RÉSUMÉ
Cultivation of yellow dragon fruit (Selenicereus megalanthus) in Peru has recently expanded (Verona-Ruiz et al. 2020). In August 2021, approximately 170 of 1,110 dragon fruit cuttings (15.3%) in the university's nursery (6°26'10'' S; 77°31'25'' W) showed basal rot symptoms. Initial symptoms included small brown spots on the base of stems, expanding towards the top that became soft and watery. All symptomatic plants eventually died, i.e., a severity of 100%. The disease was more prevalent on cuttings during the rooting phase than on well-established cuttings. We collected five symptomatic cuttings from throughout the nursery. Four sections of 1 × 1 cm2 of tissue adjacent to the diseased area were excised from each cutting, immersed for 1 min in 2% NaClO, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium (four sections per Petri plate, five plates), and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Morphologically similar mycelia grew from all sections, and five monosporic isolates were obtained, one per plate. Colonies grew fast, reaching 60 to 64 mm in 7 days, and produced violet-white cottony aerial mycelia with orange sporodochia on PDA, and abundant macro- and microconidia on synthetic nutrient-poor agar. Macroconidia were straight to slightly curved, typically with 2 to 3 septa, 16.6 to 23.3 × 1.7 to 3.7 µm (n = 30); microconidia were oval or kidney-shaped, and commonly hyaline, 6.7 to 16.4 × 2.5 to 4.7 µm (n = 40). Genomic DNA was extracted from isolate AFHP-100, then the ITS region and the TEF1 and RPB2 partial genes were amplified and sequenced (Accession numbers PP977433, OR437358, PP537149) following Gardes and Bruns (1993) and O'Donnell et al. (1998). We conducted a BLASTn search of ITS sequence against the NCBI "nr" database and local 'megablast' searches of TEF1 and RPB2 sequences against FUSARIUM-ID v.3.0 (Torres-Cruz et al. 2022). We found 100%, 98.19 to 99.84%, and 98.81 to 99.76% identities in ITS, TEF1, and RPB2 sequences, respectively, to the ex-epitype and other reference strains of Fusarium oxysporum (CBS 144134, NRRL26406, among others). A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis with a TEF1-RPB2 concatenated dataset with FUSARIUM-ID sequences also showed isolate AFHP-100 was F. oxysporum. A pathogenicity test was carried out by inoculating wounded healthy roots of three cuttings with submersion in a 5 × 106 conidia/ml suspension for 25 min. Then, the inoculated plants were planted in sterile soil. One cutting with wounded roots submerged in sterile water served as a control. In parallel, sterile soil was inoculated with 20 mL of the conidial suspension, and another three healthy cuttings were planted. A cutting planted in noninoculated soil also served as a control. Basal rot symptoms developed in all inoculated plants after 25 days. After re-isolation, the same fungus, corroborated based on micromorphology and TEF1 sequence (PP335689), was recovered, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The isolate was deposited in the KUELAP Herbarium (voucher KUELAP-3214), located and administered by the National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, in Chachapoyas, Peru. Fusarium oxysporum has been reported to cause basal stem rot in Bangladesh and Argentina (Mahmud et al. 2021; Wright et al. 2007), and stem blight in Malaysia (Mohd Hafifi et al. 2019) on dragon fruit. This is the first report of F. oxysporum causing basal rot in S. megalanthus in Peru. This fungus is among the most destructive plant pathogens, and the rapid expansion of the crop in Peru requires a comprehensive knowledge of the biotic factors influencing production. Therefore, this report is foundational to implementing proper control strategies.
RÉSUMÉ
Sphaerellopsis species are putative hyperparasites of rust fungi and may be promising biological control agents (BCA) of rust diseases. However, few detailed studies limit potential BCA development in Sphaerellopsis. Here, we explored the biogeography, host-specificity, and species diversity of Sphaerellopsis and examined the early infection stage of one species, S. macroconidialis, to infer its trophic status. We randomly screened 5,621 rust specimens spanning 99 genera at the Arthur Fungarium for the presence of Sphaerellopsis. We identified 199 rust specimens infected with Sphaerellopsis species on which we conducted morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. Five Sphaerellopsis species were recovered, infecting a total of 122 rust species in 18 genera from 34 countries. Sphaerellopsis melampsorinearum sp. nov. is described as a new species based on molecular phylogenetic data and morphological features of the sexual and asexual morphs. Sphaerellopsis paraphysata was the most commonly encountered species, found on 77 rust specimens, followed by Sphaerellopsis macroconidialis on 56 and S. melampsorinearum on 55 examined specimens. The type species, Sphaerellopsis filum, was found on 12 rust specimens and Sphaerellopsis hakeae on a single specimen. We also recovered and documented for the first time, the sexual morph of S. macroconidialis, from a specimen collected in Brazil. Our data indicate that Sphaerellopsis species are not host specific and furthermore that most species are cosmopolitan in distribution. However, S. paraphysata is more abundant in the tropics, and S. hakeae may be restricted to Australia. Finally, we confirm the mycoparasitic strategy of S. macroconidialis through in-vitro interaction tests with the urediniospores of Puccinia polysora. Shortly after germination, hyphae of S. macroconidialis began growing along the germ tubes of P. polysora and coiling around them. After 12 days of co-cultivation, turgor loss was evident in the germ tubes of P. polysora, and appressorium-like structures had formed on urediniospores. The interaction studies indicate that Sphaerellopsis species may be more effective as a BCA during the initial stages of rust establishment.
