[Identification of conservation and restoration materials for iron relics through ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry].

Understanding the previous protection and restoration efforts and the current state of cultural relics is essential before compiling a conservation and restoration plan. The lack of detailed archival records for some early conservation operations, the identification of restoration materials necessitates the use of scientific analytical methods. In this study, the composition and spatial distribution of historical restoration materials on five iron relics were investigated through pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and ultraviolet-induced visible luminescence imaging (UVL). The relics studied were iron weight 20791, iron adze head 2335, and iron axe 2334 from the Gansu Provincial Museum, iron sword D0008 from the Zhaotong Municipal Museum, and iron sword 450 from the National Museum of China. All five relics had undergone restoration without accompanying archival records. UVL revealed the distribution of various conservation materials. Notably, two distinct layers of the conservation material were observed on iron axe 2334. Differences in the fluorescence color and intensity of iron sword 450 provided information regarding the sampling strategy. The samples were collected under ultraviolet light emitting diode illumination to ensure representativeness and minimize damage to the relics. Through Py-GC/MS, the coating materials for iron weight 20791 and iron adze head 2335 were identified as boiled tung oil mixed with rosin resin. Iron axis 2334 had a two-layer coating: a base layer of boiled tung oil and a top layer of shellac. The coating material for iron sword D0008 was determined to be paraffin wax. The protective layer of iron sword 450 included multiple materials, including shellac, polystyrene, and bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin. This study confirms that UVL combined with Py-GC/MS serves as an effective technique for analyzing historical restoration materials. UVL guided the selection of representative samples for Py-GC/MS, reducing the time and amount of sampling required and minimizing further damage to the relics. This research provides valuable data for the restoration archives of five iron artifacts, offering a scientific basis for conservators to evaluate conservation methods, devise future conservation strategies, and exclude ineffective conservation materials.

[Teaching reform and practice of "Principles of Fermentation Engineering" under the integration of production, education, and research].

Under the background of developing new engineering disciplines, teaching reform is a key strategy applied by higher education institutions to develop new engineering professionals and accomplish the mission of cultivating morality and nurturing talents. As a foundational course for majors of life sciences and food sciences, "Principles of Fermentation Engineering" has a strong scientific, practical, and historical focus. It serves as an excellent resource for changing the way that college students are taught professional courses. To examine the reform and practical route of specialized course teaching combined with innovation and entrepreneurship fostering under the integration production, education, and research, this article takes the teaching of "Principles of Fermentation Engineering" for undergraduates majoring in food science and engineering at Hebei Agricultural University as an example. A new teaching paradigm integrating production, education, and research is developed considering a variety of factors, including instructional content, teaching methods, and evaluation approaches. This paradigm is result-oriented, replaces examination with competition, and promotes learning by research. It achieves the integration of specialized course teaching and innovation and entrepreneurship fostering and lays a foundation for the teaching reform and the development of professional talents in the context of developing new engineering disciplines.

All-aqueous synthesis of alginate complexed with fibrillated protein microcapsules for membrane-bounded culture of tumor spheroids.

Water-in-water (W/W) emulsions provide bio-compatible all-aqueous compartments for artificial patterning and assembly of living cells. Successful entrapment of cells within a W/W emulsion via the formation of semipermeable capsules is a prerequisite for regulating on the size, shape, and architecture of cell aggregates. However, the high permeability and instability of the W/W interface, restricting the assembly of stable capsules, pose a fundamental challenge for cell entrapment. The current study addresses this problem by synthesizing multi-armed protein fibrils and controlling their assembly at the W/W interface. The multi-armed protein fibrils, also known as 'fibril clusters', were prepared by cross-linking lysozyme fibrils with multi-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG) via click chemistry. Compared to linear-structured fibrils, fibril clusters are strongly adsorbed at the W/W interface, forming an interconnected meshwork that better stabilizes the W/W emulsion. Moreover, when fibril clusters are complexed with alginate, the hybrid microcapsules demonstrate excellent mechanical robustness, semi-permeability, cytocompatibility and biodegradability. These advantages enable the encapsulation, entrapment and long-term culture of tumor spheroids, with great promise for applications for anti-cancer drug screening, tumor disease modeling, and tissue repair engineering.

CDH3 Is an Effective Serum Biomarker of Colorectal Cancer Distant Metastasis Patients.

