Impact of cornea recovery training and certification on ophthalmology residents.

Background: In Asian countries, such as Taiwan, social taboos regarding organ and tissue donation decreases the prevalence of organ and tissue transplants. This also applies to cornea recovery, which is a skill that requires precision and practice to perform well. In Taiwan, to ensure the maintenance of high-quality corneas, a comprehensive training program and certified examination has been implemented. This study aims to investigate the impact of these programs and examinations on cornea recovery. Methods: Researchers evaluated the efficiency of the training and certified examination process by comparing the corneoscleral rim width, Descemet's membrane folds, endothelial layer stress lines, and endothelial cell density performed by ophthalmology residents in 2018 and 2019. Results: After training and certification, the Descemet's membrane folds rate decreased from 14.3 % to 2.0 % and endothelial layer stress lines rate decreased from 22.5 % to 5.0 %. The endothelial cell density of donor grafts significantly improved from 2681.9 cells/mm2 to 2869.7 cells/mm2 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study used objective data to evaluate cornea recovery quality after training and certification. The training and certified examination significantly improved the surgical skills of ophthalmology residents and could be applied in other tissue or organ recovery procedures to maintain and improve quality.

Overweight and Obesity as Risk Factors for Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis during Long-Term Antiviral Prophylaxis.

Although past research has shown an association between obesity and herpes simplex virus infection, the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) recurrence has never been investigated. In this study, we included HSK patients who received oral valacyclovir as prophylactic treatment between January 2016 and January 2021. Recurrence, possible risk factors, and the time to recurrence were recorded during follow-ups. Among the 56 patients included in this study, recurrence was reported in 21 (37.5%) patients. The age at disease onset and mean follow-up time were not significantly different in the recurrence and non-recurrence groups. However, in the Cox regression analysis, BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 was noted as the variable having significant correlation with recurrence (p = 0.01 in univariate analysis and p = 0.001 in multivariate analysis). In conclusion, overweight and obesity were revealed as risk factors for HSK recurrence in patients receiving long-term antiviral prophylaxis. Further studies are needed to determine the appropriate acyclovir concentrations in the blood or aqueous humour in order to achieve desirable prophylactic effects, especially in the overweight and obese patients.

Sociodemographic Factors and Comorbidities Including Hyperparathyroidism Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Band Keratopathy: A Population-Based Study in Taiwan.

Purpose: To investigate the association of comorbidities including hyperparathyroidism and sociodemographic factors with band keratopathy. Methods: This retrospective, population-based, matched case-control study recruited 2,545 patients suffering from band keratopathy. They were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 371.43. The control group included 15,270 sex-, age-, and index date-matched non-band keratopathy patients collected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. To compare band keratopathy patients with controls, McNemar's test was used for nominal data and paired t- tests were used for continuous variables. Univariate conditional logistic regression analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression were used to obtain the odds ratio (OR) and adjusted OR of developing band keratopathy. Results: Patients with hyperparathyroidism were more likely to develop band keratopathy than controls (OR, 43.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 23.789-79.544; P < 0.001) even after conditional logistic regression (adjusted OR, 11.28; 95% CI, 5.461-23.33; P < 0.001). Other conditions that increased the odds of scleritis development included systemic diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) and ocular conditions such as iridocyclitis, phthisis bulbi, and ever silicone oil retention. Regarding sociodemographic factors, >40% of patients with band keratopathy were aged ≥65 years old. Moreover, patients living in Eastern Taiwan and fishermen had higher odds of developing band keratopathy. Conclusions: Band keratopathy is significantly associated with hyperparathyroidism, CKD, DM, iridocyclitis, phthisis bulbi, and ever silicone oil retention.

