Eleven New Species of the Genus Tarzetta (Tarzettaceae, Pezizales) from Mexico.

The genus Tarzetta is distributed mainly in temperate forests and establishes ectomycorrhizal associations with angiosperms and gymnosperms. Studies on this genus are scarce in México. A visual, morphological, and molecular (ITS-LSU) description of T. americupularis, T. cupressicola, T. davidii, T. durangensis, T. mesophila, T. mexicana, T. miquihuanensis, T. poblana, T. pseudobronca, T. texcocana, and T. victoriana was carried out in this work, associated with Abies, Quercus, and Pinus. The results of SEM showed an ornamented ascospores formation by Mexican Taxa; furthermore, the results showed that T. catinus and T. cupularis are only distributed in Europe and are not associated with any American host.

New Ascomycetes from the Mexican Tropical Montane Cloud Forest.

The tropical montane cloud forest is the most diverse and threatened vegetation type in Mexico. In the last decade, the number of described Ascomycetes species has notably increased, reaching more than 1300 species. This study describes six new species based on their molecular and morphological characteristics. Our results suggest that Mexico has the highest number of described species in the Neotropics. However, many other Mexican lineages still need to be described.

Elaphomycescastilloi (Elaphomycetaceae, Ascomycota) and Entolomasecotioides (Entolomataceae, Basidiomycota), two new sequestrate fungi from tropical montane cloud forest from south Mexico.

Two new species of sequestrate fungi are described from south Mexico based on morphological and molecular evidences. Here we describe Elaphomycescastilloi characterized by the yellowish mycelial mat, dull blue gleba and ascospores of 9.7-11.5 µm; Entolomasecotioides is characterized by the secotioid basidiomata, sulcate, pale cream pileus, and basidiospores of 7-13 × 5-9 µm. Both species grow in montane cloud forest under Quercus sp. in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Descriptions, photographs, and multilocus phylogeny for both species are presented.

Novelties in Macrofungi of the Tropical Montane Cloud Forest in Mexico.

The tropical montane cloud forest in Mexico is the most diverse and threatened ecosystem. Mexican macrofungi numbers more than 1408 species. This study described four new species of Agaricomycetes (Bondarzewia, Gymnopilus, Serpula, Sparassis) based on molecular and morphological characteristics. Our results support that Mexico is among the most biodiverse countries in terms of macrofungi in the Neotropics.

Two new species of Trichoglossum (Geoglossaceae, Ascomycota) from south Mexico.

Two new species of Trichoglossum are described from south Mexico based on morphological and molecular evidence. Trichoglossumcaespitosum is characterized by the caespitose ascomata, rough and coiled paraphyses and the ascospores with 9-11 septa. Trichoglossumtropicale is characterized by the capitate ascomata, clavate and straight paraphyses and the ascospores with 10-12 septa. Both species grow in the tropical forests of the Yucatán peninsula. Here we provide descriptions and photographs for these species, together with a phylogenetic analyses based on the DNA sequences of nuc rDNA (ITS region and 28S gene) and a comparative table for the species known for America.

Three new species of Rhytidhysteron (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) from Mexico.

The genus Rhytidhysteron is characterised by forming navicular to apothecial hysterothecia, exposing the green, yellow, orange, red, vinaceous or black colours of the hymenium which generally releases pigments in the presence of KOH. The exciple is smooth or striated, the asci bitunicate and ascospores have 1-5 transverse septa. To date, twenty-six Rhytidhysteron species have been described from the Tropics. The present study aims to describe three new species in the Neotropics of Mexico based on molecular methods and morphological features. Illustrations and a taxonomic key are provided for all known species of this genus. Rhytidhysteroncozumelense from the Isla Cozumel Biosphere Reserve, R.esperanzae from the Sierra Juárez, Oaxaca and R.mesophilum from the Sierra Madre Oriental, Hidalgo are described as new species. With the present study, the number of species of Rhytidhysteron known from Mexico is now increased to eight.

Role of vanadium ions, oxygen vacancies, and interstitial zinc in room temperature ferromagnetism on ZnO-V2O5 nanoparticles.

