Photogrammetric analysis of limb joint angles in normal-gait cows before and after hoof trimming.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hoof trimming on overall limb movements by comparing the changes in 8 limb joint angles before and after one week of hoof trimming. Seventeen Holstein-Friesian dairy cows that were able to move freely and had no history of hoof diseases were included in the study. The cows were walked on a rubber mat with a high friction coefficient (HFM) and a low friction coefficient by the spraying of sodium polyacrylate (LFM). A high-speed camera was set to 200 fps on the image analysis software, and the images of the cows that were given 15 reflective markers on their right side were captured while walking on the test mat. The tests were conducted before and after one week of hoof trimming, and the cows were trimmed by the functional hoof trimming method. With image analysis software, video clips of walking cows were confirmed visually and tracked during one gait cycle by each reflective marker attached to the hoof of the forelimb and hindlimb, after which the stance phase and swing phase were identified. The durations of the stance phase and swing phase of the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively, and the maximum, minimum, and range of motion (ROM) values of the 8 joint angles, shoulder joint, elbow joint, carpus joint, forelimb fetlock joint, hip joint, stifle joint, hock joint and hindlimb fetlock joint during one gait cycle were included in the analysis. The maximum and minimum angles of the hip and stifle joints were narrower after hoof trimming than before, although the ROM did not change and was clearer for HFM than for LFM. It was thought that the flexion of the proximal hindlimb would progress smoothly during walking after trimming.

Major hepatectomy with combined vascular resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatectomy with vascular resection (VR) for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC) is a challenging procedure. However, only a few reports on this procedure have been published and its clinical significance has not been fully evaluated. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgical resection for PHCC from 2002-2017 were studied. The surgical outcomes of VR and non-VR groups were compared. RESULTS: Some 238 patients were included. VR was performed in 85 patients. The resected vessels were hepatic artery alone (31 patients), portal vein alone (37 patients) or both (17 patients). The morbidity rates were almost the same in the VR (49.4 per cent) and non-VR (43.8 per cent) groups (P = 0.404). The mortality rates of VR (3.5 per cent) and non-VR (3.3 per cent) were also comparable (P > 0.999). The median survival time (MST) was 45 months in the non-VR group and 36 months in VR group (P = 0.124). Among patients in whom tumour involvement was suspected on preoperative imaging and whose carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) value was 37 U/ml or less, MST in the VR group was significantly longer than that in the non-VR group (50 versus 34 months, P = 0.017). In contrast, when the CA19-9 value was greater than 37 U/ml, MST of the VR and non-VR groups was comparable (28 versus 29 months, P = 0.520). CONCLUSION: Hepatectomy with VR for PHCC can be performed in a highly specialized hepatobiliary centre with equivalent short- and long-term outcomes to hepatectomy without VR.

Utility of remnant liver volume for predicting posthepatectomy liver failure after hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection.

BACKGROUND: Hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection is associated with a high risk of posthepatectomy liver failure (PHLF). However, the utility of the remnant liver volume (RLV) in cholangiocarcinoma has not been studied intensively. METHODS: Patients who underwent major hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection between 2002 and 2018 were reviewed. The RLV was divided by body surface area (BSA) to normalize individual physical differences. Risk factors for clinically relevant PHLF were evaluated with special reference to the RLV/BSA. RESULTS: A total of 289 patients were included. The optimal cut-off value for RLV/BSA was determined to be 300 ml/m2. Thirty-two patients (11.1 per cent) developed PHLF. PHLF was more frequent in patients with an RLV/BSA below 300 ml/m2 than in those with a value of 300 ml/m2 or greater: 19 of 87 (22 per cent) versus 13 of 202 (6.4 per cent) (P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, RLV/BSA below 300 ml/m2 (P = 0.013), future liver remnant plasma clearance rate of indocyanine green less than 0.075 (P = 0.031), and serum albumin level below 3.5 g/dl (P = 0.015) were identified as independent risk factors for PHLF. Based on these risk factors, patients were classified into three subgroups with low (no factors), moderate (1-2 factors), and high (3 factors) risk of PHLF, with PHLF rates of 1.8, 14.8 and 63 per cent respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An RLV/BSA of 300 ml/m2 is a simple predictor of PHLF in patients undergoing hepatectomy with extrahepatic bile duct resection.