RÉSUMÉ
El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la densidad de incidencia de lesiones y sus características, según la propuesta STROBE-SIIS, en las basquetbolistas sub-18 participantes de la Liga de Básquetbol Femenino del Sur (FEMISUR) en su temporada 2023. Se utilizó un tipo de estudio con enfoque positivista observacional descriptivo de tipo longitudinal prospectivo, con una muestra no probabilística, de selección intencional. Se enviaron por correo electrónico formularios diseñados según STROBE-SIIS a 59 jugadoras de 12 clubes durante 22 semanas. Se calculó la densidad de incidencia, dividiendo número de lesiones por número de horas de exposición, normalizando por 1000 horas. Para la descripción de las características de las lesiones se determinó frecuencia absoluta y relativa según inicio, mecanismo, tejido, zona anatómica y severidad. Ocurrieron 108 lesiones, con una incidencia de 36,21 lesiones/1000 horas de exposición. La mayor frecuencia fue de inicio agudo repentino (n=77; 71,3%), mecanismo de no contacto (n=46; 42,6%), en músculo/tendón (n=61; 45,5%), ligamento/capsular articular (n=19; 14,2%) y huesos (n=14; 10,4%); y tobillo (n=55; 27,1%), pierna (n=40; 19,7%) y rodilla (n=34; 16,7%). Las lesiones leves fueron más frecuentes (n=68;63%). Se encontró una alta incidencia de lesiones en las basquetbolistas sub-18 participantes de la Liga FEMISUR, siendo las lesiones más frecuentes las de inicio agudo repentino, mecanismo de no contacto, en músculo/tendón, tobillo y severidad leve. Esta información beneficiará a los equipos multidisciplinarios que trabajan con basquetbolistas sub-18, con el fin de implementar un plan de prevención o realizar análisis comparativos.
The objective of this study is to determine the incidence density of injuries and their characteristics, according to the STROBE-SIIS proposal, in the under-18 basketball players participating in the Southern Women's Basketball League (FEMISUR) in its 2023 season. A type of study with a positivist, observational, descriptive, longitudinal, prospective approach was used, with a non-probabilistic, intentional selection sample. Forms designed according to STROBE-SIIS were emailed to 59 players from 12 clubs over 22 weeks. The incidence density was calculated by dividing the number of lesions by the number of hours of exposure, normalizing by 1000 hours. To describe the characteristics of the injuries, absolute and relative frequency was determined according to onset, mechanism, tissue, anatomical area and severity. 108 injuries occurred, with an incidence of 36.21 injuries/1000 hours of exposure. The highest frequency was sudden acute onset (n=77; 71.3%), non-contact mechanism (n=46; 42.6%), muscle/tendon (n=61; 45.5%), ligament articular/capsular (n=19; 14.2%) and bones (n=14; 10.4%); and ankle (n=55; 27.1%), leg (n=40; 19.7%) and knee (n=34; 16.7%). Minor injuries were more frequent (n=68; 63%). A high incidence of injuries was found in the under-18 basketball players participating in the FEMISUR League. The most frequent injuries being those of sudden acute onset, non-contact mechanism, in muscle/tendon, ankle and mild severity. This information will benefit multidisciplinary teams that work with under-18 basketball players, in order to implement a prevention plan or perform comparative analyses.
O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a densidade de incidência de lesões e suas características, segundo a proposta do STROBE-SIIS, nas jogadoras de basquete sub-18 participantes da Liga Sul de Basquete Feminino (FEMISUR) na temporada 2023. Utilizou-se estudo do tipo positivista, observacional, descritivo, longitudinal, prospectivo, com amostra não probabilística e de seleção intencional. Formulários elaborados de acordo com o STROBE-SIIS foram enviados por e-mail para 59 jogadores de 12 clubes durante 22 semanas. A densidade de incidência foi calculada dividindo o número de lesões pelo número de horas de exposição, normalizando por 1000 horas. Para descrever as características das lesões, foram determinadas frequências absoluta e relativa de acordo com início, mecanismo, tecido, área anatômica e gravidade. Ocorreram 108 lesões, com incidência de 36,21 lesões/1000 horas de exposição. A maior frequência foi início agudo súbito (n=77; 71,3%), mecanismo sem contato (n=46; 42,6%), músculo/tendão (n=61; 45,5%), ligamento articular/capsular (n=19; 14,2%) e ossos (n=14; 10,4%); e tornozelo (n=55; 27,1%), perna (n=40; 19,7%) e joelho (n=34; 16,7%). Lesões leves foram mais frequentes (n=68;63%). Foi encontrada alta incidência de lesões nos basquetebolistas sub-18 participantes da Liga FEMISUR. As lesões mais frequentes são as de início agudo súbito, mecanismo sem contato, em músculo/tendão, tornozelo e gravidade leve. Esta informação beneficiará equipas multidisciplinares que trabalham com jogadores de basquetebol sub-18, para implementar um plano de prevenção ou realizar análises comparativas.
