Eculizumab Rescue Therapy in Patients With Recurrent Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome After Kidney Transplantation.

Introduction: Since 2016, kidney transplantation in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in the Netherlands is performed without eculizumab prophylaxis. Eculizumab is given in case of posttransplant aHUS recurrence. Eculizumab therapy is monitored in the CUREiHUS study. Methods: All participating kidney transplant patients who received eculizumab therapy for a suspected posttransplant aHUS recurrence were evaluated. Overall recurrence rate was monitored prospectively at Radboud University Medical Center. Results: In the period from January 2016 until October 2020, we included 15 (12 females, 3 males; median age 42 years, range 24-66 years) patients with suspected aHUS recurrence after kidney transplantation in this study. The time interval to recurrence showed a bimodal distribution. Seven patients presented early after transplantation (median 3 months, range 0.3-8.8 months), with typical aHUS features: rapid loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and laboratory signs of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Eight patients presented late (median 46 months, range 18-69 months) after transplantation. Of these, only 3 patients had systemic TMA, whereas 5 patients presented with slowly deteriorating eGFR without systemic TMA. Treatment with eculizumab resulted in improvement or stabilization of eGFR in 14 patients. Eculizumab discontinuation was tried in 7 patients; however, it was successful only in 3. At the end of the follow-up (median 29 months, range 3-54 months after start of eculizumab), 6 patients had eGFR <30 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Graft loss had occurred in 3 of them. Overall, aHUS recurrence rate without eculizumab prophylaxis was 23%. Conclusions: Rescue treatment of posttransplant aHUS recurrence is effective; however, some patients suffer from irreversible loss of kidney function, likely caused by delayed diagnosis and treatment and/or too aggressive discontinuation of eculizumab. Physicians should be aware that recurrence of aHUS can present without evidence of systemic TMA.

Proteinuria and Exposure to Eculizumab in Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Eculizumab is a monoclonal antibody for the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Kidney damage, a common condition in patients with aHUS, may result in proteinuria. Because proteinuria may affect the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins such as eculizumab, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of proteinuria on eculizumab pharmacokinetics. METHODS: This study was an ancillary study of a previously performed pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of eculizumab in aHUS. Proteinuria, measured as urinary protein-creatinine ratios (UPCR), was investigated as covariate for eculizumab clearance. Thereafter, we evaluated the effect of proteinuria on the exposure to eculizumab in a simulation study for the initial phase and for a 2-weekly and 3-weekly interval in the maintenance phase. RESULTS: The addition of UPCR as a linear covariate on clearance to our base model resulted in a statistically improved fit ( P < 0.001) and reduction of unexplained variability in clearance. From our data, we predicted that in the initial phase, 16% of the adult patients with severe proteinuria (UPCR >3.1 g/g) will have inadequate complement inhibition (classical pathway activity >10%) on day 7 of treatment, compared with 3% of the adult patients without proteinuria. None of the pediatric patients will have inadequate complement inhibition at day 7 of treatment. For the 2- and 3-weekly dosing intervals, we predicted that, respectively, 18% and 49% of the adult patients and, respectively, 19% and 57% of the pediatric patients with persistent severe proteinuria will have inadequate complement inhibition, compared with, respectively, 2% and 13% of the adult patients and, respectively, 4% and 22% of the pediatric patients without proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS: Severe proteinuria is associated with a higher risk of underexposure to eculizumab. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER: CUREiHUS, Dutch Trial Register, NTR5988/NL5833.

Early Eculizumab Withdrawal in Patients With Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in Native Kidneys Is Safe and Cost-Effective: Results of the CUREiHUS Study.

Introduction: The introduction of eculizumab has improved the outcome in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). The optimal treatment strategy is debated. Here, we report the results of the CUREiHUS study, a 4-year prospective, observational study monitoring unbiased eculizumab discontinuation in Dutch patients with aHUS after 3 months of therapy. Methods: All pediatric and adult patients with aHUS in native kidneys and a first-time eculizumab treatment were evaluated. In addition, an extensive cost-consequence analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 21 patients were included in the study from January 2016 to October 2020. In 17 patients (81%), a complement genetic variant or antibodies against factor H were identified. All patients showed full recovery of hematological thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) parameters after the start of eculizumab. A renal response was noted in 18 patients. After a median treatment duration of 13.6 weeks (range 2.1-43.9), eculizumab was withdrawn in all patients. During follow-up (80.7 weeks [0.0-236.9]), relapses occurred in 4 patients. Median time to first relapse was 19.5 (14.3-53.6) weeks. Eculizumab was reinitiated within 24 hours in all relapsing patients. At last follow-up, there were no chronic sequelae, i.e., no clinically relevant increase in serum creatinine (sCr), proteinuria, and/or hypertension in relapsing patients. The low sample size and event rate did not allow to determine predictors of relapse. However, relapses only occurred in patients with a likely pathogenic variant. The cost-effectiveness analysis revealed that the total medical expenses of our population were only 30% of the fictive expenses that would have been made when patients received eculizumab every fortnight. Conclusion: It is safe and cost-effective to discontinue eculizumab after 3 months of therapy in patients with aHUS in native kidneys. Larger data registries are needed to determine factors associated with suboptimal kidney function recovery during eculizumab treatment, factors to predict relapses, and long-term outcomes of eculizumab discontinuation.