In this work, we present the role of vanadium ions (V+5 and V+3), oxygen vacancies (VO), and interstitial zinc (Zni) to the contribution of specific magnetization for a mixture of ZnO-V2O5 nanoparticles (NPs). Samples were obtained by mechanical milling of dry powders and ethanol-assisted milling for 1 h with a fixed atomic ratio V/Zn?=?5% at. For comparison, pure ZnO samples were also prepared. All samples exhibit a room temperature magnetization ranging from 1.18?×?10-3 to 3.5?×?10-3 emu/gr. Pure ZnO powders (1.34?×?10-3 emu/gr) milled with ethanol exhibit slight increase in magnetization attributed to formation of Zni, while dry milled ZnO powders exhibit a decrease of magnetization due to a reduction of VO concentration. For the ZnO-V2O5 system, dry milled and thermally treated samples under reducing atmosphere exhibit a large paramagnetic component associated to the formation of V2O3 and secondary phases containing V+3 ions; at the same time, an increase of VO is observed with an abrupt fall of magnetization to σ?~?0.7?×?10-3 emu/gr due to segregation of V oxides and formation of secondary phases. As mechanical milling is an aggressive synthesis method, high disorder is induced at the surface of the ZnO NPs, including VO and Zni depending on the chemical environment. Thermal treatment restores partially structural order at the surface of the NPs, thus reducing the amount of Zni at the same time that V2O5 NPs segregate reducing the direct contact with the surface of ZnO NPs. Additional samples were milled for longer time up to 24 h to study the effect of milling on the magnetization; 1-h milled samples have the highest magnetizations. Structural characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Identification of VO and Zni was carried out with Raman spectra, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to verify that V did not diffuse into ZnO NPs as well to quantify O/Zn ratios.

Comprender los enunciados en un examen escrito: ¿dónde está el problema? / Understanding the statement of a written examination, what is the problem?

Muchas variables influyen en el rendimiento académico. Entre ellas, la capacidad para comprender enunciados de preguntas y problemas en los exámenes es un factor clave. No obstante, poca atención se ha focalizado en analizar los componentes de un enunciado. Este artículo da cuenta de un estudio desarrollado con el objeto de explorar la comprensión de verbos empleados frecuentemente en evaluaciones escritas. Se empleó un cuestionario de respuesta abierta, aplicado a una muestra de voluntarios, estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería en una universidad chilena. El cuestionario fue basado en la taxonomía de Bloom, que a pesar de su antigüedad aún es ampliamente aceptada. Como resultados principales se encontraron significados erróneos atribuidos a los verbos de niveles taxonómicos bajos. Esto da pistas sobre el problema como condicionante de bajo rendimiento académico. Los resultados dieron pie a la implementación de estrategias didácticas que apoyaran el logro de los objetivos de las asignaturas(AU)

There are many variables which affect academic performance. Amongst them, the ability to understand the meaning of questions and problems in written examinations is a crucial aspect. However, little attention has been focused on the skills to analyse problems' components. This article is an account of a research study aimed to explore students' understanding of verbs commonly used in written examinations. In doing so, we used an open-ended questionnaire in a sample of first-year nursing students of a private university, who were all volunteers. The questionnaire design reflected Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive learning, still widely accepted. The main result revealed that the meaning of verbs of the low taxonomy categories was poorly understood. This fact raised the issue of understanding problems as a key factor in low academic performance of students. The results gave rise to the implementation of didactic strategies to support the fulfilment of the learning outcomes(AU)

Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., a parasite on Cupressus arizonica, and additional unnamed clades in the southern USA and northern Mexico, determined by multilocus phylogenetic analyses.

Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., found in living Cupressus arizonica, is described on the basis of several collections originating from a high altitude forest in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. The species forms a monophyletic clade, basal to a larger lineage comprising species originating mainly from temperate to Mediterranean areas of the northern hemisphere. The phylogenetic approach in Fomitiporia also revealed multiple unnamed clades within the F. robusta complex in the southern USA and northern Mexico, representing potential species. The status of the F. robusta complex in North America is discussed briefly.

El sentido didáctico del "Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas" en la educación médica / The didactic sense of "Problem-based learning" in medical education

A través de este artículo, los autores plantean un rescate al sentido didáctico de la metodología conocida como Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, tras 40 años de su diseño y posterior masificación en el contexto iberoamericano. Se sostiene que el sentido didáctico no está exactamente en resolver el problema analizado en los tutoriales, sino en desarrollar la cognición en cuanto al razonamiento científico y los atributos sociales: habilidades para comunicar ideas, trabajar dentro de equipos, adoptar responsabilidades, compartir y respetar. Esta estrategia didáctica, entonces, plantea ciertos retos para el tutor, tales como aprender a tolerar el silencio en vez de intervenir para llenar los vacíos durante las discusiones de los estudiantes, la problematización desafiante y el cuestionamiento inductivo.