Few robust biomarkers are available for distant metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Aberrant high expression of CDH3 has been reported in advanced CRC patients, but the value of CDH3 as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of distant metastatic CRC patients remains to be evaluated. In this study, we explored the serum levels of CDH3 in different stages of CRC patients and sought to determine whether serum CDH3 serves as an independent biomarker for distant metastatic CRC patients. We analyzed the serum CDH3 levels by ELISA in a cohort of CRCs (n=96) and normal controls (n=28). We compared the serum CDH3 levels between normal controls and different stages of CRCs. As a potential diagnostic marker of distant metastatic CRC, the specificity and sensitivity of serum CDH3 were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was also performed to determine whether serum CDH3 was an independent risk factor. Moreover, the changes of serum CDH3 levels were monitored and analyzed before and after palliative chemotherapy. Serum levels of CDH3, CA24-2, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CEA were significantly elevated in distant metastatic CRCs. CA24-2 (r=0.24, P=0.01), CA19-9 (r=0.20, P=0.03), CA72-4 (r=0.64, P<0.0001), and CEA (r=0.31, P=0.0012) all had a certain correlation with CDH3. After three cycles of palliative chemotherapy, levels of CDH3, CA24-2, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CEA of partial response CRCs were reduced to 38.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30.95%-53.77%), 57.73% (95% CI: 2.085%-73.83%), 50.33% (95% CI: 9.935%-79.42%), 74.74% (95% CI: 25.21%-88.00%), and 59.16% (95% CI: 12.65%-83.56%) of baseline, respectively. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of CDH3, CA24-2, CA19-9, CA72-4, and CEA with chemotherapy response were 0.900, 0.597, 0.635, 0.608, and 0.507, respectively. Serum CDH3 is an effective serum biomarker for the diagnosis of distant metastatic CRCs and monitoring response to palliative chemotherapy in distant metastatic CRCs.

Genetic variation and molecular profiling of congenital malformations of the female genital tract based on whole-genome sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Congenital malformations of the female genital tract (CM-FGT) are characterized by abnormal development of the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, often accompanied by malformations in the urinary system, bones and hearing. However, no definitive pathogenic genes and molecular genetic causes have been identified. METHODS: We present the largest whole-genome sequencing study of CM-FGT to date, analyzing 590 individuals in China: 95 patients, 442 case-controls, and 53 familial controls. RESULTS: Among the patients, 5.3% carried known CM-FGT-related variants. Pedigree and case-control analyses in two dimensions of coding and non-coding regulatory regions revealed seven novel de novo copy number variations, 12 rare single-nucleotide variations, and 10 rare 3' untranslated region (UTR) mutations in genes related to CM-FGT, particularly highlighting ASH1L as a pathogenic gene. Single-cell sequencing data showed that the majority of CM-FGT-related risk genes are spatiotemporally specifically expressed early in uterus development. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study identified novel variants related to CM-FGT, particularly highlighting ASH1L as a pathogenic gene. The findings provide insights into the genetic variants underlying CM-FGT, with single-cell sequencing data revealing spatiotemporal specific expression patterns of key risk genes early in uterine development. This study significantly advances the understanding of CM-FGT etiology and genetic landscape, offering new opportunities for prenatal screening.

Motion sickness resistant people showed suppressed steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) under vection-inducing stimulation.

Visual stimulation can generate illusory self-motion perception (vection) and cause motion sickness among susceptible people, but the underlying neural mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, SSVEP responses to visual stimuli presented in different parts of the visual field are examined in individuals with different susceptibilities to motion sickness to identify correlates of motion sickness. Alpha band SSVEP data were collected from fifteen university students when they were watching roll-vection-inducing visual stimulation containing: (1) an achromatic checkerboard flickering at 8.6 Hz in the central visual field (CVF) and (2) rotating dots pattern flickering at 12 Hz in the peripheral visual field. Rotating visual stimuli provoked explicit roll-vection perception in all participants. The motion sickness resistant participants showed reduced SSVEP response to CVF checkerboard during vection, while the motion sickness susceptible participants showed increased SSVEP response. The changes of SSVEP in the presence of vection significantly correlated with individual motion sickness susceptibility and rated scores on simulator sickness symptoms. Discussion on how the findings can support the sensory conflict theory is presented. Results offer a new perspective on vection and motion sickness susceptibility. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11571-023-09991-7.

Postoperative delayed gastric emptying: may gut microbiota play a role?

