Metabolome fingerprints, performance and carcass quality of beef calves supplemented with antibiotic free additive.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotics on pre-weaning performance, muscle, and fat deposition and serum metabolite profiles in male and female Senepol calves. Thirty new-born Senepol calves, 15 males and 15 females, were randomly allocated to the following treatments: CON a control group that received the basal creep feeding diet and PRO animals that received the basal diet with addition of 2 g/100 kg of body weight (BW) of probiotic. PRO supplementation did not change the DMI but increased average BW, final BW, ADG relative to animals fed CON. Additionally, PRO improved LMA and marbling. Regardless of the serum metabolite profile, the important metabolites for discriminating PRO and CON were glutamine, leucine, creatine, acetate, creatinine, arginine, glutamate, hippurate, glycerol, carnitine, lactate, carnosine, myo-inositol and histidine. According to gender, males had an overabundance of glutamine, glycerol, isoleucine, creatinine and glucose, whereas females had an overabundance of acetyl carnitine, glutamate and carnitine. In conclusion, the addition of PRO in the pre-weaning diet of calves increases performance, weight at weaning and muscle and fat deposition on the carcass, improving proteins and fatty acid metabolism, the immune system response and rumen development.

Bilateral dysgerminoma in a senile bitch associated with nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in spleen and pyometra: a case report / Disgerminoma bilateral em cadela senil associado a hiperplasia nodular linfoide em baço e piometra: relato de caso

Ovarian neoplasms affect a low percentage of female dogs, and these tumors are classified according to their cellular origin and are considered rare. Dysgerminoma is a tumor derived from undifferentiated primordial ovarian germinal epithelium cells. In the male, this neoplasm is diagnosed as seminoma. Thus, dysgerminoma is not linked to the production of ovarian hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a fundamental role in the establishment of pyometra. At Araujo Veterinary Hospital (HVA), a 15-year-old female Pinscher was admitted with mucopurulent vaginal discharge, abdominal enlargement, anorexia, polydipsia, and prostration clinical signs indicative of pyometra, radiographic and ultrasound examinations were requested, as well as a blood collection for hemogram and serum biochemistry. Ultrasound examination revealed uterine enlargement and hypoechoic content, in addition to bilateral ovarian cysts, measuring 7 cm in the right ovary and 3 cm in the left. The blood count revealed normal values in the erythrogram and the leukogram showed monocytosis and lymphopenia, in addition to macroplatelets. Biochemical examination revealed increased GGT values of 10 U/L. Ovariohysterectomy was performed and, in the trans-surgical period, nodules in the spleen were observed. So, the ovaries and a fragment of the lymphoid organ, were fixed and sent to the histopathology laboratory after surgical resection. Histopathology revealed ovarian dysgerminoma and lymphoid nodular hyperplasia. Ten days after the surgical procedure, the dog returned to the HVA for clinical evaluation and suture removal. However, three days after the return, the patient presented a convulsive condition evolving to death.

Neoplasias ovarianas acometem baixa porcentagem de cadelas, e estes tumores são classificados de acordo com a origem celular, sendo considerados raros. O disgerminoma é um tumor derivado de células do epitélio germinativo primordial ovariano, indiferenciado. No macho, essa neoplasia é diagnosticada como seminoma. Assim, o disgerminoma não está ligado a produção de hormônios ovarianos, como o estrógeno e a progesterona, que desempenham papel fundamental para o estabelecimento da piometra. No Hospital Veterinário Araújo (HVA), uma cachorra da raça Pinscher, com 15 anos, foi antendida apresentando, secreção vaginal mucopurulenta, aumento abdominal, anorexia, polidipsia e prostração sinais clínicos indicativos de piometra, solicitou-se exame de radiográfico e ultrassonografia, bem como a coleta de sangue para hemograma e bioquímico sérico. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou aumento uterino e conteúdo hipoecóico, além de cistos ovarianos bilaterais, com mensurações de 7 cm no ovário direito e 3 cm no esquerdo. O hemograma revelou valores normais no eritrograma e o leucograma apresentou monocitose e linfopenia, além de macroplaquetas. O exame bioquímico revelou valores de GGT aumentados, em 10 U/L. A ovariohisterectomia foi realizada e no trans cirúrgico observou-se nódulos no baço. Assim, os ovários e um fragmento do órgão linfoide, após a ressecção cirúrgica, foram fixados e encaminhadas para laboratório de histopatologia. A histopatologia revelou disgerminoma ovariano e hiperplasia nodular linfoide. Dez dias após o procedimento cirúrgico, a paciente retornou ao HVA para avaliação clínica e retirada da sutura. No entanto, três dias após o retorno, o animal apresentou um quadro convulsivo evoluindo ao óbito.