The tumor diameter cut-off for predicting microscopic intrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients without treatment history differs from that of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with a treatment history.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Intrahepatic metastasis (IM) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurs via vascular invasion; the tumor diameter that affects the risk of micro intra-hepatic metastasis (MIM) should be larger than that which affects the risk of micro vessel invasion (MVI). The aim of the present study was to determine the optimum tumor diameter cut-off value for predicting the presence of MIM in HCC patients without treatment history and HCC patients with a treatment history and to compare these diameters between cases of MVI and MIM. METHODS: This retrospective study included 621 patients without macroscopic vessel invasion or intrahepatic metastasis on preoperative imaging who underwent hepatectomy. The cut-off tumor diameter for predicting the presence of MIM was determined by a receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. RESULTS: The optimum cut-off value for predicting the presence of MIM in HCC patients without treatment history was 43 mm. In contrast, the optimum cut-off value for predicting the presence of MIM in HCC patients with a treatment history was 20 mm. Among 46 HCC patients with MIM without treatment history, there were 20 patients with MIM without MVI who were considered to have potential multi-centric (MC) tumors rather than IM. The cumulative overall survival rates in patients with MIM without MVI (potential MC) was significantly better than that in patients with both MIM and MVI (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: The tumor diameter cut-off value for predicting MIM differed between HCC patients without treatment history and with a treatment history and slightly smaller than those for predicting MVI beyond our expectation.

Prognostic role of the length of tumour-vein contact at the portal-superior mesenteric vein in patients having surgery for pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: The length of tumour-vein contact between the portal-superior mesenteric vein (PV/SMV) and pancreatic head cancer, and its relationship to prognosis in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery, remains controversial. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with pancreatic head cancer who were eligible for pancreatoduodenectomy between October 2002 and December 2016 were analysed. The PV/SMV contact was assessed retrospectively on CT. Using the minimum P value approach based on overall survival after surgery, the optimal cut-off value for tumour-vein contact length was identified. RESULTS: Among 491 patients included, 462 underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic head cancer. PV/SMV contact with the tumour was detected on preoperative CT in 248 patients (53·7 per cent). Overall survival of patients with PV/SMV contact exceeding 20 mm was significantly worse than that of patients with a contact length of 20 mm or less (median survival time (MST) 23·3 versus 39·3 months; P = 0·012). Multivariable analysis identified PV/SMV contact longer than 20 mm as an independent predictor of poor survival, whereas PV/SMV contact greater than 180° was not a predictive factor. Among patients with a PV/SMV contact length exceeding 20 mm on pretreatment CT, those receiving neoadjuvant therapy had significantly better overall survival than patients who had upfront surgery (MST not reached versus 21·6 months; P = 0·002). CONCLUSION: The length of PV/SMV contact predicts survival, and may be used to suggest a role for neoadjuvant therapy to improve prognosis.

ANTECEDENTES: El valor pronóstico de la longitud del contacto del tumor de la cabeza pancreática con las venas porta y mesentérica superior (portal-superior mesenteric vein, PV/SMV) en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía pancreática sigue siendo un tema controvertido. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los pacientes diagnosticados de un cáncer de la cabeza pancreática a los que se realizó una duodenopancreatectomía cefálica entre octubre de 2002 y diciembre de 2016. El contacto tumoral con la PV/SMV se evaluó de forma retrospectiva mediante tomografía computarizada (TC). Se identificó el valor de corte óptimo para la longitud del contacto tumoral con la PV/SMV, utilizando el valor mínimo de la P basado en la supervivencia global (overall survival, OS) después de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: De 491 pacientes incluidos, en 462 pacientes se realizó una duodenopancreatectomía cefálica por cáncer de la cabeza de páncreas. En la TC preoperatoria, se detectó contacto tumoral con la PV/SMV en 248 (53,7%) pacientes. La OS de los pacientes en los que el contacto del tumor con la PV/SMV fue > 20 mm fue significativamente peor que en aquellos cuyo contacto fue ≤ 20 mm (mediana de supervivencia (median survival time, MST) 23,3 versus 39,3 meses; P = 0,012). En un análisis multivariado se identificó el contacto tumoral-PV/SMV > 20 mm como un factor independiente predictor de mala supervivencia, pero el contacto tumor-PV/SMV > 180° no fue un factor pronóstico. En los pacientes en los que el contacto tumor-PV/SMV fue > 20 mm en el TC preoperatorio, la OS en aquellos que recibieron tratamiento neoadyuvante fue significativamente mejor en comparación con los pacientes tratados directamente con cirugía (MST, no alcanzada versus 21,6 meses, P = 0,002). Conclusión La longitud del contacto tumoral con la PV/SMV predice la supervivencia, por lo cual dicha longitud podría jugar un papel en la indicación de tratamiento neoadyuvante para mejorar el pronóstico.