In this article we highlight the genuine sense of Problem-based learning as a methodology, 40 years after it was proposed and subsequently spread throughout the Iberian-American region. We support the didactic sense is not focused on solving those problems which are analysed in the tutorials, but on developing the cognition in terms of scientific thinking, and social skills such as abilities to communicate ideas, teamwork skills, responsibility, sharing and respecting others. Then, this didactic strategy involves several challenges for the tutor, for instance to learn how to cope and deal with the silence during the tutorials instead of intervening to fill the gaps, or how to do a defiant problematization and an inductive questioning.

Aspectos axiológico-culturais da ética e o cuidado / Axiological-cultural aspects of ethics and health care / Aspectos axiológico-culturales de la ética y el cuidado

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo descubrir el significado del respeto y el cuidado -como dimensiones morales del ejercicio de la enfermería- dentro del sistema de creencias y valores en una cultura específica. El enfoque teórico de la cuestión está dado por tres elementos que sostienen nuestras concepciones sobre la práctica de enfermería. Con el primero se esboza una discusión acerca de las relaciones entre ética y enfermería; con el segundo se expone el contexto sociohistórico reciente a través del cual el cuidado toma sentido como objeto de estudio de enfermería. El tercero destaca la dimensión de intersubjetividad y co-construcción del cuidado como práctica sociocultural, y subraya la necesidad de sondear y comprender la significación que las dimensiones morales del cuidado adquieren en la condición de sujeto de cuidados. Fue desarrollada una investigación con enfoque etnográfico, empleando como corpus los textos de entrevistas llevadas a cabo durante el proceso de transculturación del Caring Behaviors Assessment...

The objective of present study is to discover the meaning of respect and care -as moral dimensions of nursing practice- within the system of beliefs and values in a specific culture. The theoretical focus of the topic is given by three elements which support our conceptions of nursing practice. The first one sketches a discussion about relations between ethics and nursing; the second one shows the recent socio historical context through which care acquires meaning as object of studying nursing. The third one emphasizes the inter subjectivity and co-building dimensions of care as socio cultural practices and highlights the need to seek and understand the meaning that moral dimensions of care acquire in subject condition. An ethnographic research was developed using as corpus interviews carry out during the process of trans culture on nursing priorities and health care organizations...

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descobrir o significado do respeito e do cuidado -como dimensões morais do exercício da enfermagem- dentro do sistema de crenças e valores numa cultura específica. O enfoque teórico da questão está dado por três elementos que sustentam nossas concepções sobre a prática de enfermagem. Com o primeiro se esboça uma discussão acerca das relações entre ética e enfermagem; com o segundo se expõe o contexto sócio-histórico recente através do qual o cuidado toma sentido como objeto de estudo da enfermagem. O terceiro destaca a dimensão de intersubjetividade e co-construção do cuidado como prática sócio-cultural, e sublinha a necessidade de sondar e comprender o significado que as dimensões morais do cuidado adquirem na condição de sujeito de cuidados. Foi desenvolvida uma investigação com enfoque etnográfico empregando como corpus os textos de entrevistas levadas a cabo durante o processo de transculturação do Caring Behaviors Assessment...

La discriminación en el aprendizaje del cuidado / Discrimination in learning nursing care

Esta investigación tuvo por objeto comprender el fenómeno de la discriminación como parte del aprendizaje del cuidado en estudiantes de enfermería, vale decir, comprender de qué manera experimentan el fenómeno de escoger o priorizar a un individuo sobre otro al momento de dar cuidados. Investigación cualitativa, en la que los datos fueron recopilados mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas complementadas mediante el registro de notas de campo. Muestra intencionada compuesta por estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad del sur de Chile, quienes se encontraban cursando el tercer y cuarto año del plan de estudios, y que habían aprobado los cursos profesionales. Hecho esto, aplicamos el método de casos extremos en base al rendimiento académico como criterio principal. Con apoyo de la herramienta Atlas.ti, los datos acopiados fueron sistematizados y reducidos empleando como guía la Teoría Fundamentada en los datos, llegando a emerger cuatro categorías analíticas. Se concluye que los estudiantes realizan una discriminación en favor de sí mismos, fundamentalmente en base a la patología del sujeto de atención y a factores personales de éste, tales como rostro amable, apertura al diálogo, respuesta comunicativa, entre otros. Encontramos en ellos especial interés por las personas con patologías que les resultan interesantes, conocidas, o bien, aquéllas en las que se presagia una estadía suficientemente larga como para participar de la evolución y evaluar los resultados de un plan de cuidados. Estos elementos surgieron como determinantes en las emociones que producen en los aprendices, instándoles a dedicar un mejor cuidado a unas personas que a otras.