Synthesis of resilient hybrid hydrogels using UiO-66 MOFs and alginate (hydroMOFs) and their effect on mechanical and matter transport properties.

Herein, we report the preparation of an organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogel architecture using vinyl alginate and UiO-66 MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) modified with acrylic acid (AA) UiO-66AA. UiO-66 MOFs with different crystal sizes (600, 1500, and 2500 nm) were synthesized and the effect on the mechanical and transport properties of the resulting materials, such as water absorption capacity and drug release, were evaluated. HydroMOF showed higher water absorption capacity than the pure hydrogel and enhanced mechanical properties, which depend on crystal size and the amount of UiO-66AA MOF used. The initial release rate of drug (burst release) from hydroMOFs was lower when small-sized crystals or a small amount of large-sized crystals were used; thus these are essential in changing half-life values of release rates. Finally, the cytotoxicity screening successfully showed that hydroMOFs are promising biocompatible compounds proven to have the advantages of minimized burst release and mechanical robustness.

Characterization of chicken muscle disorders through metabolomics, pathway analysis, and water relaxometry: a pilot study.

Metabolite profiles of chicken breast extracts and water mobility in breasts were studied using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and time-domain NMR (TD-NMR) relaxometry, respectively, using normal breast (NB), and wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) myopathies in broilers. One thousand eight hundred sixty broilers were raised to commercial standards, receiving the same diets that were formulated as per the different growth stages. At 49 D of age, 200 animals were slaughtered following routine commercial procedures, and at 4 h postmortem, the whole breast (pectoralis major muscle) was removed and visually inspected by an experienced meat inspector who selected NB (without myopathies) and samples with the presence of WS and WB myopathies. Fifteen breasts (5 each of NB, WS, and WB) were analyzed through TD-NMR relaxometry, and samples of approximately 20 g were taken from each breast and frozen at -80°C for metabolite profiling through 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to evaluate the effect on water relaxometry and metabolite profile in accordance with the presence and type of myopathy in the breast. 1H-NMR data showed that the metabolite profiles in WS and WB breasts were different from each other and from NB. This pilot study shows that myopathies appear to be related to hypoxia, connective tissue deposition, lower mitochondrial function, and greater oxidative stress compared with NB. The longitudinal and transverse relaxation time of the breasts determined by TD-NMR relaxometry was shorter for NB than that for WS and WB, indicating greater water mobility in breasts affected by myopathies. 1H-NMR spectroscopy can be used to differentiate the metabolism of WS, WB, and NB, and TD-NMR has the potential to be a fast, simple, and noninvasive method to distinguish NB from WB and WS. As a practical application, the metabolomic profile as per the occurrence of breast myopathies may be used for a better understanding of these issues, which opens a gap to mitigate the incidence and severity of WS and WB. In addition, the present study brings an opportunity for the development of a new and objective tool to classify the incidence of breast myopathies through TD-NMR relaxometry.

Cerium catalyst promoted C-S cross-coupling: synthesis of thioethers, dapsone and RN-18 precursors.