Proposal for individualized dosing of eculizumab in atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome: patient friendly and cost-effective.

BACKGROUND: Eculizumab is a lifesaving yet expensive drug for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS). Current guidelines advise a fixed-dosing schedule, which can be suboptimal and inflexible in the individual patient. METHODS: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) [classical pathway (CP) activity levels] of eculizumab in 48 patients, consisting of 849 time-concentration data and 569 CP activity levels. PK-PD modelling was performed with non-linear mixed-effects modelling. The final model was used to develop improved dosing strategies. RESULTS: A PK model with parallel linear and non-linear elimination rates best described the data with the parameter estimates clearance 0.163 L/day, volume of distribution 6.42 L, maximal rate 29.6 mg/day and concentration for 50% of maximum rate 37.9 mg/L. The PK-PD relation between eculizumab concentration and CP activity was described using an inhibitory Emax model with the parameter estimates baseline 101%, maximal inhibitory effect 95.9%, concentration for 50% inhibition 22.0 mg/L and  Hill coefficient 5.42. A weight-based loading dose, followed by PK-guided dosing was found to improve treatment. On day 7, we predict 99.95% of the patients to reach the efficacy target (CP activity <10%), compared with 94.75% with standard dosing. Comparable efficacy was predicted during the maintenance phase, while the dosing interval could be prolonged in ∼33% of the population by means of individualized dosing. With a fixed-dose 4-week dosing interval to allow for holidays, treatment costs will increase by 7.1% and we predict 91% of the patients will reach the efficacy target. CONCLUSIONS: A patient-friendly individualized dosing strategy of eculizumab has the potential to improve treatment response at reduced costs.

Long-term follow-up including extensive complement analysis of a pediatric C3 glomerulopathy cohort.

BACKGROUND: C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is a rare kidney disorder characterized by predominant glomerular depositions of complement C3. C3G can be subdivided into dense deposit disease (DDD) and C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN). This study describes the long-term follow-up with extensive complement analysis of 29 Dutch children with C3G. METHODS: Twenty-nine C3G patients (19 DDD, 10 C3GN) diagnosed between 1992 and 2014 were included. Clinical and laboratory findings were collected at presentation and during follow-up. Specialized assays were used to detect rare variants in complement genes and measure complement-directed autoantibodies and biomarkers in blood. RESULTS: DDD patients presented with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). C3 nephritic factors (C3NeFs) were detected in 20 patients and remained detectable over time despite immunosuppressive treatment. At presentation, low serum C3 levels were detected in 84% of all patients. During follow-up, in about 50% of patients, all of them C3NeF-positive, C3 levels remained low. Linear mixed model analysis showed that C3GN patients had higher soluble C5b-9 (sC5b-9) and lower properdin levels compared to DDD patients. With a median follow-up of 52 months, an overall benign outcome was observed with only six patients with eGFR below 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We extensively described clinical and laboratory findings including complement features of an exclusively pediatric C3G cohort. Outcome was relatively benign, persistent low C3 correlated with C3NeF presence, and C3GN was associated with higher sC5b-9 and lower properdin levels. Prospective studies are needed to further elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying C3G and guide personalized medicine with complement therapeutics.

Case Report: Variable Pharmacokinetic Profile of Eculizumab in an aHUS Patient.