MENS-associated increase of muscular protein content via modulation of caveolin-3 and TRIM72.

Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation (MENS) is known as an extracellular stimulus for the regeneration of injured skeletal muscle in sports medicine. However, the effects of MENS-associated increase in muscle protein content are not fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of MENS on the muscular protein content, intracellular signals, and the expression level of caveolin-3 (Cav-3), tripartite motif-containing 72 (TRIM72) and MM isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MM) in skeletal muscle using cell culture system. C2C12 myotubes on the 7th day of differentiation phase were treated with MENS (intensity: 10-20 microA, frequency: 0.3 Hz, pulse width: 250 ms, stimulation time: 15-120 min). MENS-associated increase in the protein content of myotubes was observed, compared to the untreated control level. MENS upregulated the expression of Cav-3, TRIM72, and CK-MM in myotubes. A transient increase in phosphorylation level of Akt was also observed. However, MENS had no effect on the phosphorylation level of p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and 5'AMP-activated protein kinase. MENS may increase muscle protein content accompanied with a transient activation of Akt and the upregulation of Cav-3 and TRIM72.

Propensity score-matched comparison of non-anatomical resection and radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with up to three tumours, each measuring up to 3 cm in diameter.

BACKGROUND: Non-anatomical liver resection (NAR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are treatment options for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim was to compare the outcomes of NAR and RFA for HCC in patients with three or fewer tumour nodules, each measuring not more than 3 cm in maximum diameter. METHODS: Eligible patients undergoing NAR or RFA with curative intent between September 2002 and December 2014 were identified. A propensity score-matching analysis was performed to reduce bias, and outcomes in these patients were analysed. RESULTS: From a total of 199 patients, 1:1 propensity score matching identified 70 matched pairs. Patients having NAR had a longer hospital stay (median 10 days versus 4 days for those who had RFA; P < 0·001) and a higher morbidity rate (24 versus 10 per cent respectively; P = 0·042). Patients who had NAR had slightly better recurrence-free survival but this failed to reach statistical significance in univariable analysis (P = 0·064). There was no significant difference in overall survival between the two groups (P = 0·475). RFA was identified as an independent risk factor for recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio (HR) 1·57; P = 0·041) in multivariable analysis. Local recurrence was significantly more common in patients receiving RFA (23 versus 1 per cent; P < 0·001). CONCLUSION: RFA was an independent risk factor for shorter recurrence-free survival, with a significantly higher local recurrence rate than NAR. Despite these differences, overall survival was not affected.

Lactate increases myotube diameter via activation of MEK/ERK pathway in C2C12 cells.

AIM: Lactate is produced in and released from skeletal muscle cells. Lactate receptor, G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), is expressed in skeletal muscle cells. However, a physiological role of extracellular lactate on skeletal muscle is not fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate extracellular lactate-associated morphological changes and intracellular signals in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. METHODS: Mouse myoblast C2C12 cells were differentiated for 5 days to form myotubes. Sodium lactate (lactate) or GPR81 agonist, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,5-DHBA), was administered to the differentiation medium. RESULTS: Lactate administration increased the diameter of C2C12 myotubes in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of 3,5-DHBA also increased myotube diameter. Not only lactate but also 3,5-DHBA upregulated the phosphorylation level of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK). MEK inhibitor U0126 depressed the phosphorylation of ERK-p90RSK and increase in myotube diameter induced by lactate. On the other hand, both lactate and 3,5-DHBA failed to induce significant responses in the phosphorylation level of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin, p70 S6 kinase and protein degradation-related signals. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that lactate-associated increase in the diameter of C2C12 myotubes is induced via activation of GRP81-mediated MEK/ERK pathway. Extracellular lactate might have a positive effect on skeletal muscle size.

