Nephrolithiasis in two patients on iron chelation therapy: A case report.

Drug-induced nephrolithiasis can arise from insoluble components within medications or crystallization of metabolites due to changes in metabolism and urinary pH. The connection between drugs utilized for iron chelation therapy (ICT) and nephrolithiasis is not well understood. In this report, we describe two pediatric patients diagnosed with nephrolithiasis while undergoing treatment with the chelating agents deferasirox, deferiprone, and deferoxamine for iron overload secondary to repeat blood transfusion.

Urogenital Sinus Diagnosed During Workup of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: A Case Report.

Urogenital sinus (UGS) is a rare anomaly characterized by a common cavity involving the reproductive and urinary tracts. We describe a patient with VACTERL syndrome who presented for urologic care at 11 years of age due to supposed "recurrent urinary tract infections" and was subsequently found to have UGS in which the vagina connected directly to the bladder. She underwent robotic UGS mobilization to disconnect the vagina from the bladder and vaginoplasty to mature the vagina to the perineum. The objective of this report is to describe the presentation, diagnosis, and management of a patient with rare high confluence UGS.

What is the relative risk of urologic malignancy in microscopic hematuria patients after negative evaluation? A long-term population-based retrospective analysis of 8465 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether microscopic hematuria (MH) patients with a negative initial evaluation have an elevated risk for urinary carcinoma. METHODS: This is a population-based retrospective study with a matched control identified 8465 adults with an MH ICD code, an initial negative urinary malignancy work-up of cystoscopy and CT urography, and at least 35 months of clinical care. 8465 hematuria naïve controls were age, gender, and smoking status matched. Subsequent coding of non-prostatic urinary cancer, or any following hematuria codes: additional microscopic unspecified or unspecified hematuria, and gross hematuria was obtained. Χ2 tests were performed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in urinary malignancy rates (p > 0.05). Any urinary cancer: cases 0.74% (63/8465; 95% CI 0.58-0.95%)/controls 0.83% (71/8465; 95% CI 0.66-1.04%%) (p = 0.54); bladder: 0.45%/0.47% (p = 0.82); renal: 0.31%/0.38% (p = 0.43); ureteral: 0.01%/0.02% (p = 0.56). Subsequent gross hematuria in both males and females increased the odds of cancer: males 2.35 (p = 0.001; CI 1.42-3.91); females 4.25 (p < 0.001; CI 1.94-9.34). Males without additional hematuria had decreased odds ratio: 0.32 (p = 0.001; CI 0.16-0.64). Females without additional hematuria 0.58 (p = 0.19; CI 0.26-1.30) and both genders with additional unspecified hematuria/microscopic hematuria males 1.02 (p = 0.97; CI 0.50-2.08) and females 1.00 (p = 0.99; CI 0.38-2.66) did not have increased odds ratios (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: MH patients with initial negative evaluation have a subsequent urologic malignancy rate of less than 1% and likely do not need further urinary evaluation unless they develop gross hematuria.