Long-Term Outcome of Treatment with 2% Topical Ganciclovir Solution in Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis and Corneal Endotheliitis.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and long-term outcomes of treatment with topical 2% ganciclovir solution in immunocompetent patients with aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-proven cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis and corneal endotheliitis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the findings for immunocompetent patients diagnosed with CMV uveitis or endotheliitis based on clinical manifestations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination results and treated with topical 2% ganciclovir solution at National Cheng Kung University Hospital. Clinical outcome measurements included evaluations of the response rate, relapses, resolution of anterior chamber inflammation, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure. Results: The study included 38 eyes of 32 patients. Long-term administration of topical 2% ganciclovir significantly decreased keratic precipitates (p = 0.001), anterior chamber cells (p = 0.001), and reduced intraocular pressure (p < 0.001). Only one eye was unresponsive to topical ganciclovir treatment, and the recurrence decreased to 0.13 relapses per year. The presence of keratic precipitates and higher intraocular pressure at the initial presentation were significantly associated with recurrence (p = 0.036 and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Long-term use of topical 2% ganciclovir solution is effective, safe, and applicable when commercialized ganciclovir gel is not available.

A Population-Based Study of Social Demographic Factors, Associated Diseases and Recurrent Corneal Erosion in Taiwan.

Purpose: To investigate the association of recurrent corneal erosion (RCE) with sociodemographic factors and associated ocular conditions or systemic diseases. Methods: This nationwide, population-based, retrospective, matched case-controlled study included 98,895 RCE patients, identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 371.42, were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The age-, sex-, and index date- matched control group included 98,895 non-RCE control group also selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Sociodemographic factors and associated ocular conditions or systemic diseases were examined using univariate logistic regression analyses, and continuous variables were analyzed using paired t-test. The odds ratio (OR) of developing RCE were compared using adjusted logistic regression analysis. Results: Patients with ocular conditions including corneal abrasion, ocular allergic conditions, and corneal dystrophy were more likely to have RCE than the control group (adjusted OR = 63.56, 95% CI = 42.06-96.06, p < 0.0001; adjusted OR = 24.27, 95% CI = 20.51-28.72, p < 0.0001; adjusted OR = 17.10, 95% CI = 5.14-59.93, p < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and atopy trait have significantly higher ORs for RCE development. Patients residing in either Northern Taiwan or a metropolis city had higher odds of developing RCE; however, there were no significant differences in income or occupation on the probability to develop RCE. Conclusion: RCE is strongly associated with corneal abrasion, ocular allergic conditions, corneal dystrophy, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, and atopy trait.

Case Report: Allogenic Simple Limbal Epithelial Transplantation From a Human Leukocyte Antigen-Matched Living Related Donor to Treat Bilateral Corneal Chemical Burns Post Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis.

A 35-year-old woman who had undergone laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis in both eyes experienced bilateral total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) due to chemical burns. Due to bilateral severe LSCD, allogenic simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET) from a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched living related donor was the first choice of treatment for her left eye. We report the first case of HLA or ABO matching living related allogenic SLET for permanent restoration of the cornea for bilateral LSCD treatment. Our ABO-HLA-matched living related allogenic SLET alleviation of the systemic immunosuppressant to topical corticosteroids alone. It also came the limitations of prolonged systemic immunosuppressant usage in conjunctival-limbal allografts and keratolimbal allograft.

The Sociodemographic and Risk Factors for Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy: A Nationwide, Matched Case-Control Study in Taiwan.

This nationwide, population-based, retrospective, matched case-control study included 4334 newly diagnosed Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy (FED) patients who were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), code 371.57, and selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The age-, sex-, and index-date-matched control group included 4334 non-FED controls selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Ocular allergic conditions and sociodemographic conditions were examined using univariate logistic regression analyses and paired t-test was used for continuous variables. Adjusted logistic regression was used to compare the odds ratio (OR) of the FED development. Patients with ocular allergic conditions were more likely to have FED than the controls (OR = 25.50, 95% CI = 12.58-51.68, p < 0.0001) even after conditional logistic regression was conducted (adjusted OR = 25.26, 95% CI = 11.24-56.77, p < 0.0001). Regarding the sociodemographic factors, we found that more than half of the FED patients in Taiwan were aged ≥45 years old, there was an equal female-to-male ratio (1.06:1), and patients with a lower income and living in northern Taiwan had higher odds of developing FED. The results strongly support an association between ocular allergic conditions, geographic region, residential status, income, and FED.