Postoperative delayed gastric emptying is a prevalent complication following surgical procedures, imposing heavy physical and financial burdens on patients. However, current treatment options remain suboptimal. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have highlighted that the gut microbiota and its metabolites are closely associated with postoperative complications. Various factors can disrupt the gut microbiome after surgery. This review discusses the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and their metabolites may contribute to the pathogenesis of postoperative delayed gastric emptying. However, the current knowledge base is limited in terms of fully understanding the exact mechanisms involved. It is therefore evident that further research is required to fully elucidate the role of the gut microbiome in postoperative delayed gastric emptying, with the aim of uncovering new possibilities for preventive measures and therapeutic treatments.

Design, synthesis and anticancer activity of ß-carboline based pseudo-natural products by inhibiting AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer and remains the leading cause of cancer deaths. Much progress has been made to treat NSCLC, however, only limited patients can benefit from current treatments. Thus, more efforts are needed to pursue novel molecular modalities for NSCLC treatment. It was demonstrated that pseudo-natural products (PNP) are a critical source for antitumor drug discovery. Herein, we describe a CH activation protocol for the expedient construction of a focused library utilizing the PNP rational design strategy. This protocol features a rhodium-catalyzed CH activation/ [4+2] annulation reaction between N-OAc-indole-2-carboxamide and alkynyl quinols, enabling facile access to diverse quinol substituted ß-carboline derivatives (31 examples). The anticancer activities were assessed in vitro against NSCLC cell line A549, yielding a potent antiproliferative ß-carboline derivative (8r) with an IC50 value of 0.8 ± 0.1 µM. Further investigation revealed that this compound could decrease the expression of Caspase 3, and increase the expression of autophagic protein Cyclin B1, thus markedly inducing autophagy and apoptosis. Mechanistic study suggested that 8r could be a potent anti-NSCLC agent through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in A549 cells. Moreover, the anticancer activities were also assessed against three other cancer cell lines, and 8r exhibits a broader inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in all cancer cell lines tested. These results indicated that carboline-based PNPs show great potential to induce cell autophagy and apoptosis, which serve as good leads for further drug discovery.

Hydrophobic Ion Barrier-Enabled Ultradurable Zn (002) Plane Orientation towards Long-Life Anode-Less Zn Batteries.

Gradual disability of Zn anode and high negative/positive electrode (N/P) ratio usually depreciate calendar life and energy density of aqueous Zn batteries (AZBs). Herein, within original Zn2+-free hydrated electrolytes, a steric hindrance/electric field shielding-driven "hydrophobic ion barrier" is engineered towards ultradurable (002) plane-exposed Zn stripping/plating to solve this issue. Guided by theoretical simulations, hydrophobic adiponitrile (ADN) is employed as a steric hindrance agent to ally with inert electric field shielding additive (Mn2+) for plane adsorption priority manipulation, thereby constructing the "hydrophobic ion barrier". This design robustly suppresses the (002) plane/dendrite growth, enabling ultradurable (002) plane-exposed dendrite-free Zn stripping/plating. Even being cycled in Zn‖Zn symmetric cell over 2150 h at 0.5 mA cm-2, the efficacy remains well-kept. Additionally, Zn‖Zn symmetric cells can be also stably cycled over 918 h at 1 mA cm-2, verifying uncompromised Zn stripping/plating kinetics. As-assembled anode-less Zn‖VOPO4 ⋅ 2H2O full cells with a low N/P ratio (2 : 1) show a high energy density of 75.2 Wh kg-1 full electrode after 842 cycles at 1 A g-1, far surpassing counterparts with thick Zn anode and low cathode loading mass, featuring excellent practicality. This study opens a new avenue by robust "hydrophobic ion barrier" design to develop long-life anode-less Zn batteries.

Effectiveness and safety of continuous low-molecular-weight heparin versus switching to direct oral anticoagulants in cancer-associated venous thrombosis.

Given the existing uncertainty regarding the effectiveness and safety of switching from low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with cancer-associated venous thrombosis (CAT), we conducted a comprehensive population-based cohort study utilizing electronic health database in Hong Kong. A total of 4356 patients with CAT between 2010 and 2022 were included, with 1700 (39.0%) patients switching to DOAC treatment. Compared to continuous LMWH treatment, switching to DOACs was associated with a significantly lower risk of hospitalization due to venous thromboembolism (HR: 0.49 [95% CI = 0.35-0.68]) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.67 [95% CI = 0.61-0.74]), with no significant difference in major bleeding (HR: 1.04 [95% CI = 0.83-1.31]) within six months. These findings provide reassurance regarding the effectiveness and safety of switching from LMWH to DOACs among patients with CAT, including vulnerable patient groups.