RÉSUMÉ
The Peruvian Amazonian native cacao faces ongoing challenges that significantly undermine its productivity. Among them, frosty pod rot disease and cadmium accumulation result in losses that need for effective and environmentally safe strategies, such as those based on bacteria. To explore the biological resources in the cacao soil, a descriptive study was conducted to assess the diversity of culturable bacteria across three production districts in the Amazonas region: La Peca, Imaza, and Cajaruro. The study also focused on the functional properties of these bacteria, particularly those related to the major issues limiting cacao cultivation. For this purpose, 90 native bacterial isolates were obtained from the cacao rhizosphere. According to diversity analysis, the community was composed of 19 bacterial genera, with a dominance of the Bacillaceae family and variable distribution among the districts. This variability was statistically supported by the PCoA plots and is related to the pH of the soil environment. The functional assessment revealed that 56.8% of the isolates showed an antagonism index greater than 75% after 7 days of confrontation. After 15 days of confrontation with Moniliophthora roreri, 68.2% of the bacterial population demonstrated this attribute. This capability was primarily exhibited by Bacillus strains. On the other hand, only 4.5% were capable of removing cadmium, highlighting the biocontrol potential of the bacterial community. In addition, some isolates produced siderophores (13.63%), solubilized phosphate (20.45%), and solubilized zinc (4.5%). Interestingly, these traits showed an uneven distribution, which correlated with the divergence found by the beta diversity. Our results revealed a diverse bacterial community inhabiting the Amazonian cacao rhizosphere, showcasing crucial functional properties related to the biocontrol of M. roreri. The information generated serves as a significant resource for the development of further biotechnological tools that can be applied to native Amazonian cacao.
RÉSUMÉ
Junior tennis players travel a lot to play tennis tournaments; this causes them to spend a lot of time away from their homes and disrupts their training, which could reduce their performance and increase the risk of injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in physical performance and body composition after a six-week international tour in young Chilean female tennis players. Thirty young female tennis players (15.4 ± 0.6) participated in this study. Body weight, skinfolds, and perimeters were measured. Body fat percentage (BFP) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were calculated. For physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 with stationary start test (505 test), the pro-agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), and medicine ball throw (MBT) were evaluated. The results show a significant increase in BFP and decrease in SMM (p < 0.01; d = -0.18 and 0.19, respectively). In terms of physical performance, 5 m sprint, the 505 test (p < 0.01; d = -0.95 and -0.95, respectively), CMJ, MBT, and HJ significantly decreased post-tour (p < 0.05; d = 0.96, 0.89 and 0.47, respectively). We conclude that, after a six-week international tour, there were changes in body composition and a significant decrease in 5 m sprint, the 505 test, CMJ, and MBT.
RÉSUMÉ
As part of a long-term study aiming to isolate and identify yeast species that inhabit the surface of leaves and fruits of native fine-aroma cacao in the department of Amazonas, Peru, we obtained multiple isolates of Hannaella species. Yeasts of the genus Hannaella are common inhabitants of the phyllosphere of natural and crop plants. On the basis of morphological, and physiological characteristics, and sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), we identified five species of Hannaella from the phyllosphere of Peruvian cacao. Four have been previously described: H. phyllophila (isolates KLG-073, KLG-091), H. pagnoccae (KLG-076), H. sinensis (KLG-121), and H. taiwanensis (KLG-021). A fifth, represented by eight isolates (KLG-034, KLG-063, KLG-074, KLG-078, KLG-79, KLG-082, KLG-084, KLG-085), is not conspecific with any previously described Hannaella species, and forms the sister clade to H. surugaensis in the phylogenetic analysis. It has 2.6-3.9% (18-27 substitutions, 2-4 deletions, and 1-3 insertions in 610-938 bp-long alignments), and 9.8-10.0% nucleotide differences (37 substitutions and 14 insertions in 511-520 bp-long alignments) in the LSU and ITS regions, respectively, to H. surugaensis type strain, CBS 9426. Herein, the new species Hannaella theobromatis sp. nov. is described and characterised. The species epithet refers to its epiphytic ecology on its host Theobroma cacao.
Sujet(s)
Basidiomycota , Cacaoyer , Cacaoyer/génétique , Phylogenèse , Pérou , Espaceur de l'ADN ribosomique/génétique , Fruit , Feuilles de plante , Basidiomycota/génétique , ADN fongique/génétique , Analyse de séquence d'ADN , Techniques de typage mycologique , ThaïlandeRÉSUMÉ
The prevalence of T2DM represents a challenge for health agencies due to its high risk of morbidity and mortality. Physical Activity (PA) is one of the fundamental pillars for the treatment of T2DM, so Physical Exercise (PE) programs have been applied to research their effectiveness. The objective of the study was to analyze the effects of PE methods on glycemic control and body composition of adults with T2DM. A systematic review without meta-analysis was performed, using the PubMed database. Quasi-experimental and pure experimental clinical trials were included, which were available free of charge and were published during 2010-2020. In the results, 589 articles were found and 25 passed the inclusion criteria. These were classified and analyzed according to the methods identified (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), duration and variable(s) studied. It is concluded that PE is effective for glycemic control and body composition in adults with T2DM using different methods (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), both in the short and long term. Adequate organization of PE components such as frequency, duration, volume, and intensity, is essential.