Associations between Sjögren Syndrome, Sociodemographic Factors, Comorbid Conditions, and Scleritis in a Taiwanese Population-Based Study.

This nationwide, population-based, retrospective, matched case-control study included 111,960 newly diagnosed patients with scleritis who were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 379.0, selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Demographic characteristics, Sjögren syndrome, and comorbid conditions within 1 year before the scleritis diagnosis were examined using univariate logistic regression analyses, and a paired t-test was used for continuous variables. Adjusted logistic regression was used to compare the prognosis odds ratio (OR) of the patients with scleritis with the controls. After adjustment for confounders, patients with Sjögren syndrome were remarkably more likely to have scleritis than the controls (OR = 33.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 27.43-40.97, p < 0.001). Other conditions found to have increased odds of scleritis included post ocular pterygium, glaucoma, and scleral surgery (OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 3.64-4.43; OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 2.24-4.47; OR = 6.83, 95% CI = 5.34-8.74, respectively); systemic infections, such as syphilis, tuberculosis, and a human herpes viral infection (OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 2.93-5.50; OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.94-2.58; OR = 8.54, 95% CI = 8.07-9.03, respectively); and systemic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatous vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout (OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 2.66-3.23; OR = 7.37, 95% CI = 3.91-13.88; OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 2.63-3.85; OR = 5.57, 95% CI = 4.99-6.22; OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 2.72-2.96, respectively). The results strongly support an association between Sjögren syndrome, post ocular surgery, systemic infection disease, systemic autoimmune disease, and scleritis.

Recombinant thrombomodulin domain 1 rescues pathological angiogenesis by inhibition of HIF-1α-VEGF pathway.

Pathological angiogenesis (PA) contributes to various ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity, which are major causes of blindness over the world. Current treatments focus on anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, but persistent avascular retina, recurrent intravitreal neovascularization, and general adverse effects are reported. We have previously found that recombinant thrombomodulin domain 1 (rTMD1) can suppress vascular inflammation. However, the function of rTMD1 in VEGF-induced PA remains unknown. In this study, we found that rTMD1 inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro. In an oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) animal model, rTMD1 treatment significantly decreased retinal neovascularization but spared normal physiological vessel growth. Furthermore, loss of TMD1 significantly promoted PA in OIR. Meanwhile, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, the transcription factor that upregulates VEGF, was suppressed after rTMD1 treatment. The levels of interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were also significantly suppressed. In conclusion, our results indicate that rTMD1 not only has dual effects to suppress PA and inflammation in OIR, but also can be a potential HIF-1α inhibitor for clinical use. These data bring forth the possibility of rTMD1 as a novel therapeutic agent for PA.

Conjunctival Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Plays a Pathogenic Role in the Formation of Ultraviolet Light-Induced Pterygium.

Purpose: Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as a damage-associated molecular pattern sensor, can detect self-RNA released from necrotic cells induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation exposure. Pterygium formation is believed to be a tumorigenesis-like process induced by UVB exposure. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of TLR3 in pterygium specimens and cultured pterygial epithelial cells (PECs). Methods: Human pterygium and ipsilateral pterygium-free conjunctiva from the same patients were used in this study. The expression of TLR3 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was investigated in these specimens. PECs were exposed to UVB radiation to determine the effect of UVB on the expression of TLR3 and the activation of NF-κB. Results: The immunofluorescence study showed stronger TLR3 expression in superficial epithelial cells in the pterygial epithelium in comparison with the normal conjunctival epithelium. The expression of TLR3 decreased in intensity from the superficial epithelium toward the basal cell layer, implying a correlation between UVB exposure and TLR3 expression. Differential TLR3 expression patterns in pterygial and conjunctival tissues were also found in quantitative PCR analyses. PECs after UVB irradiation had higher protein levels of TLR3 and phospho-NF-κB than those of the PECs without irradiation. Immunofluorescence studies showed that UVB irradiation induced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in the PECs. In PECs with the targeted TLR3 gene silencing, the expression of phospho-NF-κB was not induced by UVB irradiation. Conclusions: Our results indicate that UVB exposure, TLR3 expression, and NF-κB activation may be a critical sequence that leads to the formation of pterygium.