Comparative phenology of dormant Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) flower buds: a possible cause of 'flowering disorder'.

Mild winters influenced by global warming have increased the incidence of erratic flowering ('flowering disorder') in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees in Japan. To discover how, when and what kind of disorder/damage occur in pear flower buds, we observed axillary flower buds of two cultivars, 'Kosui' (a mid-chill cultivar) and 'Niitaka' (a high-chill cultivar), grown at five locations. We focused on the phenology from autumn 2015 to spring 2016, when temperatures were higher than for average years, especially from September to January, and large fluctuations occurred due to El Niño. During the blooming season in the spring of 2016, both the percentage of blooming flower buds and the number of florets per flower bud decreased in trees located at lower latitudes (with lower chilling accumulation) with a more severe problem in 'Niitaka' than in 'Kosui'. As shown by forcing excised shoots, the onset and release of endodormancy occurred earlier in 'Kosui' than 'Niitaka' and occurred earlier in trees growing at higher latitudes than at lower latitudes (warmer regions). The freezing tolerance of flower buds, measured as the lethal temperature for 50% survival (LT50), was similar for the cultivars beginning in autumn and reached maximum levels, LT50 values of less than -12 °C, between late-December and mid-January in both cultivars, except for those in Kagoshima (the lowest latitude), where the maximum LT50 was only -5 °C throughout the season. We propose that warmer autumn-winter temperatures may prevent the acquisition of freezing tolerance, disturb endodormancy progression and disrupt floral organ development, thereby causing flowering disorder in pear trees. The risk of occurrence of flowering disorder in pear may be higher in high-chill cultivars than in low- or mid-chill cultivars and at lower latitudes compared with higher latitudes.

Indications for major hepatectomy and combined procedures for advanced gallbladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The clinical impact of major hepatectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer is currently unclear. METHODS: Patients who underwent resection for stage II, III or IV gallbladder cancer were enrolled. The surgical outcomes of patients who underwent major hepatectomy were compared with those of patients treated with minor hepatectomy and those with unresectable gallbladder cancer. The clinical impact of major hepatectomy and combined advanced procedures such as portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy for advanced gallbladder cancer were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 96 patients were enrolled; 29 patients underwent major and 67 had minor hepatectomy. The overall morbidity rate was higher in the major hepatectomy group (55 versus 27 per cent; P = 0·022). There were no deaths after major hepatectomy. Overall survival was better in the major hepatectomy group than in the group of 15 patients with unresectable disease (median survival 17·7 versus 11·4 months; P = 0·003). In a subgroup analysis of the major hepatectomy group, liver metastasis (P = 0·038) and hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·017) were independently associated with overall survival. Overall survival in patients with liver metastasis (P = 0·572) or hepatic arterial invasion (P = 0·776) was comparable with that in the unresectable group. However, overall survival among patients with lymph node metastasis (P = 0·062) or following portal vein resection (P = 0·054) or pancreatoduodenectomy (P = 0·011) was better than in the unresectable group. CONCLUSION: Major hepatectomy combined with portal vein resection or pancreatoduodenectomy, if necessary, may be considered in the treatment of advanced gallbladder cancer, especially in selected patients without liver metastasis or hepatic arterial invasion.

Heat stress-induced phosphorylation of FoxO3a signalling in rat skeletal muscle.

AIM: A recent study demonstrated that FoxO3a was directly induced by the overexpression of Hsp72 in rat soleus muscle. However, whether heat stress treatment induces FoxO3a phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle remains unclear. This study examined the effects of heat stress on the regulation of the FoxO3a signalling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (15 weeks old) were randomly assigned into two groups; sedentary control group (Sed, n = 8) and experimental group (n = 24). After an overnight fast, one leg of each rat (HS leg) in the experimental group was immersed in hot water (43 °C) for 30 min, and the soleus and plantaris muscles in both legs were removed immediately (0 min), 30 min, 60 min, or 24 h after the heat stress (n = 6 each group). The contralateral, non-heated leg in the experimental group served as an internal control (CT leg). RESULTS: Heat stress treatment resulted in a significant increase in FoxO3a phosphorylation (Ser253) in the soleus and plantaris muscles of heat-stressed legs after 24 h. Hsp72 expression in heat-stressed legs was significantly higher at 60 min and 24 h in these muscles. Activation of the PTEN/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways was also observed in these muscles immediately after stress, but not at 24 h. There were no differences in FoxO1 and AMPKα phosphorylation in either muscle. CONCLUSION: Heat stress in rat skeletal muscle induces phosphorylation of FoxO3a signalling, and it may be related to Hsp72 upregulation, and the activation of the PTEN/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways.