RÉSUMÉ
This paper addresses the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia during the first half of the twentieth century. To fully comprehend such a process, we must consider the tensions between the practice of non-certified and certified dentistry. As an outcome of such tensions, dentists began to acquire professional autonomy. We analyze applications for license files to practice dentistry without a degree, some of which were of women. The findings show the informal transfer of knowledge outside formal apprenticeship and the unrestricted practice of dentistry by many non-professionals but "permitted" dentists who faced a centralized and powerful professional bureaucracy.
Este artículo estudia la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Esta historia no puede comprenderse en todas sus dimensiones si se dejan de lado las tensiones entre los practicantes con diploma y los sin diploma. Como resultado de estas tensiones, los odontólogos ganaron autonomía profesional. Analizamos solicitudes de licencia para ejercer sin título profesional, entre ellas las de algunas mujeres. Los hallazgos muestran la transmisión de conocimientos por fuera de la enseñanza formal, el ejercicio sin título y sin restricciones por parte de un gran número de odontólogos "permitidos" que se enfrentaron a una pesada y centralizada burocracia diplomada.
Sujet(s)
Odontologie , Savoir , Humains , Femelle , ColombieRÉSUMÉ
This study protocol aims to analyze and compare the effects of combined movement and storytelling intervention (CMSI) on fundamental motor skills (locomotor skills and object control), language development (language comprehension, language expression, vocabulary and language description), and physical activity levels (light intensity, moderate-to-vigorous intensity and sedentary time) in children aged 3 to 6 years. The sample will consist of 144 children from 12 class groups, randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups (n = 72 children) and 3 control groups (n = 72 children), belonging to 4 class groups of upper-middle-level classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 3 to 4 years), 4 transition level 1 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 4 to 5 years) and 4 transition level 2 classes (2 experimental and 2 control; 5 to 6 years). The experimental groups will perform CMSI for 3 sessions per week (40 min per session) over 12 weeks (using one motor story per week), while the control groups will not receive any treatment. The main outcome will provide information about fundamental motor skills, language development, and physical activity levels. Our hypothesis indicates that CMSI has the potential to generate significant increases in selected assessments. If this intervention proves to be beneficial, it could contribute to preschool and school curricula.
RÉSUMÉ
Limonium sinuatum (Plumbaginaceae) is the most commonly cultivated recognizable cut flower crop in the genus Limonium. It is known by several common names including statice and sea lavender, due to its lilac-colored flowers and the fact that it naturally inhabits mainly coastal areas (Mellesse et al, 2013). Limonium sinuatum is native to the Mediterranean, although as a popular garden plant, has been naturalized in other parts of the world including coastal areas of California (USDA NRCS 2020). Cultivated L. sinuatum is used in fresh and dry flower arrangements in the Americas, comprising approximately 20% of the floriculture cultivated area in Ecuador (Vega and Morales 2011; Abascal Cañas 2017). In December 2014, L. sinuatum plants in the public park "Baños del Inca" in Cajamarca, Peru (S 7 9'46"; W 78 27'53"), were found infected with a rust disease. The plants were scattered in the park but infection incidence was 100% as individual plants were all found to be infected (Fig 1). Based on the percentage of symptomatic areas, including the yellow halos around pustules, calculated with ImageJ (Collins, 2007) from field photographs, the disease severity was estimated to be 58.9% in average, ranging from 19.8% up to 90.0%. Uredinia were present on both sides of the leaves as well as on stems and were roundish, oblong, pulverulent, and cinnamon brown in color; urediniospores 25.5 to 35.0 × 22.5 to 31.0 µm, were globoid to ellipsoid; urediniospore walls were cinnamon-brown, 2.5 to 3.0 µm thick, densely verrucose, with 2 to 3 equatorial germ pores. Few telia were present on leaves; these were scattered roundish or oblong, and greyish in color; teliospores 26.5 to 41.0 × 16.0 to 25.0 µm, were ellipsoid to obovoid, mostly attenuated at the apex; teliospore walls were colorless, 2-3 µm thick at sides, and up to 10 µm thick at apex. Teliospores readily germinated in sori producing basidia and basidiospores (Fig. 2). The rust features and dimensions of rust spores are consistent with available descriptions of Uromyces savulescui Rayss (Guyot 1951; Vakalounakis and Malathrakis 1987). To confirm identity, a 576 bp region of the 28S subunit of the ribosomal DNA repeat was sequenced following previously published protocols and primers (Aime 2006, Aime et al. 2018). The resulting sequence (GenBank Accession No. OR291160) shared 99.83% (573/574 bp) identity with a sequence deposited as Uromyces limonii (DC.) Lev. (accession KY764194, BPI910295, Demers et al. unpublished) from L. sinuatum in Ethiopia. However, U. limonii produces orange uredinia, thin-walled yellow-orange urediniospores, teliospores with mostly light chestnut brown wall and infects different hosts (Savile and Conners 1951). It is likely that KY764194 represents a misannotated record of U. savulescui. While Koch's postulates can be a useful tool for establishing causality in certain infectious diseases, their use may be limited when it comes to rust diseases based on old herbarium specimens. In our case, due to the age of the specimen, which is almost nine years old, various other methods were employed to identify the pathogen. These methods included microscopic examination for morphological criteria of the urediniospores and teliospores, as well as molecular techniques like 28S rDNA sequencing. Rust disease on L. sinuatum has been previously reported in Ecuador but the causal agent was identified as a Puccinia sp. and reported that the rust was able to destroy entire plots in humid conditions (Vega and Morales 2011). Whether this report also represent U. savulescui is not certain, but given that the urediniospores of Puccinia species are generally 2-celled, it is unlikely. García-Hernández et al. (2008) reported U. limonii on Limonium spp. from Chile, and Coca (2020) also reported U. limonii on Limonium sp., from Bolivia. However, judging from the photomicrographs (Coca 2020), the rust in the latter report is definitely U. savulescui and not U. limonii. Uromyces savulescui has been previously reported from the Mediterranean region and the Canary Islands (Vakalounakis and Malathrakis 1987). To our knowledge there is no report of this rust in the Americas, excepting the probable misidentifications already listed herein. The specimen has been deposited in the Arthur Fungarium at Purdue University as PURN15037.