Association Between Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis and the Risk of Recurrent Corneal Erosion.

Purpose: To investigate the risk of recurrent corneal erosion (RCE) in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). Methods: This national, retrospective, matched cohort study enrolled 184,166 newly-diagnosed AKC patients, selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 372.05. The control group comprised 184,166 non-AKC patients matched by age, sex, and potential comorbidities and they were selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, 2000. Information from patients was gathered from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2011, and both groups were traced from the index date until December 2013. The incidence and risk of RCE (ICD-9-CM code 361.42) was compared between the groups. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for RCE was obtained by a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to calculate the cumulative incidence of RCE. Results: In total, 564 AKC patients and 406 non-AKC controls developed RCE during the follow-up span. The incidence of RCE was 1.45 times higher in AKC patients than in controls (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27-1.64; P < 0.0001). After adjusting for potential confounders, including diabetes mellitus, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal transplantation, ocular blunt trauma, corneal dystrophy, and band keratopathy, AKC patients were 1.36 times more likely to develop RCE than controls (adjusted HR, 1.36; 95% CI = 1.19-1.54; p < 0.05). Conclusions: AKC Patients had an increased risk of developing RCE and should be informed of this risk.

Association between atopic keratoconjunctivitis and the risk of corneal ulcer.

AIMS: To investigate the risk of corneal ulcer in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). METHODS: The nationwide, population-based, retrospective, matched cohort study included 171 019 newly diagnosed patients with AKC who were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), code 372.05, and selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The age-, sex- and potential comorbidities-matched control group included 171 019 patients with non-AKC selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Patient information was collected between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2011, and both groups of patients were tracked from the index date until December 2013. The incidence and risk of corneal ulcer (ICD-9-CM code 370.0 except for 370.07) was compared between the groups. A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to obtain the adjusted HR for corneal ulcer. The cumulative corneal ulcer incidence rate was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: In total, 2018 patients with AKC and 1481 controls developed a corneal ulcer during the follow-up period. The incidence rate of corneal ulcer was 1.42 times (95% CI1.33 to 1.52; p<0.0001) higher in patients with AKC than in controls. After adjusting for potential confounders, including diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, topical steroid ophthalmic agent use, lid margin disease, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ocular blunt trauma and post-corneal transplantation, patients with AKC were 1.26 times more likely to develop a corneal ulcer than controls (adjusted HR, 1.26; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.39; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AKC had an increased risk of developing a corneal ulcer and should be advised of this risk.

Association between atopic keratoconjunctivitis and the risk of keratoconus.

PURPOSE: To investigate the risk of keratoconus (KCN) in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). METHODS: This nationwide, retrospective, matched cohort study included 186 202 newly diagnosed AKC patients who were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), code 372.05, and selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The age- and sex-matched control group included 186 202 non-AKC patients selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Patient information was collected between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2011, and both groups of patients were tracked from the index date until December 2013. The incidence and risk of KCN (ICD-9-CM, code 371.6) were compared between the groups. A Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was performed to obtain the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for KCN. The cumulative KCN incidence rate was calculated with the Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: In total, 62 AKC patients and 26 controls developed KCN during the follow-up period. The incidence rate of KCN was 2.49 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.57-3.93; p < 0.0001) higher in AKC patients than in controls. After adjusting for potential confounders, AKC patients were 2.25 times more likely to develop KCN than controls (adjusted HR, 2.25; 95% CI = 1.41-3.58; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) patients had an increased risk of developing KCN. Therefore, AKC patients should be advised of this risk.