In this work, we present a novel, efficient and green methodology for the synthesis of thioethers by the C-S cross-coupling reaction with the assistance of [Ce(l-Pro)2]2Ox as a heterogeneous catalyst in good to excellent yields. A scale-up of the protocol was explored using an unpublished methodology for the synthesis of a dapsone-precursor, which proved to be very effective over a short time. The catalyst [Ce(l-Pro)2]2Ox was recovered and it was shown to be effective for five more reaction cycles.

Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Microencapsulação do óleo essencial de tomilho e avaliação de sua atividade antibacteriana sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parhaemolyticus

The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.(AU)

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar o potencial antibacteriano do óleoessencial de tomilho sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parahaemolyticys e produzir microcápsulas através do processo de secagem por aspersão (spray dryer). Os compostos químicos do óleo essencial de tomilho e das microcápsulas foram identificados e quantificadaos. Foi preparada uma emulsão de óleo em água (O/A) e em seguida foram produzidas microcápsulas em um spray dryer utilizando-se óleo essencial de tomilho e maltodextrina como material de parede na proporção de 1:4 respectivamente. Entre os vários compostos identificados, o timol apresentou maior concentração. O óleo essencial de tomilho e as microcápsulas exibiram atividade antibacteriana sobre V. parahaemolyticus e V. alginolyticus. O processo de secagem por aspersão não afetou a atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de tomilho.(AU)

Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Microencapsulação do óleo essencial de tomilho e avaliação de sua atividade antibacteriana sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parhaemolyticus

Abstract The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.

Resumo Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar o potencial antibacteriano do óleoessencial de tomilho sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parahaemolyticys e produzir microcápsulas através do processo de secagem por aspersão (spray dryer). Os compostos químicos do óleo essencial de tomilho e das microcápsulas foram identificados e quantificadaos. Foi preparada uma emulsão de óleo em água (O/A) e em seguida foram produzidas microcápsulas em um spray dryer utilizando-se óleo essencial de tomilho e maltodextrina como material de parede na proporção de 1:4 respectivamente. Entre os vários compostos identificados, o timol apresentou maior concentração. O óleo essencial de tomilho e as microcápsulas exibiram atividade antibacteriana sobre V. parahaemolyticus e V. alginolyticus. O processo de secagem por aspersão não afetou a atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de tomilho.

Uphill running excessive training increases gastrocnemius glycogen content in C57BL/6 mice.

The main aim of the present investigation was to verify the effects of three overtraining (OT) protocols performed in downhill (OTR/down), uphill (OTR/up) and without inclination (OTR) on the protein levels of Akt (Ser473), AMPKalpha (Thr172), PGC-1alpha, plasma membrane GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 as well as on the glycogen contents in mice gastrocnemius. A trained (TR) protocol was used as positive control. Rodents were divided into naive (N, sedentary mice), control (CT, sedentary mice submitted to the performance evaluations), TR, OTR/down, OTR/up and OTR groups. At the end of the experimental protocols, gastrocnemius samples were removed and used for immunoblotting analysis as well as for glycogen measurements. There was no significant difference between the experimental groups for the protein levels of pAkt (Ser473), pAMPKalpha (Thr172), PGC-1alpha, plasma membrane GLUT-1 and GLUT-4. However, the OTR/up protocol exhibited higher contents of glycogen compared to the CT and TR groups. In summary, the OTR/up group increased the gastrocnemius glycogen content without significant changes of pAkt (Ser473), pAMPKalpha (Thr172), PGC-1alpha, plasma membrane GLUT-1 and GLUT-4.

Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.

Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Abstract The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.

Resumo Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar o potencial antibacteriano do óleoessencial de tomilho sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parahaemolyticys e produzir microcápsulas através do processo de secagem por aspersão (spray dryer). Os compostos químicos do óleo essencial de tomilho e das microcápsulas foram identificados e quantificadaos. Foi preparada uma emulsão de óleo em água (O/A) e em seguida foram produzidas microcápsulas em um spray dryer utilizando-se óleo essencial de tomilho e maltodextrina como material de parede na proporção de 1:4 respectivamente. Entre os vários compostos identificados, o timol apresentou maior concentração. O óleo essencial de tomilho e as microcápsulas exibiram atividade antibacteriana sobre V. parahaemolyticus e V. alginolyticus. O processo de secagem por aspersão não afetou a atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de tomilho.