Background: With the introduction of eculizumab, a C5-inhibitor, morbidity and mortality improved significantly for patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). In view of the high costs, actual needs of the drug, and increasing evidence in literature, aHUS patients can be treated according to a restrictive eculizumab regimen. We retrospectively analyzed the pharmacokinetic and dynamic parameters of eculizumab in one patient in time, emphasizing various factors which could be taken into account during tapering of treatment. Case Presentation: A nowadays 18-year-old male with a severe, frequently relapsing form of atypical HUS due to a hybrid CFH/CFHR1 gene in combination with the homozygous factor H haplotype, required chronic plasma therapy (PT), including periods with plasma infusion, from the age of onset at 5 months until initiation of eculizumab at the age of 11 years. A mild but stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 9 years of disease remission enabled prolongation of eculizumab interval. At the age of 15 years, a sudden yet multifactorial progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was observed, without any signs of disease recurrence. However, an acquired glomerulocystic disease, a reduced left kidney function, and abnormal abdominal venous system of unknown etiology were found. In addition, after an aHUS relapse, an unexpected increase in intra-patient variability of eculizumab concentrations was seen. Retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a change in eculizumab clearance, associated with a simultaneous increase in proteinuria. Conclusion: High intra-patient variability of eculizumab pharmacokinetics were observed over time, emphasizing the necessity for adequate and continuous therapeutic drug monitoring in aHUS patients. Eculizumab serum trough levels together with complement activation markers (CH50) should be frequently assessed, especially during tapering of drug therapy and/or changing clinical conditions in the patient. In addition, an increase in proteinuria could result in urinary eculizumab loss, indicating that urinary monitoring of eculizumab may be important in aHUS patients with an unexplained decline in serum concentrations.

Heme as Possible Contributing Factor in the Evolvement of Shiga-Toxin Escherichia coli Induced Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome.

Shiga-toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic-uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is one of the most common causes of acute kidney injury in children. Stx-mediated endothelial injury initiates the cascade leading to thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), still the exact pathogenesis remains elusive. Interestingly, there is wide variability in clinical presentation and outcome. One explanation for this could be the enhancement of TMA through other factors. We hypothesize that heme, as released during extensive hemolysis, contributes to the etiology of TMA. Plasma levels of heme and its scavenger hemopexin and degrading enzyme heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured in 48 STEC-HUS patients. Subsequently, the effect of these disease-specific heme concentrations, in combination with Stx, was assessed on primary human glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (HGMVECs). Significantly elevated plasma heme levels up to 21.2 µM were found in STEC-HUS patients compared to controls and were inversely correlated with low or depleted plasma hemopexin levels (R2 -0.74). Plasma levels of HO-1 are significantly elevated compared to controls. Interestingly, especially patients with high heme levels (n = 12, heme levels above 75 quartile range) had high plasma HO-1 levels with median of 332.5 (86-720) ng/ml (p = 0.008). Furthermore, heme is internalized leading to a significant increase in reactive oxygen species production and stimulated both nuclear translocation of NF-κB and increased levels of its target gene (tissue factor). In conclusion, we are the first to show elevated heme levels in patients with STEC-HUS. These increased heme levels mediate endothelial injury by promoting oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic state. Hence, heme may be a contributing and driving factor in the pathogenesis of STEC-HUS and could potentially amplify the cascade leading to TMA.

Correction to: Eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: strategies toward restrictive use.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained two mistakes. The presentation of Table 1 and Fig. 1 was incorrect. The corrected versions are given below.

Eculizumab in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: strategies toward restrictive use.

With the introduction of the complement C5-inhibitor eculizumab, a new era was entered for patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Eculizumab therapy very effectively reversed thrombotic microangiopathy and reduced mortality and morbidity. Initial guidelines suggested lifelong treatment and recommended prophylactic use of eculizumab in aHUS patients receiving a kidney transplant. However, there is little evidence to support lifelong therapy or prophylactic treatment in kidney transplant recipients. Worldwide, there is an ongoing debate regarding the optimal dose and duration of treatment, particularly in view of the high costs and potential side effects of eculizumab. An increasing but still limited number of case reports and small cohort studies suggest that a restrictive treatment regimen is feasible. We review the current literature and focus on the safety and efficacy of restrictive use of eculizumab. Our current treatment protocol is based on restrictive use of eculizumab. Prospective monitoring will provide more definite proof of the feasibility of such restrictive treatment.

Glyco-iELISA: a highly sensitive and unambiguous serological method to diagnose STEC-HUS caused by serotype O157.