Direct oral anticoagulants versus low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with cancer-associated venous thrombosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

Background: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have demonstrated clinical benefits and better patient adherence over low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in treating patients with cancer-associated venous thrombosis (CAT). We aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of DOACs against LMWH in patients with CAT from the perspective of the Hong Kong healthcare system. Methods: A Markov state-transition model was performed to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for DOACs and LMWH in a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients with CAT over a 5-year lifetime horizon. The model was primarily based on the health states of no event, recurrent venous thromboembolism, bleeding, and death. Transition probabilities, relative risks, and utilities were derived from the literature. Resource cost data were obtained from the Hong Kong Hospital Authority. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses tested the robustness of the results. Results: Relative to LMWH, DOACs were associated with increased QALYs (1.52 versus 1.50) at a lower medical cost of USD 2,232 versus 8,224 in five years. The cost of LMWH was the main contributor to the outcome. Out of 10,000 simulated cases, DOACs were dominant in 15.8% and cost-effective in 42.1%, at the willingness-to-pay threshold of USD 148,392 per additional QALY. Conclusions: DOACs were associated with greater QALY improvements and lower overall costs compared to LMWH. Accounting for uncertainty, DOACs were between cost-effective and dominant in 57.9% of cases. DOACs are a cost-effective alternative to LMWH in the management of CAT in Hong Kong.

MRI versus Dual-Energy CT in Local-Regional Staging of Gastric Cancer.

Background Preoperative local-regional tumor staging of gastric cancer (GC) is critical for appropriate treatment planning. The comparative accuracy of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) versus dual-energy CT (DECT) for staging of GC is not known. Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of personalized mpMRI with that of DECT for local-regional T and N staging in patients with GC receiving curative surgical intervention. Materials and Methods Patients with GC who underwent gastric mpMRI and DECT before gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy were eligible for this single-center prospective noninferiority study between November 2021 and September 2022. mpMRI comprised T2-weighted imaging, multiorientational zoomed diffusion-weighted imaging, and extradimensional volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging. Dual-phase DECT images were reconstructed at 40 keV and standard 120 kVp-like images. Using gastrectomy specimens as the reference standard, the diagnostic accuracy of mpMRI and DECT for T and N staging was compared by six radiologists in a pairwise blinded manner. Interreader agreement was assessed using the weighted κ and Kendall W statistics. The McNemar test was used for head-to-head accuracy comparisons between DECT and mpMRI. Results This study included 202 participants (mean age, 62 years ± 11 [SD]; 145 male). The interreader agreement of the six readers for T and N staging of GC was excellent for both mpMRI (κ = 0.89 and 0.85, respectively) and DECT (κ = 0.86 and 0.84, respectively). Regardless of reader experience, higher accuracy was achieved with mpMRI than with DECT for both T (61%-77% vs 50%-64%; all P < .05) and N (54%-68% vs 51%-58%; P = .497-.005) staging, specifically T1 (83% vs 65%) and T4a (78% vs 68%) tumors and N1 (41% vs 24%) and N3 (64% vs 45%) nodules (all P < .05). Conclusion Personalized mpMRI was superior in T staging and noninferior or superior in N staging compared with DECT for patients with GC. Clinical trial registration no. NCT05508126 © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Méndez and Martín-Garre in this issue.

Comparative analysis of oropharyngeal microbiota in healthcare workers post-COVID-19.

Background: To date, more than 770 million individuals have become coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescents worldwide. Emerging evidence highlights the influence of COVID-19 on the oral microbiome during both acute and convalescent disease phases. Front-line healthcare workers are at an elevated risk of exposure to viral infections, and the effects of COVID-19 on their oral microbiome remain relatively unexplored. Methods: Oropharyngeal swab specimens, collected one month after a negative COVID-19 test from a cohort comprising 55 healthcare workers, underwent 16S rRNA sequencing. We conducted a comparative analysis between this post-COVID-19 cohort and the pre-infection dataset from the same participants. Community composition analysis, indicator species analysis, alpha diversity assessment, beta diversity exploration, and functional prediction were evaluated. Results: The Shannon and Simpson indexes of the oral microbial community declined significantly in the post-COVID-19 group when compared with the pre-infection cohort. Moreover, there was clear intergroup clustering between the two groups. In the post-COVID-19 group, the phylum Firmicutes showed a significant increase. Further, there were clear differences in relative abundance of several bacterial genera in contrast with the pre-infection group, including Streptococcus, Gemella, Granulicatella, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella. We identified Gemella enrichment in the post-COVID-19 group, potentially serving as a recovery period performance indicator. Functional prediction revealed lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis downregulation in the post-COVID-19 group, an outcome with host inflammatory response modulation and innate defence mechanism implications. Conclusion: During the recovery phase of COVID-19, the oral microbiome diversity of front-line healthcare workers failed to fully return to its pre-infection state. Despite the negative COVID-19 test result one month later, notable disparities persisted in the composition and functional attributes of the oral microbiota.