Microencapsulation of essential thyme oil by spray drying and its antimicrobial evaluation against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Abstract The aims of this research were first, to evaluate the antibacterial potential of commercial thyme essential oil against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticys and second, using the spray drying technique to produce microcapsules. chemical compounds of thyme oil and microcapsules were identified and quantified being thymol the chemical component present at the highest concentration. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were prepared and the microcapsules were obtained with a spray dryer using maltodextrin as wall material (ratio 1:4). Thyme oil and the microcapsules exhibited antimicrobial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and V. alginolyticus. The spray drying process did not affect the antimicrobial activity of thyme essentialoil.

Resumo Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar o potencial antibacteriano do óleoessencial de tomilho sobre V. alginolyticus e V. parahaemolyticys e produzir microcápsulas através do processo de secagem por aspersão (spray dryer). Os compostos químicos do óleo essencial de tomilho e das microcápsulas foram identificados e quantificadaos. Foi preparada uma emulsão de óleo em água (O/A) e em seguida foram produzidas microcápsulas em um spray dryer utilizando-se óleo essencial de tomilho e maltodextrina como material de parede na proporção de 1:4 respectivamente. Entre os vários compostos identificados, o timol apresentou maior concentração. O óleo essencial de tomilho e as microcápsulas exibiram atividade antibacteriana sobre V. parahaemolyticus e V. alginolyticus. O processo de secagem por aspersão não afetou a atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial de tomilho.

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and rodent reservoirs in the savanna-like biome of Brazil's southeastern region.

This paper describes the diversity of rodent fauna in an area endemic for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in Brazil, the population dynamics and the relationship of rodents with hantavirus in the Cerrado (savanna-like) biome. Additionally, an analysis is made of the partial S segment sequences of the hantaviruses obtained from serologically confirmed human HCPS cases and from rodent specimens. Rodents were collected during four campaigns. Human serum samples were collected from suspected cases of HCPS at hospitals in the state of Minas Gerais. The samples antibody-reactive by ELISA were processed by RT-PCR. The PCR product was amplified and sequenced. Hantavirus was detected only in Necromys lasiurus, the wild rodent species most prevalent in the Cerrado biome (min-max: 50-83·7%). All the six human serum samples were hantavirus seropositive and five showed amplified PCR products. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences showed the circulation of a single genotype, the Araraquara hantavirus. The environmental changes that have occurred in the Cerrado biome in recent decades have favoured N. lasiurus in interspecific competition of habitats, thus increasing the risk of contact between humans and rodent species infected with hantavirus. Our data corroborate the definition of N. lasiurus as the main hantavirus reservoir in the Cerrado biome.

Propuesta de un modelo de psicoterapia grupal estratégica en depresión severa: cómo pasar de víctima de la depresión a protagonista de la recuperación / Proposal of a strategic group work model of psycotherapy in severe depression: how to go from being a victim of depression to a recovery protagonist

El presente trabajo es la propuesta de las bases de un modelo de intervención grupal estratégica en depresión, surgida a partir de la experiencia clínica de los autores y de la sistematización de una experiencia realizada en el Hospital Base de Linares, en el período marzo-mayo de 2005. El Modelo intenta transmitir una forma distinta de ver la depresión, desde un enfoque constructivista, donde se prioriza el trabajo con los recursos de las pacientes y el uso de intervenciones estratégicas para romper las pautas depresógenas. La primera parte apunta a los fundamentos teóricos de la terapia grupal estratégica, la segunda muestra la terapia desarrollada, el análisis y reflexión de los resultados y en la última parte se presenta el Modelo propuesto, premisas a la base y diferencias con el modelo tradicional de intervención en depresión.

