An experimental comparison of Pycnogenol and methylphenidate in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Twenty-four adults (24 to 53 years old) with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Combined Type, were studied in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of Pycnogenol and methylphenidate. Pycnogenol is an antioxidant derived from the bark of the French maritime pine tree. Methylphenidate is a standard pharmaceutical intervention for ADHD. Anecdotal reports suggest that Pycnogenol improves concentration in adults with ADHD without adverse side effects. Participants received Pycnogenol, methylphenidate, and placebo, each for three weeks, in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Although ADHD symptoms improved during treatment, neither methylphenidate nor Pycnogenol outperformed the placebo control, as measured by self-report rating scales, rating scales completed by the individual's significant other, and a computerized continuous performance test. The conservative dosage levels and relatively brief length of treatment may have contributed to the absence of significant differences among treatment conditions. Implications for future research are noted.

Edward Albert Schäfer (Sharpey-Schafer) and his contributions to neuroscience: commemorating of the 150th anniversary of his birth.

The year 2000 marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of Edward Albert Schäfer (Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer). Affiliated first with University College, London, and then with Edinburgh University, Schäfer made monumental contributions to the fields of histology, physiology, endocrinology, and practical medicine. This paper traces his professional life and emphasizes his seminal contributions to the neurosciences, which include his findings in support of neuron doctrine, his research on cortical localization in monkeys, his discovery of adrenaline and its place in the history of neural transmission, and his studies on recovery after nerve damage. Author of many histology and physiology books, founder of the "Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology," and mentor to many students who achieved great fame themselves, Schäfer was an active teacher and researcher, a man who remained committed to his vision of medicine based on laboratory science until he died in 1935.