Risk of Mitral Valve Prolapse in Patients with Keratoconus in Taiwan: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

This retrospective, nationwide, matched-cohort study included 4488 new-onset keratoconus (KCN) patients, ≥12 years old, recruited between 2004 and 2011 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The control group included 26,928 non-KCN patients selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000. Information for each patient was collected and tracked from the index date until December 2013. The incidence rate of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) was 1.77 times (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-2.88; p = 0.0206) higher in KCN patients ≥40 years old and 1.49 times (95% CI = 1.12-1.98; p = 0.0060) higher in female KCN patients than in controls. After using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to adjust for potential confounders, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and congestive heart failure, KCN maintained an independent risk factor, MVP being 1.77 times (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.09-2.88) and 1.48 times (adjusted HR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11-1.97) more likely to develop in patients ≥40 years old and female patients in the study cohort, respectively. We found that KCN patients ≥40 years of age and female KCN patients have increased risks of MVP. Therefore, it is recommended that KCN patients should be alerted to MVP.

Risk of recurrent corneal erosion in patients with diabetes mellitus in Taiwan: a population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk of recurrent corneal erosion (RCE) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective, nationwide, matched cohort study included 239 854 patients with DM recruited between 2003 and 2005 from the Longitudinal Cohort of Diabetes Patients database. The control group included the same number of age-matched and sex-matched patients without DM selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, 2000. Data for each patient were collected from the index date until December 2013. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The incidence and risk of RCE were compared between the two groups. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate the HR for RCE after adjustment for potential confounders. The cumulative RCE incidence rate was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: In total, 1236 patients with DM and 884 controls developed RCE during the follow-up period, resulting in an incidence rate of RCE in patients with DM (5.87/10 000 person-years (PY)) higher than that in the controls (4.23/10 000 PY). After adjustment for potential confounders, including hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, chronic renal disease and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, patients with DM were 1.35 times (95% CI, 1.24 to 1.48) more likely to develop RCE than the total sample cohort. CONCLUSIONS: DM increases the risk of RCE, which is an interdisciplinary issue. Therefore, close collaboration between endocrinologists and ophthalmologists is important in managing RCE following DM.

Risk of Corneal Ulcer in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Large-Scale Cohort Study.

This nationwide, retrospective, matched cohort study was designed to investigate the risk of corneal ulcer in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). It included 238,701 patients with DM, recruited between 2003 and 2005 from the Longitudinal Cohort of Diabetes Patients database. The control group included the same number of age- and sex-matched non-DM patients selected from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, 2000. The data of each patient were collected from the index date until December 2013. The incidence of corneal ulcer was compared between the two groups. In total, 2,549 patients with DM and 1,988 controls developed corneal ulcer during the follow-up period, resulting in an incidence rate for corneal ulcers that was 1.27 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20-1.35; P < 0.001) higher in patients with DM than in controls. After adjustment for potential confounders, including hyperlipidemia, hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and chronic renal disease, patients with DM were 1.31 times (95% CI, 1.24-1.40; P < 0.05) more likely than the cohort to develop corneal ulcers. In conclusion, this study shows that DM increases the risk of corneal ulcer. Therefore, close collaboration between ophthalmologists and endocrinologists is important to ensure timely ophthalmology visits.

Microsporidial stromal keratitis: characterisation of clinical features, ultrastructural study by electron microscopy and efficacy of different surgical modalities.