This work is the proposal of the basis of a model of strategic group intervention in depression originated from the clinical experience of the authors and the systematization of a study carried out at the base Hospital in Linares between March and May of 2005. The Model attempts to show a different way of considering depression from a constructivist approach where the work with the patient's resources is a priority and the use of strategic interventions to break depressiveness patterns. The first part aims to the theoretical principles of strategic group therapy; the second part focus on the therapy developed, analysis and reflection of the outcomes and the last part shows the proposed Model, premises about the base and differences with the traditional model of intervention in depression.

Surgical planning for resection of an ameloblastoma and reconstruction of the mandible using a selective laser sintering 3D biomodel.

Ameloblastoma is a benign locally aggressive infiltrative odontogenic lesion. It is characterized by slow growth and painless swelling. The treatment for ameloblastoma varies from curettage to en bloc resection, and the reported recurrence rates after treatment are high; the safety margin of resection is important to avoid recurrence. Advances in technology brought about great benefits in dentistry; a new generation of computed tomography scanners and 3-dimensional images enhance the surgical planning and management of maxillofacial tumors. The development of new prototyping systems provides accurate 3D biomodels on which surgery can be simulated, especially in cases of ameloblastoma, in which the safety margin is important for treatment success. A case of mandibular follicular ameloblastoma is reported where a 3D biomodel was used before and during surgery.

Kinetic study of the "surface explosion" phenomenon in the NO+CO reaction on Pt(100) through dynamic Monte Carlo simulation.

The extremely narrow production peak of N2 and CO2 which occurs in the reaction of NO+CO on Pt(100), a phenomenon known as "surface explosion," is studied using a dynamic Monte Carlo method on a square lattice at low pressure under isothermal conditions. This analysis incorporates recent experimental evidence obtained for the same reaction on a Rh(111) surface, which has shown that N2 production occurs either from the classical N+N recombination step or by the formation and successive decay of a (N-NO)* intermediary species. Moreover, the NO dissociation rate is inhibited by coadsorbed NO and CO molecules and is enhanced both by the presence of empty sites and adsorbed N atoms as nearest neighbors. These effects are taken into account in this study, along with the experimental adsorption, desorption, and diffusion rates of the reactants. The "explosive" phenomenon is analyzed through the evolution over time of an adsorbed NO+CO monolayer at a fixed temperature of 400 K. Furthermore, as the diffusion processes of the adsorbates are included, cellular structures are observed. Our simulations show quantitative agreement in the position of maxima with those obtained through experiments using isothermal desorption mass spectroscopy.

Medidas dos níveis de pressão do balonete em unidade de terapia intensiva: considerações sobre os benefícios do treinamento / Measurement of tube cuff pressure levels in intensive care unit: considerations on the benefits of training

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A pressão do balonete transmitida diretamente na parede da traquéia de forma irregular pode ocasionar lesões e levar a broncoaspiração. O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar que ao implantar uma rotina de mensuração da pressão do balonete, obtém-se controle fidedigno para manter as medidas dentro dos parâmetros considerados seguros, evitando assim, as complicações descritas. MÉTODO: Foram avaliadas 3195 medidas de pressão de balonete em 1194 pacientes dos sexos masculino e feminino, internados nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) e coronariana (UC), que estavam sob ventilação mecânica com uso de prótese endotraqueal e cânula de traqueostomia, nos períodos matutino e vespertino. RESULTADOS: Durante o período de março a agosto de 2005 foi realizado acompanhamento das medidas colhidas pelos profissionais de fisioterapia e observou-se que as medidas foram irregulares, em média, em 80 por cento dos casos. Diante desse fato foi elaborado um programa de treinamento, com foco nas Equipes de Enfermagem das UTI e UC, que consistiu na orientação dos procedimentos adequados realizados à beira do leito (treinamento em loco). Os treinamentos foram realizados em dois períodos (matutino e vespertino) para abranger toda a equipe. CONCLUSÕES: Sugere-se a necessidade da vigilância das pressões do balonete através da implantação de uma rotina de mensurações matutina, vespertina e noturna, como meio profilático, para prevenir as possíveis complicações da pressão de balão da prótese traqueal.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The tube cuff pressure directly transmitted on the tracheal wall in an irregular form can cause injuries and lead to bronchoaspiration. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the implementation of routine tube cuff pressure measurements result in a reliable control to maintain the measurements within the parameters considered safe, thus preventing the described complications. METHODS: A total of 3,195 tube cuff measurements were obtained from 1,194 male and female patients admitted at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Coronary Unit (CU), who were undergoing mechanical ventilation with endotracheal prosthesis and tracheotomy cannula, during the morning and afternoon periods. RESULTS: From March to August 2005 the follow-up of the measurements obtained by the physical therapy professionals was carried out and it was observed that the measurements were irregular, on average, in 80 percent of the cases. Thus, a training program was established, which was focused on the Nursing Teams of the ICU and CU, consisting in providing directions for the adequate procedures performed at the bedside (in loco training). The training procedures were carried out at two different periods (morning and afternoon) in order to include the whole team. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that it is necessary to monitor tube cuff pressure through the implementation of routine measurements in the morning, afternoon and evening periods as a prophylactic measure, in order to prevent the possible complications of tracheal prosthesis balloon pressure.