Limited Revision with a Newly Designed Hinge Device for the Treatment of Mega-Prosthesis Hinge Failure: Two Case Reports.

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment for hinge failure in mega-prosthesis continues to be a challenge. This study introduces a new method for treating hinge failure by using a unilateral prosthesis and hinge revision. CASE PRESENTATION: We here present two patients who underwent mega-prosthesis reconstruction after resection of osteosarcoma in the distal femur. To address the issue of knee hyperextension after mega-prosthesis reconstruction, one patient underwent three revision surgeries, two surgeries were performed using the original hinge, and one surgery involved a newly designed hinge. To resolve the problem of dislocation, one patient underwent three revisions, with the first two revisions not involving hinge replacement and the third revision involving a newly designed hinge. Two replacements of unilateral prosthesis and hinge renovations were successful. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral prosthesis and newly designed hinge device revision are effective in treating the failure of old-fashioned mega-prosthesis hinges.

Plasma metals, genetic risk, and rapid kidney function decline among type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Rapid kidney function decline (RKFD) is a main clinical feature of early chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Environmental and genetic factors influencing RKFD remain inadequately elucidated. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the associations of metals with RKFD among T2D and to further investigate the effect of metal mixtures on RKFD with the modifying effect of genetic susceptibility. METHODS: This study included 2209 people with T2D (1942 had genotyping data) free of CKD at baseline from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. We used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure 23 metals in baseline plasma. Using elastic net (ENET), multivariate logistic regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model, we examined independent associations of multiple metals with RKFD. We calculated the environmental risk score (ERS) to assess the effects of metal mixtures on RKFD and the genetic risk score (GRS) to assess genetic susceptibility. RKFD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) loss > 3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year. RESULTS: During a median of 9.8 years follow-up, 262 participants developed RKFD. Aluminum, vanadium, zinc, selenium, rubidium, tin, barium, and tungsten were screened from ENET. In multivariate logistic models, vanadium, selenium, and tungsten were negatively associated with RKFD, while zinc, tin, and rubidium were positively associated. The BKMR showed a nonlinear association of vanadium and rubidium with RKFD and interactions between metals (barium­vanadium, barium­rubidium). The ERS was positive associated with RKFD (per SD increase in ERS, OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.66, 2.27). No significant interaction between ERS and GRS was observed on RKFD, however, participants in the highest ERS and GRS group had the highest RKFD risk. CONCLUSION: Vanadium and rubidium were associated with RKFD in T2D. Metal mixtures was associated with an increased risk of RKFD in T2D, particularly in those at high genetic risk.

Examining dynamic developmental trends: the interrelationship between age-friendly environments and healthy aging in the Chinese population-evidence from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, 2011-2018.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this research is to investigate the dynamic developmental trends between Age-Friendly Environments (AFE) and healthy aging in the Chinese population. METHODS: This study focused on a sample of 11,770 participants from the CHARLS and utilized the ATHLOS Healthy Aging Index to assess the level of healthy aging among the Chinese population. Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to explore the relationship between AFE and healthy aging. Furthermore, a cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) were used to examine the dynamic developmental trends of healthy aging, taking into account both Between-Person effects and Within-Person effects. RESULTS: The results from LMM showed a positive correlation between AFE and healthy aging (ß = 0.087, p < 0.001). There was a positive interaction between the geographic distribution and AFE (central region * AFE: ß = 0.031, p = 0.038; eastern region * AFE: ß = 0.048, p = 0.003). In CLPM and RI-CLPM, the positive effect of healthy aging on AFE is a type of Between-Person effects (ß ranges from 0.147 to 0.159, p < 0.001), while the positive effect of AFE on healthy aging is Within-Person effects (ß ranges from 0.021 to 0.024, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Firstly, individuals with high levels of healthy aging are more inclined to actively participate in the development of appropriate AFE compared to those with low levels of healthy aging. Furthermore, by encouraging and guiding individuals to engage in activities that contribute to building appropriate AFE, can elevate their AFE levels beyond the previous average level, thereby improving their future healthy aging levels. Lastly, addressing vulnerable groups by reducing disparities and meeting their health needs effectively is crucial for fostering healthy aging in these populations.