Survival of fetuses with severe oligohydramnios.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to identify predictive data on the short-term outcomes of fetuses with oligohydramnios. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of all pregnancies diagnosed with oligohydramnios was performed. RESULTS: A total of 17 fetuses (seven males, seven females, and three unknown) with oligohydramnios were treated from 2004 to 2011. Oligohydramnios was first diagnosed at a 21.6 ± 4.2 weeks gestation. Terminations of pregnancy before 22 weeks were identified in five cases, and intrauterine fetal deaths occurred in two cases. Ten neonates were born alive, five cases survived over 28 days, and five cases died within 48 hours. Prognostic factors for survival included birth weight (2,457 ± 480 grams in survivors vs. 1973 ± 124 grams in non-survivors; p < 0.05) and the mean amniotic fluid index (AFI) (2.32 ± 1.19 cm in survivors vs. 0.46 ± 0.68 cm in non-survivors;p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: All patients who survived had a mean AFI > 1.0 cm.

Heat shock transcription factor 1-associated expression of slow myosin heavy chain in mouse soleus muscle in response to unloading with or without reloading.

AIM: The effects of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) deficiency on the fibre type composition and the expression level of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family members (NFATc1, NFATc2, NFATc3 and NFATc4), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3α (p-GSK3α) and p-GSK3ß, microRNA-208b (miR-208b), miR-499 and slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNAs (Myh7 and Myh7b) of antigravitational soleus muscle in response to unloading with or without reloading were investigated. METHODS: HSF1-null and wild-type mice were subjected to continuous 2-week hindlimb suspension followed by 2- or 4-week ambulation recovery. RESULTS: In wild-type mice, the relative population of slow type I fibres, the expression level of NFATc2, p-GSK3 (α and ß), miR-208b, miR-499 and slow MyHC mRNAs (Myh7 and Myh7b) were all decreased with hindlimb suspension, but recovered after it. Significant interactions between train and time (the relative population of slow type I fibres; P = 0.01, the expression level of NFATc2; P = 0.001, p-GSKß; P = 0.009, miR-208b; P = 0.002, miR-499; P = 0.04) suggested that these responses were suppressed in HSF1-null mice. CONCLUSION: HSF1 may be a molecule in the regulation of the expression of slow MyHC as well as miR-208b, miR-499, NFATc2 and p-GSK3 (α and ß) in mouse soleus muscle.

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as an indicator of the malignant behaviour of hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The preoperative serum neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it is still unclear what the NLR reflects precisely. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between the NLR and TNM stage, and the role of NLR as a prognostic factor after liver resection for HCC. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled patients who underwent liver resection as initial treatment for HCC. The best cut-off value of serum NLR was determined, and overall survival was compared among patients grouped according to TNM stage (I, II and III). RESULTS: The best cut-off value for NLR was 2·8. A high preoperative NLR was more frequently associated with poor overall survival than a low preoperative NLR after resection for TNM stage I tumours (5-year survival 45·0 versus 76·4 per cent, P < 0·001), but not stage II (P = 0·283) or stage III (P = 0·155) tumours. Among patients with TNM stage I disease, the proportion of patients with extrahepatic recurrence was greater in the group with a high preoperative NLR than in the low-NLR group (P = 0·006). In multivariable analysis, preoperative NLR was the strongest independent prognostic risk factor for overall survival in TNM stage I (hazard ratio 2·69, 95 per cent c.i. 1·57 to 4·59; P < 0·001). CONCLUSION: Preoperative NLR was an important prognostic factor for TNM stage I HCC after liver resection with curative intent. These results suggest that the NLR may reflect the malignant potential of HCC.

Deficiency of heat shock transcription factor 1 suppresses heat stress-associated increase in slow soleus muscle mass of mice.