BACKGROUND: Providing proof of presence of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infection forms the basis for differentiating STEC-hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and atypical HUS. As the gold standard to diagnose STEC-HUS has limitations, using ELISA to detect serum antibodies against STEC lipopolysaccharides (LPS) has proven additional value. Yet, conventional LPS-ELISA has drawbacks, most importantly presence of cross-reactivity due to the conserved lipid A part of LPS. The newly described glyco-iELISA tackles this issue by using modified LPS that eliminates the lipid A part. Here, the incremental value of glyco-iELISA compared to LPS-ELISA is assessed. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed including all pediatric patients (n = 51) presenting with a clinical pattern of STEC-HUS between 1990 and 2014 in our hospital. Subsequently, the diagnostic value of glyco-iELISA was evaluated in a retrospective nationwide study (n = 264) of patients with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). LPS- and glyco-iELISA were performed to detect IgM against STEC serotype O157. Both serological tests were compared with each other and with fecal diagnostics. RESULTS: Glyco-iELISA is highly sensitive and has no cross-reactivity. In the single-center cohort, fecal diagnostics, LPS-ELISA, and glyco-iELISA identified STEC O157 infection in 43%, 65%, and 78% of patients, respectively. Combining glyco-iELISA with fecal diagnostics, STEC infection due to O157 was detected in 89% of patients. In the nationwide cohort, 19 additional patients (8%) were diagnosed with STEC-HUS by glyco-iELISA. CONCLUSION: This study shows that using glyco-iELISA to detect IgM against STEC serotype O157 has clear benefit compared to conventional LPS-ELISA, contributing to optimal diagnostics in STEC-HUS.

Validity of the Patient Experiences and Satisfaction with Medications (PESaM) Questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the validity and reliability of the generic module of the recently developed Patient Experiences and Satisfaction with Medications (PESaM) questionnaire in a sample of patients in the Netherlands. METHODS: The generic module of the PESaM questionnaire consists of 18 items related to the domains effectiveness, side effects and ease of use of medications. It assesses patients' experiences regarding the impact of the medication on daily life, health and satisfaction. In 2017, the PESaM questionnaire was sent out to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients using pirfenidone or nintedanib, atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome patients receiving eculizumab and patients using tacrolimus after kidney transplantation. Mean scores for each domain were calculated applying a scoring algorithm. Construct validity and reliability were assessed using recommended methods. RESULTS: 188 participants completed the generic module, of whom 48% used pirfenidone, 36% nintedanib, 11% tacrolimus and 5% eculizumab. The generic module has good structural properties. Internal consistency values of the domains were satisfactory (i.e. Cronbach's coefficient alpha above 0.7). Confirmatory factor analysis provided further evidence for construct validity, with good convergent and discriminant validity. The PESaM questionnaire also showed different scores for patients using different medications, in line with expectations, and was therefore able to differentiate between patient groups. Test-retest reliability of the items and domains were rated as moderate to fair (i.e. intraclass coefficients ranged between 0.18 and 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: The PESaM questionnaire is a unique patient-reported outcome measure evaluating patient experiences and satisfaction with medications. It has been developed in conjunction with patients, ensuring coverage of domains and issues relevant from the patient's perspective. This study has shown promising validity of the generic module of the PESaM questionnaire. Further research is recommended to assess reliability in greater detail as well as the responsiveness of the measure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study is registered in The Netherlands National Trial Register (Trial Code 5860).

Safety and effectiveness of restrictive eculizumab treatment in atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome.

Background: Atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare but severe form of thrombotic microangiopathy as a consequence of complement dysregulation. aHUS has a poor outcome with high mortality and >50% of patients developing end-stage renal disease. Since the end of 2012, these outcomes have greatly improved with the introduction of eculizumab. Currently the duration of treatment is debated. Most guidelines advise lifelong treatment. However, there is no hard evidence to support this advice. Historically, a substantial number of aHUS patients were weaned of plasma therapy, often without disease recurrence. Moreover, the long-term consequences of eculizumab treatment are unknown. In this retrospective study we describe 20 patients who received a restrictive treatment regimen. Methods: All aHUS patients who presented in the Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, between 2012 and 2016 and who received eculizumab are described. Clinical, diagnostic and follow-up data were gathered and reviewed. Results: Twenty patients (14 adults, 6 children) with aHUS have received eculizumab. Eculizumab was tapered in all and stopped in 17 patients. aHUS recurrence occurred in five patients. Due to close monitoring, recurrence was detected early and eculizumab was restarted. No clinical sequela such as proteinuria or progressive kidney dysfunction was detected subsequently. In total, eculizumab has been discontinued in 13 patients without aHUS recurrence, of which 5 are event free for >1 year. With this strategy ∼€11.4 million have been saved. Conclusions: A restrictive eculizumab regimen in aHUS appears safe and effective. Prospective studies should further evaluate the most optimal treatment strategy.

Unusual severe case of hemolytic uremic syndrome due to Shiga toxin 2d-producing E. coli O80:H2.

