Patters of reactive nitrogen removal at the waters in the semi-constructed wetland.

Protection and rectification patters of urban wetlands have been considered in strategies to balance services to society and negative consequences of excess reactive nitrogen (Nr) loading. However, the knowledge about strategies of semi-constructed wetlands on nitrogen (N) cycling pathways and removal Nr from the overlying water is limited. This study aimed to reveal considerable differences among rectification patterns of the typical semi-constructed wetland (Xixi wetland), comprising rational exploitation area (REA), rehabilitation and reconstruction area (RRA), and conservation area (CA) by analyzing the N distribution and N protentional pathways among them. Results pointed out that both NH4+ and NO3- concentration were prominently higher in REA, as opposed to CA and RRA. Sediments in RRA had relatively higher NH4+ content, indicating the efficiency of dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNRA) in RRA. Moreover, there was a significant shift in the microbial community structure across different sites and sediments. Metagenomic analysis distinguished the N cycling pathways, with nitrification (M00804), denitrification (M00529), and DNRA (M00530) being the crucial pathways in the semi-constructed wetland. The relative abundance of N metabolic pathways (ko00910) varied among different types of sediments, being more abundant in shore and rhizosphere areas and less abundant in bottom sediments. Methylobacter and Nitrospira were the predominant nitrifiers in shore sediments, while Methylocystis was enriched in the bottom sediments and rhizosphere soils. Furthermore, Anaeromyxobacter, Anaerolinea, Dechloromonas, Nocardioides, and Methylocystis were identified as the primary denitrifiers with N reductase genes (nirK, nirS, or nosZ). Among these, Anaeromyxobacter, Dechloromonas, and Methylocystis were the primary contributors containing the nosZ gene in semi-constructed wetlands, driving the conversion of N2O to N2. This study provides important insights into rectification-dependent Nr removal from the overlying water in terms of N distribution and N metabolic functional microbial communities in the semi-constructed wetlands.

Asymmetric Iodonio-[3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement to Access Chiral α-Aryl Carbonyl Compounds.

Here we describe an asymmetric [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of aryl iodanes that enables the enantioselective α-arylation of chiral 2-oxazolines, thereby producing valuable chiral α-aryl carbonyl compounds. The success of this protocol hinges on the selective assembly of aryl iodanes with 2-oxazolines and the smooth deprotonation of the in situ-generated iodonium-imine species. The nearly neutral and mild conditions of the reaction allow it to tolerate a wide variety of functional groups. Moreover, the remaining iodine atom in the products not only provides a versatile platform for further elaboration of such molecules but also supplies the asymmetric hypervalent iodine chemistry with a new class of chiral scaffolds.

Direct electrochemical defluorinative carboxylation of α-CF3 alkenes with carbon dioxide.

An unprecedented γ-carboxylation of α-CF3 alkenes with CO2 is reported. This approach constitutes a rare example of using electrochemical methods to achieve regioselectivity complementary to conventional metal catalysis. Accordingly, using platinum plate as both a working cathode and a nonsacrificial anode in a user-friendly undivided cell under constant current conditions, the γ-carboxylation provides efficient access to vinylacetic acids bearing a gem-difluoroalkene moiety from a broad range of substrates. The synthetic utility is further demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis and elaboration to several value-added products. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations were performed to provide mechanistic insights into the reaction.

Regiodivergent Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition of Ketimines for the Diverse Synthesis of Azacycles.

Azacycles such as indoles and tetrahydroquinolines are privileged structures in drug development. Reported here is an unprecedented regiodivergent intramolecular nucleophilic addition reaction of imines as a flexible approach to access N-functionalized indoles and tetrahydroquinolines, by the control of reaction at the N-terminus and C-terminus, respectively. Using ketimines derived from 2-(2-nitroethyl)anilines with isatins or α-ketoesters, the regioselective N-attack reaction gives N-functionalized indoles, while the catalytic enantioselective C-attack reaction affords chiral tetrahydroquinolines featuring an α-tetrasubstituted stereocenter. Mechanistic studies reveal that hydrogen-bonding interactions may greatly facilitate such unusual N-attack reactions of imines. The utility of this protocol is highlighted by the catalytic enantioselective formal synthesis of (-)-psychotrimine, and the construction of various fused aza-heterocycles.

Selective ortho C-H Cyanoalkylation of (Diacetoxyiodo)arenes through [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement.

We herein report a robust catalyst-free cross-coupling between ArI(OAc)2 and α-stannyl nitriles, aided by TMSOTf. The transformation introduces a cyanoalkyl group to the ortho position of ArI(OAc)2 and simultaneously reduces the aryl iodine(III) to iodide, thus providing α-(2-iodoaryl) nitrile as the product. This transformation could be completed within 5 min at -78 °C and features superb functional-group tolerance and efficient scalability. DFT calculations indicate that the formation of a ketenimine(aryl)iodonium intermediate and subsequent [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement are involved as key steps.