prior PCI (65%). The CTO target vessels were the right coronary artery (55%), left anterior descending coronary artery (24%), and left circumflex coronary artery (20%). The mean J-CTO (Multicenter Chronic Total Occlusion Registry of Japan) and PROGRESS CTO (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention) scores were 2.4 ± 1.3 and 1.3 ± 1.0, respectively. The overall technical and procedural success rate was 87% and 85%, respectively, and the rate of in-hospital major complications was 3.0%. The final successful crossing strategy was antegrade wire escalation in 52.0%, retrograde in 27.1%, and antegrade dissection re-entry in 20.9%; >1 crossing strategy was required in 40.9%. Median contrast volume, air kerma radiation dose, and procedure and fluoroscopy time were 270 ml (interquartile range: 200 to 360 ml), 2.9 Gy (interquartile range: 1.7 to 4.7 Gy), 123 min (interquartile range: 81 to 188 min) and 47 min (interquartile range: 29 to 77 min), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CTO PCI is currently being performed with high success and acceptable complication rates among various experienced centers in the United States, Europe, and Russia. (Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention [PROGRESS CTO]; NCT02061436).

Association of remote ischemic peri-conditioning with reduced incidence of clinical heart failure after primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Clinical heart failure (HF) occurs frequently after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and is associated with increased mortality. We assessed the impact of remote ischemic peri-conditioning (RIPC) during inter-facility air medical transport of STEMI patients on clinical HF following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). METHODS: Data from Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry®-Get With the Guidelines™ (ACTION Registry-GWTG) from two PCI-hospitals that are utilizing RIPC during inter-facility helicopter transport of STEMI patients for pPCI between March, 2013 and September, 2015 were used for this study. The analyses were limited to inter-facility STEMI patients transported by helicopter with LVEF <55% after pPCI. The outcome measures were occurrence of clinical HF and serum level of brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). RESULTS: Out of the 150 STEMI patients in this analysis, 92 patients received RIPC and 58 did not. The RIPC and non-RIPC groups were generally similar in demographic and clinical characteristics except for lower incidence of cardiac arrest in the RIPC group (3/92 [3.3%] versus 13/58 [22.4%], p=0.002). STEMI patients who received RIPC were less likely to have in-hospital clinical HF compared to patients who did not receive RIPC (3/92 [3.3%] versus 7/58 [12.1%]; adjusted OR=0.22, 95% CI 0.05-0.92, p=0.038) after adjusting for baseline differences. In subgroup analysis, RIPC was associated with lower BNP (123 [interquartile range, 17.0-310] versus 319 [interquartile range, 106-552], p=0.029). CONCLUSION: RIPC applied during inter-facility air transport of STEMI patients for pPCI is associated with reduced incidence of clinical HF and serum BNP.

Revascularization heart team recommendations as an adjunct to appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization in patients with complex coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how a comprehensive evidence-based clinical review by a multidisciplinary revascularization heart team on treatment decisions for revascularization in patients with complex coronary artery disease using SYNTAX scores combined with Society of Thoracic Surgeons-derived clinical variables can be additive to the utilization of Appropriate Use Criteria for coronary revascularization. BACKGROUND: Decision-making regarding the use of revascularization for coronary artery disease has come under major scrutiny due to inappropriate overuse of revascularization. There is little data in routine clinical practice evaluating how a structured, multidisciplinary heart team approach may be used in combination with the Appropriate Use Criteria for revascularization. METHODS: From May 1, 2012 to January 1, 2015, multidisciplinary revascularization heart team meetings were convened to discuss evidence-based management of 301 patients with complex coronary artery disease. Heart team recommendations were adjudicated with the Appropriate Use Criteria for coronary revascularization for each clinical scenario using the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions' Quality Improvement Toolkit (SCAI-QIT) Appropriate Use Criteria App. RESULTS: Concordance of the Heart Team to Appropriate Use Criteria had a 99.3% appropriate primary indication for coronary revascularization. Among patients who underwent percutaneous revascularization, 34.9% had an inappropriate or uncertain indication as recommended by the Heart Team. Patients with uncertain or inappropriate percutaneous coronary interventions had significantly higher SYNTAX score (27.3 ± 6.6; 28.5 ± 5.5; 19.2 ± 6; P < 0.0001) and Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Predicted Risk of Mortality (6.1% ± 4.7%; 8.1% ± 6.3%; 3.7% ± 4.1%; P < 0.0081) compared to appropriate indications, frequently had concomitant forms of advanced comorbidities and frailty in the setting of symptomatic coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS: A formal, multidisciplinary revascularization heart team can provide proper validation for clinical decisions and should be considered in combination with the Appropriate Use Criteria for coronary revascularization to formulate revascularization strategies for individuals in a patient-centered fashion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Comparison of long-term safety and efficacy outcomes after drug-eluting and bare-metal stent use across racial groups: Insights from NHLBI Dynamic Registry.

