Oxytocin in the periaqueductal gray mainly comes form the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus to participate in pain modulation.

Oxytocin (OXT) that effects the nociception process is mainly synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON). Although the periaqueductal gray (PAG) hardly synthesizes OXT, OXT in PAG also plays a role in pain regulation. The communication investigates whether OXT in the PAG comes from SON to influence pain modulation. RT-PCR was used to analyze OXT mRNA expression and radioimmunoassay to measure OXT concentration. The results showed that (1) pain stimulation enhanced OXT mRNA expression in the SON at 10 min (268.1 ±â€¯39.2%, p < 0.001) and 20 min (135.4±37.9%, p < 0.05) treatment and did not change in the PAG; (2) OXT level increase in SON perfusion liquid during pain stimulation [236.7±22.1% at 10 min (p < 0.001), 223.1±12.4% at 20 min (p<0.001), 56.1 ±â€¯15.7% at 30 min (p < 0.01) and 11.2±14.2% at 40 min] was earlier than that in PAG perfusion liquid [17.8±9.7% at 10 min, 375.6±35.1% at 20 min (p <  0.001), 123.2±17.7% at 30 min (p <  0.001) and 52.7±22.4% at 40 min (p < 0.05)]; (3) SON excitation (L-glutamate sodium microinjection) induced OXT level increase in PAG perfusion liquid in a dose-dependent manner; (4) the bilateral SON cauterization completely controlled and the right SON cauterization partly reversed the pain stimulation induced-OXT concentration increase in PAG perfusion liquid. The data suggested that OXT in PAG came from SON, which might influence the pain process.

The role of arginine vasopressin in electroacupuncture treatment of primary sciatica in human.

It has been implicated that electroacupuncture can relieve the symptoms of sciatica with the increase of pain threshold in human, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the brain rather than the spinal cord and blood circulation participates in antinociception. Our previous study has proven that AVP in the brain played a role in the process of electroacupuncture analgesia in rat. The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of AVP in electroacupuncture in treating primary sciatica in human. The results showed that (1) AVP concentration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (7.5 ± 2.5 pg/ml), not plasma (13.2 ± 4.2 pg/ml) in primary sciatica patients was lower than that in health volunteers (16.1 ± 3.8 pg/ml and 12.3 ± 3.4 pg/ml), although the osmotic pressure in CSF and plasma did not change; (2) electroacupuncture of the bilateral "Zusanli" points (St. 36) for 60 min relieved the pain sensation in primary sciatica patients; (3) electroacupuncture increased the AVP level of CSF, not plasma in primary sciatica patients; and (4) there was the positive correlation between the effect of electroacupuncture relieving the pain and the AVP level of CSF in the primary sciatica patients. The data suggested that central AVP, not peripheral AVP might improve the effect of electroacupuncture treatment of primary sciatica in human, i.e., central AVP might take part in the electroacupuncture relieving the pain sensation in primary sciatica patients.

Effect of arginine vasopressin on the cortex edema in the ischemic stroke of Mongolian gerbils.

Brain edema formation is one of the most important mechanisms of ischemia-evoked cerebral edema. It has been demonstrated that arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of secondary brain damage after focal cerebral ischemia. In a well-characterized animal model of ischemic stroke of Mongolian gerbils, the present study was undertaken to clear the effect of AVP on cortex edema in cerebral ischemia. The results showed that (1) occluding the left carotid artery of Mongolian gerbils not only decreased the cortex specific gravity (cortex edema) but also increased AVP levels in the ipsilateral cortex (ischemic area) including left prefrontal lobe, left parietal lobe, left temporal lobe, left occipital lobe and left hippocampus for the first 6 hours, and did not change of the cortex specific gravity and AVP concentration in the right cortex (non-ischemic area); (2) there were many negative relationships between the specific gravity and AVP levels in the ischemic cortex; (3) intranasal AVP (50 ng or 200 ng), which could pass through the blood-brain barrier to the brain, aggravated the focal cortex edema, whereas intranasal AVP receptor antagonist-D(CH2)5Tyr(ET)DAVP (2 µg) mitigated the cortex edema in the ischemic area after occluding the left carotid artery of Mongolian gerbils; and (4) either intranasal AVP or AVP receptor antagonist did not evoke that edema in the non-ischemic cortex. The data indicated that AVP participated in the process of ischemia-evoked cortex edema, and the cerebral AVP receptor might serve as an important therapeutic target for the ischemia-evoked cortex edema.