RÉSUMÉ
El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar los efectos del confinamiento (COVID-19), en la salud física y psicológica, en universitarios de Educación física de Chile. La metodología es cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva; la muestra estuvo constituida por 254 estudiantes pertenecientes a siete universidades chilenas. El 63% de la muestra fueron hombres (n = 160) y 37% mujeres (n = 94). La recogida de la información fue por medio del cuestionario auto informe del Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Los resultados muestran que la variable Actividad Física en confinamiento se relacionó de forma negativa y significativa con la variable de IMC y Uso de Medios de Comunicación. Al relacionarse con Conductas Asociadas al Confinamiento y Escala de Experiencias Positivas ante la Adversidad, fue positiva y significativa; en relación a la Escala de Distres, se correlacionó negativa significativamente, de igual manera con la Escala de interferencia por el Coronavirus y Cuestionario de Impacto Psicológico del Coronavirus. Se concluye que existen efectos negativos para la salud física y psicológica de los estudiantes de Educación física producto del confinamiento y algunos positivos como el autocuidado y sistemas de protección.
The objective of this study was to relate the effects of confinement (COVID-19) on physical and mental health in physical education undergraduate students in Chile. The methodology is quantitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive. The sample consisted of 254 students belonging to seven Chilean universities. Sixty-three percent of the sample were men (n = 160), whereas 37% were women (n = 94). The information was collected through the self-report questionnaire on the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus. The results show that the variable Physical Activity in confinement was negatively and significantly related to the variable of BMI and use of communication media. When relating to behaviors associated with confinement and the Scale of Positive Experiences in the Face of Adversity (EEPA, by its initials in Spanish), it was positive and significant. Concerning the Distress Scale, it was significantly negatively correlated, in the same way with the Coronavirus Interference Scale and the Coronavirus Psychological Impact Questionnaire. It is concluded that there are negative effects on the physical and psychological health of Physical Education students as a result of confinement and some positive ones, such as self-care and protection systems.
O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar os efeitos do confinamento (COVID-19) na saúde física e psicológica em estudantes universitários de educação física no Chile. A metodologia é quantitativa, transversal, descritiva; A amostra foi composta por 254 estudantes pertencentes a 7 universidades chilenas. 63% da amostra eram homens (n = 160) e 37% mulheres (n = 94) As informações foram coletadas por meio do questionário de autorrelato sobre o Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Os resultados mostram que a variável Atividade Física em confinamento esteve negativa e significativamente relacionada com a variável IMC e Uso de Meios de Comunicação. Quanto aos Comportamentos Associados ao Confinamento e à Escala de Experiências Positivas Face à Adversidade, foi positivo e significativo; em relação à Escala de Aflição, apresentou correlação negativa significativa, da mesma forma com a Escala de Interferência do Coronavírus e o Questionário de Impacto Psicológico do Coronavírus. Conclui-se que existem efeitos negativos na saúde física e psicológica dos alunos de Educação Física decorrentes do confinamento e alguns positivos como o autocuidado e os sistemas de proteção.
Sujet(s)
Humains , Mâle , Femelle , Jeune adulte , Étudiants/psychologie , Chili , Quarantaine , Santé mentale , État nutritionnel , Études transversalesRÉSUMÉ
The thread blight disease (TBD) of cacao ( Theobroma cacao) in the department of Amazonas, Peru was recently reported to be caused by Marasmius tenuissimus (sect. Neosessiles). This same species is known to be the main causal agent of TBD in West Africa. However, some morphological characteristics, such as the presence of rhizomorphs, the almost exclusively white color, and pileus sizes less than 5 mm, among others, differ to the description of M. tenuissimus. Therefore, we aimed to conduct a taxonomic revision of the cacao-TBD causal agent in Peru, by using thorough micro and macro morphological, phylogenetic, and nuclear and mitochondrial genomic approaches. We showed that the causal agent of TBD of cacao in Amazonas, Peru, belongs to a new species, Marasmius infestans sp. nov. This study enriches our knowledge of species in the sect. Neosessiles, and strongly suggests that the M. tenuissimus species complex is highly diverse.