Diel variations of airborne microbes and antibiotic resistance genes in Response to urban PM2.5 chemical properties during the heating season.

Among the components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), the contributions of airborne microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to health risks have been overlooked. Airborne microbial dynamics exhibit a unique diurnal cycle due to environmental influences. However, the specific roles of PM2.5 chemical properties resulting from fossil fuel combustion in driving circadian fluctuations in microbial populations and ARGs remain unclear. This study explored the interactions between toxic components and microbial communities during the heating period to understand the variations in ARGs. Bacterial and fungal communities showed a higher susceptibility to diel variations in PM2.5 compared to their chemical properties. Mantel tests revealed that chemical properties and microbial community interactions contribute differently to ARG variations, both directly and indirectly, during circadian fluctuations. Our findings highlight that, during the daytime, the enrichment of pathogenic microorganisms and ARGs increases the risk of PM2.5 toxicity. Conversely, during the nighttime, the utilization of water-soluble ions by the fungal community increased, leading to a significant increase in fungal biomass. Notably, Aspergillus exhibited a significant correlation with mobile genetic elements and ARGs, implying that this genus is a crucial driver of airborne ARGs. This study provides novel insights into the interplay between the chemical composition, microbial communities, and ARGs in PM, underscoring the urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of effective air pollution control strategies.

Superhalide-Anion-Motivator Reforming-Enabled Bipolar Manipulation toward Longevous Energy-Type Zn||Chalcogen Batteries.

Neutrophilic superhalide-anion-triggered chalcogen conversion-based Zn batteries, despite latent high-energy merit, usually suffer from a short lifespan caused by dendrite growth and shuttle effect. Here, a superhalide-anion-motivator reforming strategy is initiated to simultaneously manipulate the anode interface and Se conversion intermediates, realizing a bipolar regulation toward longevous energy-type Zn batteries. With ZnF2 chaotropic additives, the original large-radii superhalide zincate anion species in ionic liquid (IL) electrolytes are split into small F-containing species, boosting the formation of robust solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) for Zn dendrite inhibition. Simultaneously, ion radius reduced multiple F-containing Se conversion intermediates form, enhancing the interion interaction of charged products to suppress the shuttle effect. Consequently, Zn||Se batteries deliver a ca. 20-fold prolonged lifespan (2000 cycles) at 1 A g-1 and high energy/power density of 416.7 Wh kgSe-1/1.89 kW kgSe-1, outperforming those in F-free counterparts. Pouch cells with distinct plateaus and durable cyclability further substantiate the practicality of this design.

Mitochondria-mediated self-cycling nanoreactor enabling uninterrupted oxidative damage for enhanced chemodynamic therapy.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which employs intracellular H2O2 to produce toxic hydroxyl radicals to kill cancer cells, has received great attention due to its specificity to tumors. However, the relatively insufficient endogenous H2O2 and the short-lifetime and limited diffusion distance of •OH compromise the therapeutic efficacy of CDT. Mitochondria, which play crucial roles in oncogenesis, are highly vulnerable to elevated oxidative stress. Herein, we constructed a mitochondria-mediated self-cycling system to achieve high dose of •OH production through continuous H2O2 supply. Cinnamaldehyde (CA), which can elevate H2O2 level in the mitochondria, was loaded in Cu(II)-containing metal organic framework (MOF), termed as HKUST-1. After actively targeting mitochondria, the intrinsic H2O2 in mitochondria of cancer cells could induce degradation of MOF, releasing the initial free CA. The released CA further triggered the upregulation of endogenous H2O2, resulting in the subsequent adequate release of CA and the final burst growth of H2O2. The cycle process greatly promoted the Fenton-like reaction between Cu2+ and H2O2 and induced long-term high oxidative stress, achieving enhanced chemodynamic therapy. In a word, we put forward an efficient strategy for enhanced chemodynamic therapy.