AIMS: To report the clinical manifestations, ultrastructure and evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic lamellar keratectomy (TLK) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for microsporidial stromal keratitis (MSK). METHODS: Fourteen MSK cases between 2009 and 2018 were recruited. Each patient's clinical presentation, light microscopy, histopathology, PCR and electron microscopy (EM) of corneal samples were reviewed. RESULTS: The patients were 70.0±4.7 years old (average follow-up, 4.5 years). Time from symptoms to presentation was 10.6±13.0 weeks. The corneal manifestations were highly variable. Corneal scrapings revealed Gram stain positivity in 12 cases (85.7%) and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain positivity in 9 (64.3%). Histopathology revealed spores in all specimens, while sequencing of small subunit rRNA-based PCR products identified Vittaforma corneae in 82% of patients. EM demonstrated various forms of microsporidial sporoplasm in corneal keratocytes. All patients were treated with topical antimicrobial agents or combined with oral antiparasitic medications for >3 weeks. As all patients were refractory to medical therapy, they ultimately underwent surgical intervention (TLK in 7, PK in 6 and 1 received TLK first, followed by PK). Postoperatively, the infection was resolved in 78.6% of the patients. Nevertheless, a high recurrence rate (21.4%) was noted during 3-year follow-up, with only two patients retained a final visual acuity ≥20/100. CONCLUSION: MSK usually presents with a non-specific corneal infiltration refractory to antimicrobial therapy. The diagnosis relies on light microscopic examinations on corneal scrapings and histopathological analyses. Surgical intervention is warranted by limiting the infection; however, it was associated with an overall poor outcome.

Postoperative Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus endophthalmitis: Clinical analysis of 12 clustered adults and a proposed therapeutic algorithm.

PURPOSE: Postoperative endophthalmitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacterium is a rare but devastating complication after intraocular surgery. However, optimal treatment strategies remain undetermined in view of its rarity. METHODS: We investigated the cases of culture-proven postoperative Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus endophthalmitis in southern Taiwan, focusing on clinical manifestations and microbiological study, and aimed to describe clinical staging and to propose a therapeutic modality for this disease. RESULTS: Twelve cases, including two published cases, were treated in two medical centers in southern Taiwan between Aug. 2011 and Dec. 2016, and all ever received cataract surgery at one clinic. Their disease courses could be categorized into four distinct stages, i.e., the initial, quiescent, recurrent, and end stage, and some cases experienced 1-4 cycles of quiescent-recurrent stages. Although all eyes ended up with phthisis or were eviscerated, the affected eyes receiving pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) tended to become quiescent and survived longer than those without PPV (adjusted hazard ratio: 13.9, p < 0.05). Eight isolates of eight patients were available for microbiological study. All isolates were susceptible to amikacin, and inducible clarithromycin resistance was observed in 100% of isolates. CONCLUSION: Despite the preservation of vision in postoperative M.abscessus endophthalmitis remained a challenge, a stage-based approach is proposed, which may facilitate decision-makings for the future study.

Bilateral Congenital Corneal Opacities as an Early-Onset Ocular Feature of Kabuki Syndrome.

PURPOSE: Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by multiple systemic anomalies and unique facial characteristics. Here, we present the first case, to the best of our knowledge, of bilateral congenital corneal opacities as an early-onset ocular manifestation of KS associated with a KMT2D gene mutation. METHODS: The proband is a girl. At birth, bilateral corneal opacities, short fifth fingers, patent ductus arteriosus, absence of the uvula, and an ectopic kidney on the right side were noted. Ophthalmic examinations revealed vascularized, nonhomogeneous opacities in both corneas; to prevent deprivation amblyopia, bilateral corneal transplantations were performed. RESULTS: At 1 year and 10 months of age, she was referred by a general practitioner to our pediatric endocrinologist for failure to thrive. Genetic analysis at that age revealed the presence of a KMT2D gene mutation, and the patient was diagnosed with KS. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical diagnosis of KS is challenging because the most remarkable facial features are not evident until early childhood. In this case, bilateral congenital corneal opacities were identified as an early-onset ocular manifestation of KS. KS should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with bilateral congenital corneal opacities.