Sujet(s)
Cacaoyer , Phylogenèse , Maladies des plantes , Cacaoyer/microbiologie , Cacaoyer/génétique , Maladies des plantes/microbiologie , Pérou , GénomiqueRÉSUMÉ
Resumen Este artículo estudia la profesionalización de la odontología en Colombia en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Esta historia no puede comprenderse en todas sus dimensiones si se dejan de lado las tensiones entre los practicantes con diploma y los sin diploma. Como resultado de estas tensiones, los odontólogos ganaron autonomía profesional. Analizamos solicitudes de licencia para ejercer sin título profesional, entre ellas las de algunas mujeres. Los hallazgos muestran la transmisión de conocimientos por fuera de la enseñanza formal, el ejercicio sin título y sin restricciones por parte de un gran número de odontólogos "permitidos" que se enfrentaron a una pesada y centralizada burocracia diplomada.
Abstract This paper addresses the professionalization of dentistry in Colombia during the first half of the twentieth century. To fully comprehend such a process, we must consider the tensions between the practice of non-certified and certified dentistry. As an outcome of such tensions, dentists began to acquire professional autonomy. We analyze applications for license files to practice dentistry without a degree, some of which were of women. The findings show the informal transfer of knowledge outside formal apprenticeship and the unrestricted practice of dentistry by many non-professionals but "permitted" dentists who faced a centralized and powerful professional bureaucracy.
Sujet(s)
Pratique professionnelle/normes , Odontologie , Colombie , Histoire du 20ème siècleRÉSUMÉ
Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are one of the most important export fruits in Peru and anthracnose, caused by several species in the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex (CGSC), is one of their main postharvest diseases (Alvarez et al. 2020). Balsas is the major mango producing district in the Amazonas department, where farmers practice intercropping in orchards mostly of less than 5 ha (Cabezudo Cerpa 2022). In July 2021, mango fruits cv. Kent with anthracnose were detected at an incidence of 55 to 80% during postharvest in Balsas. Symptoms included sunken dark brown lesions with appearance of orange conidiomata at advanced stages of the disease. We collected two samples of infected mangoes from a farm located at 6°51'01" S, 77°59'48" W (1088 m.a.s.l.). One axenic culture (INDES-AM1) was obtained from a hyphal tip of a monosporic colony and cultivated on PDA medium at 25 °C in the dark. The growing rate of the colony was 8.1 mm.day-1. Conidia were hyaline, guttulate, unicellular and cylindrical with narrowing center, with dimensions of 15.8 to 23.5 × 4.5 to 7.6 µm (mean = 18.6 ± 0.03 × 6.0 ± 0.02 µm, SE, n = 50), consistent to the CGSC (Weir et al. 2012). Appressoria were dark brown, and ovoid to slightly irregular in shape, ranging from 5.3 to 10.1 × 4.7 to 8.3 µm (mean = 7.9 ± 0.02 × 6.0 ± 0.02 µm, SE, n = 50). Koch's postulates were fulfilled on mature mango fruits of the same cultivar and from the same district. Mangoes were washed with detergent and left to dry before inoculation. PDA-mycelial plugs of 0.5 cm wide were transferred on two different locations of two fruits, with four replicates. One location was previously wounded with five needle punctures of 3 mm depth. The inoculated fruits were maintained in a moist chamber at ambient light and temperature (18.9 ± 0.5 °C, SE). Symptoms appeared three-to-five days post inoculation (dpi), and the superficial diameter of the lesions were 8.3 ± 1.5 and 3.6 ± 2 mm with the invasive and the superficial inoculation approaches, respectively, at five dpi. Lesions were very similar to original symptoms. Macro and micromorphological characteristics of the re-isolated fungal colonies were the same as isolate INDES-AM1. Molecular identification of the pathogen was carried out following Weir et al. (2012). Total DNA was extracted using the Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and partial sequences of the chitin synthase (CHS1), actin (ACT), ß-tubulin 2 (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) nuclear genes were sequenced (Accession numbers: OP425395, OP440444, OP440442, OP440443, OP555062, OP555063). ITS, CHS1, ACT, TUB2, CAL, and GAPDH sequences were 98.6, 100, 100, 99.5, 100, and 99.08% identical to Colletotrichum asianum type strain ICMP 18580 sequences, respectively. Additionally, a bootstrapped maximum likelihood midpoint-rooted phylogeny with a multilocus dataset with the six sequences from reference strains of C. asianum and closely related species within the CGSC revealed that strain INDES-AM1 is C. asianum. This species has been found causing anthracnose on M. indica in at least 15 different countries in Africa, America, Asia, and Oceania (Weir et al. 2012). It was originally described from coffee and has multiple other hosts (Prihastuti et al. 2009; Lima et al. 2015). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. asianum infecting mangoes in Peru.