The influence of psychological stress on arginine vasopressin concentration in the human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.

Psychological stress is strain affecting the intangible self, caused by problems in adaptation, perception, and emotions. Previous studies have demonstrated that arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays an important role in psychological stress. The goal of present study was to investigate the interaction between AVP release and cardiovascular functions by measuring AVP concentration and recording blood pressure or heart rate during psychological stress in human. The results showed that (1) psychological stress not only increased the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, but also elevated the cortisol and AVP concentration in both plasma and CSF in a stress level-dependent manner; (2) there was a positive relationship between plasma AVP concentration and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate or plasma cortisol concentration; (3) there was also a positive relationship between AVP concentrations in plasma and CSF AVP. The data suggested that plasma AVP, which might come from the central nervous system, might influence the cardiovascular functions during psychological stress in human.

Effect of the gamma knife treatment on the trigeminal nerve root in Chinese patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia.

AIM: To understand the mechanism of the gamma knife treating the trigeminal neuralgia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the MASEP-SRRS type gamma knife treatment system, 140 Chinese patients with trigeminal neuralgia (NT) were treated in our hospital from 2002 to 2010, in which the pain relief rate reached 95% and recurrence rate was 3% only. We investigated the effect of the gamma knife treatment on the trigeminal nerve root in 20 Chinese patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia by the magnetic resonance imager (MRI) observation. RESULTS: 1) The cross-sectional area of trigeminal nerve root became smaller and MRI signals were lower in the treatment side than those in the non-treatment side after the gamma knife treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia; 2) in the treatment side, the cross-sectional area of the trigeminal nerve root decreased significantly after the gamma knife treatment; 3) there was good correlation between the clinical improvement and the MRI findings; and 4) the straight distance between the trigeminal nerve root and the brainstem did not change after the gamma knife treatment. CONCLUSION: The pain relief induced the gamma knife radiosurgery might be related with the atrophy of the trigeminal nerve root in Chinese patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia.

Effect of oxytocin on the behavioral activity in the behavioral despair depression rat model.

Oxytocin (OXT), a nonapeptide posterior hormone of the pituitary, is mainly synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). The present study was to investigate in which level, brain or periphery, OXT effecting on the behavioral activity in the behavioral despair depression rat model. The results showed that (1) either the forced swimming or the tail suspension significantly increased OXT concentration in the brain (PVN, SON, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, lumbar spinal cord) and in the periphery (posterior pituitary and serum); (2) intraventricular injection (icv) of OXT decreased the animal immobility time, whereas OXT receptor antagonist-desGly-NH2, d(CH2)5[D-Tyr2, Thr-sup-4]OV (icv) increased the animal immobility time in a dose-dependent manner in forced swimming test (FST) and in tail suspension test (TST); (3) neither OXT nor OXT receptor antagonist (intravenous injection) influenced the animal immobility time in FST and in TST. OXT levels were increased in several areas of the brain and in the periphery following the behavioral despair, one stressor, yet pre-treatment with OXT appeared to be beneficial in term of reducing immobility time. The data suggested that behavioral despair could enhance OXT synthesis and secretion not only in the brain but also in the periphery, and OXT in the brain rather than the periphery played a role in the behavioral despair depression.

Expression of connexin 43 and E-cadherin protein and mRNA in non-small cell lung cancers in Chinese patients.

AIM: Connexin 43 (Cx43) and E-cadherin are important biomarkers related with cancer. Their expression at protein and mRNA levels was here investigated in 50 primary lung carcinoma tissues and 20 samples of adjacent normal tissue of Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Protein and mRNA expression were evaluated by ABC immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS: (1) The positive expression rates of Cx43 and E-cadherin protein were higher in the adjacent normal tissues than those in the primary lung carcinoma tissues; (2) the positive expression rates of Cx43 and E-cadherin protein decreased with NSCLC progression; (3) the expression of E-cadherin protein was not related with the pathological type of NSCLC; and (4) the relative quantity of the Cx43 or E-cadherin mRNA expression was correlated with the the histological type, clinical stage, cancer cell differentiation and the lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: The data suggested that the Cx43 and E-cadherin are reduced with NSCLC progression, and might be important biomarkers for judging the metastasis and prognosis.