RÉSUMÉ
The medical simulation manikins used by healthcare learners provide the training of numerous clinical skills but often lack diversity with respect to race, ethnicity, age, and sex. Having a diverse medical education environment is imperative for exposing learners to the diverse population of patients they may encounter when in practice. In this technical report, the development of diverse and cost-effective facial overlays produced using 3D scanning, 3D printing, and silicone to be used on top of the current medical manikins at Lakeridge Health Hospital (Oshawa, Ontario, Canada) is described. To obtain consistent feedback throughout the development process, an advisory committee was consulted monthly at Lakeridge Health Hospital. The process began by determining that two facial overlays would be developed based on the two groups that represent the highest percentage of visible minorities in the Durham Region (Ontario, Canada). Facial overlays representing the South Asian (31.8%) and Black (29.6%) races were chosen. To prevent the generalizability of the facial features of these two races, volunteers who identified as specific ethnicities (East Indian and Jamaican) within each race were selected. To add variation in age for the facial overlays, the East Indian facial overlay was edited to represent an adolescent teenager (15 to 17 years old) and the Jamaican overlay was edited to represent an elderly citizen (over 60 years old). The facial overlays were developed from the 3D scans of the two volunteers and were used to create the design of 3D printed molds, in which silicone was poured in. Pigments were added to the silicone to match the skin tones of the two volunteers, and these specific tones were used as the base color for each facial overlay. Details, such as wrinkles, eyebrows, and lip color, were painted on top of the base using additional pigmented silicone. Additionally, neck overlays were created to provide continuity of the skin tone of the facial overlay. To retain the functionality of the medical manikins, the eyes of the facial overlays were cut out, and the mouth was cut open to allow for intubation training. For stability purposes, Velcro attachments were added to the facial and neck overlays so that they could be secured onto the medical manikins. Overall, the costs to manufacture both facial overlays resulted in CAD 235.65, including local taxes. Once manufactured, both facial overlays were tested by medical students (n=18) during two separate advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) training sessions in the local, hospital-based simulation laboratory at Lakeridge Health Hospital. The feedback obtained suggested a need to improve the functionality of the facial overlays by making the mouths bigger and less stiff for easier intubation. However, the overlays were accepted overall as a means to add diversity to the current medical manikins. In the end, cost-effective and diverse facial overlays were created to be used on top of the medical manikins that are currently being used by healthcare learners at Lakeridge Health Hospital.
RÉSUMÉ
A novel series of N-Mannich bases of benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, IR spectral studies and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. 1-((Diethylamino)-methyl)-2-styryl benzimidazole 4 at 40mg/kg was found to be equipotent to paracetamol. 1-((Piperidin-1-yl) methyl)-2-styryl-benzimidazole 6 at 40mg/kg was found to be more potent than Diclofenac. Corneal permeability and quantum chemical calculations were performed to correlate the hydrogen bonding ability with permeability and activity. The energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) were correlated with pharmacological activity. The semi-empirical PM3 calculations (quantum chemical calculations) revealed that E(LUMO) and energy gap DeltaE were capable of accounting for the high in vitro bovine corneal permeability and activity of the compounds.
Sujet(s)
Benzimidazoles/synthèse chimique , Perméabilité des membranes cellulaires , Cornée/métabolisme , Bases de Mannich/synthèse chimique , Analgésiques/synthèse chimique , Analgésiques/pharmacocinétique , Animaux , Anti-inflammatoires/synthèse chimique , Anti-inflammatoires/pharmacocinétique , Benzimidazoles/pharmacocinétique , Bovins , Évaluation préclinique de médicament , Liaison hydrogène , Bases de Mannich/pharmacocinétique , Modèles moléculairesRÉSUMÉ
In the present investigation, an attempt was made to study and compare, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity produced by four marketed topical diclofenac formulations in order to justify their usefulness in the treatment of pain and inflammation. By using a diffusion cell, in vitro percutaneous permeation studies were carried out to correlate in vivo activity. The in vivo analgesic activity study was performed by tail flick method on Wistar albino rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was performed on rats by carrageenan induced inflammation. It was evident from the study that three among tested three gels; diclofenac permeated effectively through the skin and was able to elicit analgesic and anti-inflammatory responses. The study also indicated the presence of therapeutic inequivalence among the marketed topical formulation and the need of bio equivalency and therapeutic equivalency testing of marketed topical applications meant for therapeutic use.
Sujet(s)
Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens/pharmacologie , Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens/pharmacocinétique , Diclofenac/pharmacologie , Diclofenac/pharmacocinétique , Administration par voie topique , Animaux , Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens/administration et posologie , Biopharmacie , Chimie pharmaceutique , Diclofenac/administration et posologie , Oedème/induit chimiquement , Oedème/prévention et contrôle , Femelle , Gels , Inde , Mâle , Mesure de la douleur/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Rats , Rat Wistar , Absorption cutanéeRÉSUMÉ
In the present study, the aphrodisiac activity of Butea frondonsa Koen. ex Roxb (Papillionaceae) bark extract was investigated. The extract (400 mg/kg body wt./day) was administered orally by gavage for 28 days. Mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculation latency (EL), mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), ejaculation frequency (EF) and post-ejaculatory interval (PEI) were the parameters observed before and during the sexual behavior study at day 0, 7, 10, 14, 21, and 28. The extract reduced significantly ML, IL, EL and PEI (p < 0.05). The extract also increased significantly MF, IF and EF (p < 0.05). These effects were observed in sexually active and inactive male rats.