RÉSUMÉ
Peru is the second largest producer of organic cocoa and one of the most important suppliers of fine aroma cocoa beans in the world (Sánchez et al. 2019). The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Amazonas Peru", is protected by the Peruvian appellation rules (Díaz-Valderrama et al. 2020). Despite this importance, native diseases of the crop (Theobroma cacao) are poorly documented due to difficulty of access in this region. In November 2020 we conducted expeditions into Imaza District (4°47'09.4"S 78°16'51.6"W), a significant producer of fine aroma cocoa in terms of number of cultivated plots (4,651 out of 6,505 total in the Bagua Province) (INEI 2012). We visited 20 farms of < 2-ha in size; in 19 of these small farms, T. cacao trees were found infected with a white fungal thread blight and rhizomorphs covering branches and leaves. Disease incidence ranged from 90 to nearly 100%, and severity exceeded 80% on the eight farms with the most deficient phytosanitary management. Heavily infected leaves were hanging on branches by mycelial threads, harboring tiny (0.5 to 5.3 mm broad) white mushrooms. These symptoms and signs correspond to the thread blight disease constellation (TBD) of cacao caused by various species of Marasmius and Marasmiellus (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Mushrooms lacked a collarium, and their stipes were absent or rudimentary (< 2-mm long) and eccentric, consistent with Marasmius tenuissimus (Tan et al. 2009). Axenic cultures were obtained by surface sterilization of mycelium threads with 2% NaClO, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), and incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Hyphae was non-pigmented with clamp connections, consistent with the genus Marasmius. We extracted the DNA of isolate INDES-AFHP31 using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and sequenced the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit (ITS), and the 28S subunit (LSU) (Accession numbers: OM720123 and OM720135) according to Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005). The ITS and LSU sequences were 97.92 to 98.79% and 99.07 to 99.30% identical, respectively, with published sequences from M. tenuissimus from Ghana (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). The pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculation of ten healthy cacao leaves with 7-day-old mycelium PDA discs of isolate INDES-AFHP31. An equal number of healthy cacao leaves were inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium as control. The observation of TBD symptoms and signs in the non-control set of cacao leaves starting at 3 days post inoculation, and the re-isolation of the same fungus from infected tissue confirmed its pathogenicity on cacao. Isolate INDES-AFHP31 was deposited as a dried culture into the herbarium Kuélap of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (voucher KUELAP-2251). Marasmius tenuissimus was originally reported from dead and living twigs and leaves of unidentified dicotyledonous trees from Indonesia, Brazil, and Bolivia (Singer 1976). However, it was first associated with TBD of cacao in Ghana in 2020, being the most frequently TBD-causing fungus isolated in the country (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Its discovery in 19 of the 20 surveyed cacao farms in Imaza District, Amazonas, Peru, reveals its importance as a cacao pathogen in the Western hemisphere.
RÉSUMÉ
Peru is the ninth exporter of coffee (Coffea arabica) in the world, and Amazonas is among its most important producing departments (INIA 2019). In July 2021, in the nursery of the "Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva", in Huambo district (6° 26' 11.19'' S; 77° 31' 24.18'' W), four-month-old coffee seedlings cv. Catimor with 0.5-2.0 cm brown concentric leaf spots and rotten stems, bearing white mycelial tufts and black sporodochia, were observed at 30% incidence. Infected seedlings were collected. Foliar sections of 2-3 mm with infected tissue were surfaced disinfected in 2% NaClO and transferred onto Petri plates containing potato dextrose agar medium (PDA). The plates were incubated at 25° C for 7 days. We obtained three isolates (INDES-AFHP61, INDES-AFHP62 and INDES-AFHP66) with similar morphology from different seedlings. Colonies (16-17 mm diam.) formed concentric rings with white aerial mycelium, giving rise to viscous and olivaceous dark green sporodochial conidiomata. Conidia (4.82-5.77 × 1.34-1.65 µm; n = 30) were cylindric, hyaline, smooth, and aseptate. These morphological features correspond to Paramyrothecium spp. (Lombard et al. 2016). The DNA of isolates was extracted using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin), and the internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit rDNA region (Accession numbers: OM892830 to OM892832), and part of the second-largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II, the calmodulin and the ß-tubulin genes (OM919453 to OM919461) were sequenced following Lombard et al. (2016). All sequences had a percent identity greater than or equal to 99% to corresponding sequences of the P. roridum type specimen (CBS 357.89). Additionally, a multilocus Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analysis incorporating sequence data from previous relevant studies (Lombard et al. 2016; Pinruan et al. 2022) grouped our three isolates together with the type and other specimens of P. roridum in a strongly supported clade, confirming the species identification. To evaluate pathogenicity, four-month-old coffee seedlings cv. Catimor were sprayed with 10 mL of conidial suspensions at 1 x 106 /mL. A set of control seedlings were inoculated with sterile water. Seedlings were maintained in a humidity chamber at 25 °C. After 15 days brown concentric foliar spots, stem rotting, mycelial tufts and sporodochia (same symptoms and signs observed originally at the nursery) arose in the non-control seedlings. The pathogen was re-isolated on PDA, confirming P. roridum was the causal agent of leaf spot and stem rot diseases of coffee. Paramyrothecium roridum has wide geographic distribution and host range (Lombard et al. 2016). This pathogen was reported to infect C. arabica in Mexico and Coffea sp. in Colombia (Pelayo-Sánchez et al. 2017; Lombard et al. 2016; Huaman et al. 2021). It was also reported in Africa infecting soybeans (Haudenshield et al. 2018), in Brazil infecting Tectona grandis (Borges et al. 2018), in Egypt infecting strawberries (Soliman 2020), and in Malaysia infecting Eichhornia crassipes (Hassan et al. 2021). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time P. roridum is reported on coffee in Peru.