Implementação, avaliação e comparação dos protocolos de desmame com Tubo-T e Pressão Suporte associada à pressão expiratória final positiva em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas em unidade de terapia intensiva / Implementation, assessment and comparison of the T-Tube and pressure-support weaning protocols applied to the intensive care unit patients who had received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A retirada precoce da ventilação mecânica dos pacientes das unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI) é importante para a redução da morbimortalidade, porém na prática, os desmames são realizados aleatoriamente. Face à importância desse procedimento, esse estudo avaliou a implementação de protocolos de desmame e comparou dois métodos distintos. MÉTODO: Foram incluídos no estudo 120 pacientes dependentes de ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas. O método de Pressão Suporte + PEEP (PSP), foi aplicado aos pacientes em dias pares, constituindo o grupo 1 (GPSP) e em dias ímpares, utilizou-se o método do Tubo-T (TT), formando o grupo 2 (GTT), RESULTADOS: A resposta dos pacientes à extubação revelou evolução semelhante nos dois grupos, porém deixou claro, pela análise estatística do teste Qui-quadrado, o benefício de se utilizar um protocolo de desmame. De todos os pacientes estudados, 109 (90,83 por cento) tiveram sucesso na extubação não sendo necessário nenhum tipo de ventilação não-invasiva dentro de 24 horas após o desmame, enquanto que apenas 11 pacientes (9,17 por cento) necessitaram de ventilação mecânica não-invasiva ou de re-intubação no mesmo período, caracterizando o insucesso do desmame. CONCLUSÕES: A implementação e a padronização de protocolos de desmame da ventilação mecânica, reduziu significativamente o índice de re-intubação na UTI, diminuindo o período de internação e o índice de morbimortalidade, porém neste estudo, não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os métodos analisados.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mechanical ventilation incurs significant morbidity and mortality, weaning intensive care unit patients is highly desirable, although it is usuallyconducted in an empirical manner. Thus, this article assessed a weaning protocol implementation and compared two different methods. METHODS: It was carried out a study involving 120 patients who had received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. These patients were randomlyassigned to undergo one of two weaning techniques: pressure-supportventilation + PEEP (PSP) technique, which was applied to the patients in equal days, forming the PSP group (PSPG) and the T-tube method (TT), applied in odd days and forming the TT group (TTG). Standardized protocols were followedfor each technique RESULTS: The patients response to extubation revealed similar progress in both PSP and TT groups, but after the Chi-square statistical test, the benefits of using a weaning protocol was clear. One hundred nine (90.83 percent) of all patients, had a successful weaning and any noninvasive ventilation type was needed in a span time of 24 hours after extubation, and only eleven (9.17 percent), had an unsuccessful weaning. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study didn't show any difference between the two methods applied, we could conclude that, the implementation of standardized weaning protocols can substantially decrease the patient's reintubation rate, promoting a downward trend in mortality and morbidity for these patients and shortening their hospital and intensive care units length of stay.