Sujet(s)
Aphrodisiaques/pharmacologie , Butea , Phytothérapie , Extraits de plantes/pharmacologie , Comportement sexuel chez les animaux/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Administration par voie orale , Animaux , Aphrodisiaques/administration et posologie , Aphrodisiaques/usage thérapeutique , Mâle , Extraits de plantes/administration et posologie , Extraits de plantes/usage thérapeutique , Rats , Rat WistarRÉSUMÉ
In the present study, a series of 2-methyl/5-choloro-8-(3-substituted propoxy) quinolines were synthesized. The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and elemental analysis. The compounds were investigated for anticonvulsant and decrease in the elevated motor activity by introceptive chemical stimuli (amphetamine antagonistic activity) at the dose level of 80 and 160 mg/kg. Compounds 2, 10, 11, 12 and 13 exhibited significant anticonvulsant and amphetamine antagonistic activity. Compounds 2 and 11 exhibited highest anticonvulsant and amphetamine activity respectively.
Sujet(s)
Agents du système nerveux central/synthèse chimique , Agents du système nerveux central/pharmacologie , Quinoléines/synthèse chimique , Quinoléines/pharmacologie , Amfétamine/antagonistes et inhibiteurs , Animaux , Anticonvulsivants/synthèse chimique , Anticonvulsivants/pharmacologie , Stimulants du système nerveux central/antagonistes et inhibiteurs , Femelle , Spectroscopie par résonance magnétique , Mâle , Souris , Activité motrice/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Spectrophotométrie IR , Spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de FourierRÉSUMÉ
Schiff bases and hydrazones of substituted isatins (1-28) were prepared by reacting isatin and aromatic primary amines/hydrazines. A new series of the corresponding N-Mannich base (29-35) was synthesised by reacting them with formaldehyde and diphenyl amine. The chemical structures were confirmed by means of 1H-NMR, IR spectral data and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for antibacterial activity against seven Gram (+) and seven Gram (-) standard and pathological bacterial strains by the paper disc diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the active compounds were determined. 1-Diphenyl amino-methyl-3-(4-bromo phenylimino)-1,3-dihydro-indol-3-one (30) and 3-(4-bromo phenylimino)-5-nitro-1,3-dihydro-indol-3-one (13) were found to be the most active compounds of the series. Mannich bases exhibited higher activity than the corresponding Schiff bases.
Sujet(s)
Antibactériens/synthèse chimique , Antibactériens/pharmacologie , Hydrazones/composition chimique , Indoles/pharmacologie , Isatine/analogues et dérivés , Isatine/pharmacologie , Bases de Mannich/composition chimique , Bases de Schiff/composition chimique , Bactéries/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Évaluation préclinique de médicament/méthodes , Bactéries à Gram négatif/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Bactéries à Gram positif/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Indoles/synthèse chimique , Isatine/synthèse chimique , Tests de sensibilité microbienne/méthodesRÉSUMÉ
Isatin/5-substituted Isatin was reacted with 2-aminothiazole, 2-aminopyridine, 4-methoxyaniline to form Schiff bases and the N-Mannich bases of the above Schiff bases were synthesized by reacting with formaldehyde and piperidine. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by means of IR, 1H-NMR data and elemental analysis. Investigation of Anti-HIV activity was done against replication of HIV-1 (III B) and HIV-2 (ROD) in MT-4 cells. Azidothymidine (AZT) was used as the reference standard. The most active compound of the series was 3-(2-thiazolylimino)-5-bromo-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one (VI) which demonstrated 28% and 10% protection against HIV-1 and HIV-2 respectively.
Sujet(s)
Agents antiVIH/synthèse chimique , Agents antiVIH/pharmacologie , Isatine/analogues et dérivés , Isatine/pharmacologie , Cellules cultivées , Phénomènes chimiques , Chimie physique , Humains , Indicateurs et réactifs , Isatine/synthèse chimique , Sels de tétrazolium , ThiazolesRÉSUMÉ
Schiff bases and phenyl hydrazone of isatins were prepared by reacting isatin and the appropriate aromatic primary amine/hydrazines. A new series of the corresponding N-mannich bases were synthesized by reacting them with formaldehyde and diphenylamine. The chemical structures were confirmed by means of their 1H-NMR, IR spectral data and elemental analysis. The compounds were screened for analgesic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic activity. 1-Diphenylaminomethyl-3-(1-naphthylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-3-one (4), 3-(1-naphthylimino)-5-bromo-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one (2) and 1-diphenylaminomethyl-3-(4-methylphenylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-3-one (7) were found to exhibit the highest analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity respectively. 1-Diphenylaminomethyl-3-(4-methylphenylimino)-1,3-dihydroindol-3-one (7) was found to be the most active compound of the series.