AIM: Effects of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) deficiency on heat stress-associated increase in slow soleus muscle mass of mice were investigated. METHODS: Both HSF1-null and wild-type mice were randomly assigned to control and heat-stressed groups. Mice in heat-stressed group were exposed to heat stress (41 °C for 60 min) in an incubator without anaesthesia. RESULTS: Significant increase in wet and dry weights, and protein content of soleus muscle in wild-type mice was observed seven days after the application of the heat stress. However, heat stress had no impact on soleus muscle mass in HSF1-null mice. Neither type of mice exhibited much effect of heat stress on HSF mRNA expression (HSF1, HSF2 and HSF4). On the other hand, heat stress upregulated heat shock proteins (HSPs) at the mRNA (HSP72) and protein (HSP72 and HSP110) levels in wild-type mice, but not in HSF1-null mice. The population of Pax7-positive nuclei relative to total myonuclei of soleus muscle in wild-type mice was significantly increased by heat stress, but not in HSF1-null mice. Furthermore, the absence of HSF1 gene suppressed heat stress-associated phosphorylation of Akt and p70 S6 kinase (p-p70S6K) in soleus muscle. CONCLUSION: Heat stress-associated increase in skeletal muscle mass may be induced by HSF1 and/or HSF1-mediated stress response that activates muscle satellite cells and Akt/p70S6K signalling pathway.

Impact of bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity during pancreaticoduodenectomy on surgical-site infection.

BACKGROUND: Several risk factors for complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy have been reported. However, the impact of intraoperative bacterial contamination on surgical outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy has not been examined in depth. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy and peritoneal lavage using 7000 ml saline between July 2012 and May 2014. The lavage fluid was subjected to bacterial culture examination. The influence of a positive bacterial culture on surgical-site infection (SSI) and postoperative course was evaluated. Risk factors for positive bacterial cultures were also evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-six (21.1 per cent) of 218 enrolled patients had a positive bacterial culture of the lavage fluid. Incisional SSI developed in 26 (57 per cent) of these 46 patients and in 13 (7.6 per cent) of 172 patients with a negative lavage culture (P < 0.001). Organ/space SSI developed in 32 patients with a positive lavage culture (70 per cent) and in 43 of those with a negative culture (25.0 per cent) (P < 0.001). Grade B/C pancreatic fistula was observed in 22 (48 per cent) and 48 (27.9 per cent) respectively of patients with positive and negative lavage cultures (P = 0.010). Postoperative hospital stay was longer in patients with a positive lavage culture (28 days versus 21 days in patients with a negative culture; P = 0.028). Multivariable analysis revealed that internal biliary drainage, combined colectomy and a longer duration of surgery were significant risk factors for positive bacterial culture of the lavage fluid. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative bacterial contamination has an adverse impact on the development of SSI and grade B/C pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Perinatal management of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia associated with anti-group A antibody.

OBJECTIVE: To prevent neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-group A antibody perinatal management was performed. BACKGROUND: We previously reported a case of severe intracranial haemorrhage associated with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-group A isoantibody. MATERIAL/METHODS: A 40-year-old Japanese woman, gravida 4 para 1, was pregnant with her second baby. The previous sibling developed severe thrombocytopenia and died 10 days after birth due to intracranial haemorrhage. He was diagnosed with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia; the causative antibody was found to be the anti-group A antibody. Prednisone was started at 7 weeks' gestational age. Intravenous immunoglobulin 1 g kg(-1) week(-1) was started at 29 weeks' gestational age and continued to delivery. Serological studies and genotyping were performed. RESULTS: The second boy was delivered at 33 weeks' gestational age by caesarean section. He was discharged without intracranial haemorrhage or thrombocytopenia. The anti-group A antibody titre in the maternal serum was 2048-4096 (normal range: 4-64). The anti-group A antibody titre in the newborn's serum was 4. Cross-matching between the maternal serum and the paternal platelets was positive. CONCLUSION: Owing to the history of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia causing intracranial haemorrhage and death of the previous sibling, strict follow-up of the subsequent pregnancy was conducted.

Contrasting biofunctionalization strategies for the enhanced endothelialization of biodegradable vascular grafts.