The purpose of the research was to understand the phenomenon of "discrimination" as a part of nursing students learning how to provide nursing care, that is, how students make decisions and prioritize nursing care. Using a qualitative research methodology data collection included the use of semi-structured interviews and field notes. The sample was made up of nursing students enrolled in a nursing program in a university in southern Chile. The students had acquired specific clinical skills and were in the third and fourth years of study. The extreme-case method was used based on students' academic scores as mean criterion. Data were analyzed using the Atlas. ti tool followed by application of Grounded Theory techniques to identify four analytical categories. Results showed that nursing students were able to discriminate for themselves, based mainly on criteria about disease and personal factors, such as the attractiveness of a person's face, openness to dialog, level of communication and so on. Findings showed that students paid special attention to people with 'interesting' diseases, known diseases, or health problems which offered students the opportunity to implement nursing care plans and to assess outcomes. These elements emerged like determinant factors based on the emotions that they produce in the beginning students, triggering them to give better care to some individuals over others.

Didáctica de la enseñanza: prácticas ejemplares en el sector salud / Didactics of teaching: model practice in the healthcare sector

Se reportaron las prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras en la formación de profesionales de salud de nivel universitario, con énfasis en enfermería. A partir de una descripción somera del curriculum, se detallaron y explicaron las modalidades de conjugación entre actividades teóricas y la práctica clínica, mediante los medios con que se cuenta en la Universidad Austral de Chile. Se mostraron las innovaciones en métodos de aprendizaje centrados en el estudiante: situaciones de aprendizaje, centro de desarrollo de habilidades clínicas, laboratorios, talleres vivenciales, plataforma de interacción virtual, foros virtuales, mensajería instantánea, entre otros. Por último, se dio a conocer la evaluación de los aprendizajes por competencias (ser, saber y hacer): examen clínico de observación estructurada, monografías, proyectos de desarrollo, pruebas de desarrollo en el domicilio, portafolios, salto triple y contrato de aprendizaje, entre otros.

The innovative pedagogic practice in the formation of health professionals at university level was reported, with emphasis on Nursing. Based on a general description of the curriculum, modalities of combination of theoretical activities and clinical practice were detailed and explained supported on the means of Universidad Austral de Chile. Innovation in learning methods focused on the student was shown: learning situation, center of clinical skill development, laboratories, living experience workshops, virtual interaction platforms, virtual for a, instant message service, among others. Lastly, the evaluation of learning by competencies (being, knowing and doing) was made: structured observation clinical exam, monographies, development projects, development tests at home, portfolios, triple jump, learning contract, among others.

Extubación difícil / Difficult extubacion

El manejo exitoso de la vía aérea no finaliza con la intubación traqueal. Aunque las complicaciones respiratorias son más frecuentes en el momento de la extubación que durante la intubación, la mayoría de estas son relativamente menores y no requieren de una re-intubación. Sin embargo, tal necesidad no puede predecirse, lo cual implica la obligación de diseñar estrategias para recuperar el control de la vía aérea en caso necesario. De esta forma, la re-intubación puede resultar extremadamente difícil y generar una situación catastrófica que en térmonso globales puede prevenirse. Así, alguna organizaciones como la Sociedad Venezolana de Anestesiología, han formulado recomendaciones para estos casos, con una estratificación de los riesgos en un esfuerzo por identificar aquellos pacientes en quienes estas precauciones pueden ser útiles o aconsejables. Sin embrago, es importante destacar que estas estrategias aunque razonables, no han sido sujetas a evaluación rigurosa. El concepto de "extubación reversible" usando un intercambiador de tubo proporciona un acceso expedito a la tráquea y puede permitir oxiegenar al paciente mientras se implementan los procedimientos