BACKGROUND: Long-term data on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent (DES) and bare-metal stent (BMS) across racial groups are limited, and minorities are under-represented in existing clinical trials. Whether DES has better long-term clinical outcomes compared to BMS across racial groups remains to be established. Accordingly, we assessed whether longer-term clinical outcomes are better with DES compared to BMS across racial groups. METHODS: Using the multicenter National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-sponsored Dynamic Registry, 2-year safety (death, MI) and efficacy (repeat revascularization) outcomes of 3326 patients who underwent PCI with DES versus BMS were evaluated. RESULTS: With propensity-score adjusted analysis, the use of DES, compared to BMS, was associated with a lower risk for death or MI at 2 years for both blacks (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR)=0.41, 95% CI 0.25-0.69, p<0.001) and whites (aHR=0.67, 95% CI 0.51-0.90, p=0.007). DES use was associated with a significant 24% lower risk of repeat revascularization in whites (aHR=0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.97, p=0.03) and with nominal 34% lower risk in blacks (aHR=0.66, 95% CI 0.39-1.13, p=0.13). CONCLUSION: The use of DES in PCI was associated with better long-term safety outcomes across racial groups. Compared to BMS, DES was more effective in reducing repeat revascularization in whites and blacks, but this benefit was attenuated after statistical adjustment in blacks. These findings indicate that DES is superior to BMS in all patients regardless of race. Further studies are needed to determine long-term outcomes across racial groups with newer generation stents.

Safety and efficacy of implementing a multidisciplinary heart team approach for revascularization in patients with complex coronary artery disease: an observational cohort pilot study.

IMPORTANCE: Since the advent of transcatheter aortic valve replacement, the multidisciplinary heart team (MHT) approach has rapidly become the standard of care for patients undergoing the procedure. However, little is known about the potential effect of MHT on patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and efficacy of implementing the MHT approach for patients with complex CAD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Observational cohort pilot study of 180 patients with CAD involving more than 1 vessel in a single major academic tertiary/quaternary medical center. From May 1, 2012, through May 31, 2013, MHT meetings were convened to discuss evidence-based management of CAD. All cases were reviewed by a team of interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons within 72 hours of angiography. All clinical data were reviewed by the team to adjudicate optimal treatment strategies. Final recommendations were based on a consensus decision. Outcome measures were tracked for all patients to determine the safety and efficacy profile of this pilot program. EXPOSURES: Multidisciplinary heart team meeting. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Thirty-day periprocedural mortality and rate of major adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: Most of the patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG); a small percentage of patients underwent a hybrid procedure or medical management. Incidence of 30-day periprocedural mortality was low across all groups of patients (PCI group, 5 of 64 [8%]; CABG group, 1 of 87 [1%]). The rate of major adverse cardiac events during a median follow-up of 12.1 months ranged from 12 of 87 patients (14%) in the CABG group to 15 of 64 (23%) in the PCI group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Outcomes of patients with complex CAD undergoing the optimal treatment strategy recommended by the MHT were similar to those of published national standards. Implementation of the MHT approach for patients with complex CAD is safe and efficacious.

Eptifibatide-induced thrombocytopenia.

Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors reduce major adverse coronary events in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Unlike the other GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors, eptifibatide is rarely associated with thrombocytopenia with only a few cases reported in the medical literature. Here we report a case of a 34-year-old man presenting with a non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) who underwent primary PCI with stenting and developed stent thrombosis 5 days after the procedure. He underwent repeat PCI with readministration of eptifibatide and subsequently developed profound thrombocytopenia within 4 h. This report adds another case of eptifibatide associated thrombocytopenia to the literature and reinforces the importance of platelet count monitoring after therapy with this agent.