[Measurement of tube cuff pressure levels in intensive care unit: considerations on the benefits of training]. / Medidas dos níveis de pressão do balonete em unidade de terapia intensiva: considerações sobre os benefícios do treinamento.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The tube cuff pressure directly transmitted on the tracheal wall in an irregular form can cause injuries and lead to bronchoaspiration. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the implementation of routine tube cuff pressure measurements result in a reliable control to maintain the measurements within the parameters considered safe, thus preventing the described complications. METHODS: A total of 3,195 tube cuff measurements were obtained from 1,194 male and female patients admitted at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Coronary Unit (CU), who were undergoing mechanical ventilation with endotracheal prosthesis and tracheotomy cannula, during the morning and afternoon periods. RESULTS: From March to August 2005 the follow-up of the measurements obtained by the physical therapy professionals was carried out and it was observed that the measurements were irregular, on average, in 80% of the cases. Thus, a training program was established, which was focused on the Nursing Teams of the ICU and CU, consisting in providing directions for the adequate procedures performed at the bedside (in loco training). The training procedures were carried out at two different periods (morning and afternoon) in order to include the whole team. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that it is necessary to monitor tube cuff pressure through the implementation of routine measurements in the morning, afternoon and evening periods as a prophylactic measure, in order to prevent the possible complications of tracheal prosthesis balloon pressure.

[Implementation, assessment and comparison of the T-Tube and pressure-support weaning protocols applied to the intensive care unit patients who had received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours]. / Implementação, avaliação e comparação dos protocolos de desmame com Tubo-T e Pressão Suporte associada à pressão expiratória final positiva em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica por mais de 48 horas em unidade de terapia intensiva.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mechanical ventilation incurs significant morbidity and mortality, weaning intensive care unit patients is highly desirable, although it is usuallyconducted in an empirical manner. Thus, this article assessed a weaning protocol implementation and compared two different methods. METHODS: It was carried out a study involving 120 patients who had received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. These patients were randomlyassigned to undergo one of two weaning techniques: pressure-supportventilation + PEEP (PSP) technique, which was applied to the patients in equal days, forming the PSP group (PSPG) and the T-tube method (TT), applied in odd days and forming the TT group (TTG). Standardized protocols were followedfor each technique RESULTS: The patients response to extubation revealed similar progress in both PSP and TT groups, but after the Chi-square statistical test, the benefits of using a weaning protocol was clear. One hundred nine (90.83%) of all patients, had a successful weaning and any noninvasive ventilation type was needed in a span time of 24 hours after extubation, and only eleven (9.17%), had an unsuccessful weaning. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study didn't show any difference between the two methods applied, we could conclude that, the implementation of standardized weaning protocols can substantially decrease the patient's reintubation rate, promoting a downward trend in mortality and morbidity for these patients and shortening their hospital and intensive care units length of stay.

Infección por Chlamydia trachomatis y papilomavirus en mujeres con alteraciones citohistológicas de cuello uterino / Chlamydia trachomatis and papillomavirus infection in women with cytohistological abnormalities in uterine cervix

The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis and human papillomavirus (HPV) was evaluated by PCR technique in 189 sexually active women, between 15 and 58 years old, with cytological abnormalities in their uterine cervical epithelium and belonging to a region of Argentina with high incidence of cervical cancer. Risk factors in relation to chlamydial infection were also analyzed. Total prevalence for C. trachomatis infection was 24.9%, but there was a significant difference between prevalence in low socio-economical level (32.9%) and high or medium socio-economical level (17.7%). Total prevalence for DNA of HPV was 52.9%, but women infected with C. trachomatis showed a higher risk for viral infection than non-infected ones (OR = 2.27 / CI 95% = 1.10-4.73), with statistical significant difference (p = 0.016).