RÉSUMÉ
Resumen Más allá de las diferentes formas de sufrimiento derivadas de la pandemia de covid-19, en Colombia se ha gestado un escenario de instrumentalización de los acontecimientos en las esferas empresarial, educativa y gubernamental. Aunque la cuarentena obligatoria fue la medida de contención preponderante, supuso una doble percepción desde la perspectiva de los ciudadanos de escasos ingresos: la disyuntiva "morir de hambre o de coronavirus". Desde esas esferas se consideró la pandemia como el momento oportuno para establecer y alcanzar nuevos objetivos: fomento de la educación virtual, creación de nuevos emprendimientos, apertura de nuevos mercados y malversación del erario público.
Abstract In addition to the different forms of suffering caused by the covid-19 pandemic, a scenario emerged in Colombia in which business, educational and government spheres instrumentalized events. Although mandatory quarantine was the most widely-used method of containment, from the point of view of low-income citizens, it was perceived as a duality, the dilemma of "dying of hunger or coronavirus." Business, education and government sectors, however, saw the pandemic as an opportunity to establish and achieve new goals: encouraging virtual education, creating new enterprises, opening up new markets and misappropriating public funds.
Sujet(s)
Créativité , Pandémies , Inventions , Colombie , Histoire du 21ème siècleRÉSUMÉ
Suicide is the second leading cause of death for young adults in the United States. One of the many risk factors for suicide includes exposure to early life trauma. The present study examined whether rumination and impulsivity play a role in the relationship between early life trauma and increased risk for suicidal behavior (i.e., suicide ideation and suicide attempts) among 426 young adults. Early life trauma was associated with brooding, reflective rumination, and impulsivity in the form of negative urgency. Current or recent suicide ideators self-reported greater early life trauma, ruminative thinking, and impulsivity than non-ideators and non-attempters. Further, a multinomial logistic regression found that early life trauma, reflection, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance were associated with higher odds of reporting suicide ideation in the previous 6 months. We also found indirect relationships between early life trauma and suicide ideation through brooding or reflection and lack of perseverance in serial mediation analyses. These findings suggest that early life trauma may increase risk of suicide ideation to the degree that it leads to ruminative thinking and lack of follow-through with difficult tasks. How early life trauma might increase risk for ruminative thinking, impulsivity, and subsequent suicidal behavior is discussed.
Sujet(s)
Idéation suicidaire , Tentative de suicide , Humains , Comportement impulsif , Modèles logistiques , Facteurs de risque , États-Unis/épidémiologie , Jeune adulteRÉSUMÉ
In addition to the different forms of suffering caused by the covid-19 pandemic, a scenario emerged in Colombia in which business, educational and government spheres instrumentalized events. Although mandatory quarantine was the most widely-used method of containment, from the point of view of low-income citizens, it was perceived as a duality, the dilemma of "dying of hunger or coronavirus." Business, education and government sectors, however, saw the pandemic as an opportunity to establish and achieve new goals: encouraging virtual education, creating new enterprises, opening up new markets and misappropriating public funds.
Más allá de las diferentes formas de sufrimiento derivadas de la pandemia de covid-19, en Colombia se ha gestado un escenario de instrumentalización de los acontecimientos en las esferas empresarial, educativa y gubernamental. Aunque la cuarentena obligatoria fue la medida de contención preponderante, supuso una doble percepción desde la perspectiva de los ciudadanos de escasos ingresos: la disyuntiva "morir de hambre o de coronavirus". Desde esas esferas se consideró la pandemia como el momento oportuno para establecer y alcanzar nuevos objetivos: fomento de la educación virtual, creación de nuevos emprendimientos, apertura de nuevos mercados y malversación del erario público.
Sujet(s)
COVID-19 , Pandémies , COVID-19/épidémiologie , COVID-19/prévention et contrôle , Colombie/épidémiologie , Humains , Pandémies/prévention et contrôle , Quarantaine , SARS-CoV-2RÉSUMÉ
Hemileia vastatrix is the most important fungal pathogen of coffee and the causal agent of recurrent disease epidemics that have invaded nearly every coffee growing region in the world. The development of coffee varieties resistant to H. vastatrix requires fundamental understanding of the biology of the fungus. However, the complete life cycle of H. vastatrix remains unknown, and conflicting studies and interpretations exist as to whether the fungus is undergoing sexual reproduction. Here we used population genetics of H. vastatrix to infer the reproductive mode of the fungus across most of its geographic range, including Central Africa, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and South and Central America. The population structure of H. vastatrix was determined via eight simple sequence repeat markers developed for this study. The analyses of the standardized index of association, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and clonal richness all strongly support asexual reproduction of H. vastatrix in all sampled areas. Similarly, a minimum spanning network tree reinforces the interpretation of clonal reproduction in the sampled H. vastatrix populations. These findings may have profound implications for resistance breeding and management programs against H. vastatrix.