Surface modification of biodegradable vascular grafts is an important strategy to improve the in situ endothelialization of tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) and prevent major complications associated with current synthetic grafts. Important strategies for improving endothelialization include increasing endothelial cell mobilization and increased endothelial cell capture through biofunctionalization of TEVGs. The objective of this study was to assess two biofunctionalization strategies for improving endothelialization of biodegradable polyester vascular grafts. These techniques consisted of cross-linking heparin to graft surfaces to immobilize vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or antibodies against CD34 (anti-CD34Ab). To this end, heparin, VEGF, and anti-CD34Ab attachment and quantification assays confirmed the efficacy of the modification strategy. Cell attachment and proliferation on these groups were compared to unmodified grafts in vitro and in vivo. To assess in vivo graft functionality, the grafts were implanted as inferior vena cava interpositional conduits in mice. Modified vascular grafts displayed increased endothelial cell attachment and activity in vivo, according to microscopy techniques, histological results, and eNOS expression. Inner lumen diameter of the modified grafts was also better maintained than controls. Overall, while both functionalized grafts outperformed the unmodified control, grafts modified with anti-CD34Ab appeared to yield the most improved results compared to VEGF-loaded grafts.

A predictive factor of insufficient liver regeneration after preoperative portal vein embolization.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) is performed to enhance the future remnant liver function (FRLF) and volume (FRLV). However, the volume of the nonembolized liver does not increase enough in some patients, which results in an insufficient FRLF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of insufficient FRLF after PVE for extended hepatectomy. METHODS: This retrospective study included 172 patients (107 patients with cholangiocarcinoma, 40 patients with metastatic liver cancer and 25 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma) who underwent PVE before extended hepatectomy. The total liver function was evaluated by measuring the indocyanine green plasma clearance rate (KICG). Computed tomography volumetry was conducted to evaluate the total liver volume and FRLV. The KICG of the future remnant liver (remK) was calculated using the following formula: KICG × FRLV/total liver volume. The safety margin for hepatectomy was set at remK after PVE (post-PVE remK) ≥ 0.05. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-three patients with a post-PVE remK level of >0.05 underwent hepatectomy without postoperative liver failure [sufficient liver regeneration (SLR) group], and 9 patients with a post-PVE remK level of <0.05 did not due to insufficient FRLF [insufficient liver regeneration (ILR) group]. In the SLR group, the KICG values did not change after PVE (median, 0.144-0.146, p = 0.523); however, the %FRLV and remK increased significantly (35.0-44.3%, p < 0.001 and 0.0488-0.0610, p < 0001, respectively). In contrast, in the ILR group, the KICG values decreased significantly (0.128-0.108, p = 0.021) and the %FRLV increased marginally (27.4-32.6%, p = 0.051). As a result, the remK did not increase significantly (0.0351-0.0365, p = 0.213). A receiver operating characteristic curve demonstrated an remK value of 0.04 obtained before PVE (pre-PVE remK) to be the optimal cutoff point for defective liver regeneration. The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that a pre-PVE remK value of <0.04 was a factor for ILR. It was also correlated with postoperative liver failure in the analysis of the patients who underwent hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The patients in the ILR group did not achieve SLR after PVE due to a significant decrease in the KICG and an insufficient increase in %FRLV. A pre-PVE remK value of <0.04 is a useful predictor of insufficient regeneration of the nonembolized liver, even after PVE.

Wearable ECG recorder with acceleration sensors for monitoring daily stress: office work simulation study.

A small and light-weight wearable electrocardiograph (ECG) equipment with a tri-axis accelerometer (x, y and z-axis) was developed for prolonged monitoring of everyday stress. It consists of an amplifier, a microcomputer with an AD converter, a triaxial accelerometer, and a memory card. Four parameters can be sampled at 1 kHz for more than 24 h and a maximum of 27 h with a default battery and a memory card of one giga byte (1 GB). Off-line data processing includes motion information along three axes and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity bispectral analysis and the tone-entropy method (T-E method) from HRV data. The availability of the system was tested through simulated office work and three-day monitoring by replacing the battery and the memory card every 24 h. Both short-term and circadian rhythms of ANS activity were clearly observed. In addition, sympathetic nervous activities gradually increased from the second to the third day. The experimental data presented verifies the functionality of the proposed system.