BACKGROUND: Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is one of the most common causes of acute renal failure in children, with the majority of cases caused by an infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Whereas O157 is still the predominant STEC serotype, non-O157 serotypes are increasingly associated with STEC-HUS. However, little is known about this emerging and highly diverse group of non-O157 serotypes. With supportive therapy, STEC-HUS is often self-limiting, with occurrence of chronic sequelae in just a small proportion of patients. CASE DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT: In this case report, we describe a 16-month-old boy with a highly severe and atypical presentation of STEC-HUS. Despite the presentation with multi-organ failure and extensive involvement of central nervous system due to extensive thrombotic microangiopathy (suggestive of atypical HUS), fecal diagnostics revealed an infection with the rare serotype: shiga toxin 2d-producing STEC O80:H2. CONCLUSIONS: This report underlines the importance of STEC diagnostic tests in all children with HUS, including those with an atypical presentation, and emphasizes the importance of molecular and serotyping assays to estimate the virulence of an STEC strain.

Development and Pretesting of a Questionnaire to Assess Patient Experiences and Satisfaction with Medications (PESaM Questionnaire).

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to develop, together with the Lung Foundation Netherlands and Dutch Kidney Patients Association, patients and clinicians, a measure to evaluate patient experiences with the orphan drugs pirfenidone (for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [IPF]) and eculizumab (for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome [aHUS]), as well as a generic measure of patient experiences and satisfaction with medications. METHODS: Development of the Patient Experiences and Satisfaction with Medications (PESaM) questionnaire consisted of four phases: literature review (phase I); focus groups and individual patient interviews (phase II); item generation (phase III); and face and content validity testing (phase IV). Literature review aimed to identify existing disease-specific and generic patient experience measures to provide guidance on the domains of medication use relevant to patients, the number of items and type of response categories, and to generate an initial pool of items. Subsequent focus groups and patient interviews were conducted to gain insight into the perceived effectiveness of the therapies, the burden of side effects, and how the medication impacted on a patient's daily life. Focus groups and interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Coding was carried out by highlighting passages in the text and assigning each passage a code representing the following predefined categories: (1) perceived effectiveness; (2) side effects; (3) ease of use; and (4) impact of medication. Using data from phase I and II, a panel of experts selected items relevant for inclusion in the questionnaire. Individual patient interviews with IPF and aHUS patients (n = 18), using a retrospective verbal probing technique, were conducted to assess face validity, time needed to fill out the questionnaire, and content validity. RESULTS: The PESaM questionnaire that was developed consisted of two disease-specific modules that assessed patient experiences with pirfenidone for the treatment of IPF, and eculizumab for the treatment of aHUS, a generic module, applicable to any medication, and a module to assess patient expectations. Review of the literature identified multiple disease- or medication-specific questionnaires and two generic patient satisfaction questionnaires. Common domains across most questionnaires were effectiveness, side effects, ease of use and overall satisfaction. Patient interviews revealed the social impact (e.g. unable to go outside) of side effects such as photosensitivity associated with pirfenidone and the risk of infection associated with eculizumab. Each PESaM module focuses on patients' perceived effectiveness of the medication, side effects, and ease of use, and the impact these aspects have on physical and emotional health and daily life. The generic module additionally includes items related to satisfaction with the medication. Individual interviews with patients in phase IV confirmed, in general, that questions and response options of the modules were clear and content validity was good. The mean time to complete the modules ranged from 6 min for the disease-specific (aHUS) module to 9 min for the generic module. CONCLUSIONS: We developed the PESaM questionnaire to quantitatively assess patient experiences and satisfaction with medications. A validation study is currently underway to examine the psychometric properties of the PESaM questionnaire.

Fecal diagnostics in combination with serology: best test to establish STEC-HUS.

BACKGROUND: In the majority of pediatric patients, the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is caused by an infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), mostly serotype O157. It is important to discriminate between HUS caused by STEC and complement-mediated HUS (atypical HUS) due to differences in treatment and outcome. As STEC and its toxins can only be detected in the patient's stool for a short period of time after disease onset, the infectious agent may go undetected using only fecal diagnostic tests. Serum antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of STEC persist for several weeks and may therefore be of added value in the diagnosis of STEC. METHODS: All patients with clinical STEC-HUS who were treated at Radboud University Medical Center between 1990 and 2014 were included in this retrospective single-center study. Clinical and diagnostic microbiological data were collected. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against LPS of STEC serotype O157 were detected by a serological assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Data from 65 patients weres available for analysis. Fecal diagnostic testing found evidence of an STEC infection in 34/63 patients (54 %). Serological evidence of STEC O157 was obtained in an additional 16 patients. This is an added value of 23 % (p < 0.0001) when the serological antibody assay is used in addition to standard fecal diagnostic tests to confirm the diagnosis STEC-HUS. This added value becomes especially apparent when the tests are performed more than 7 days after the initial manifestation of the gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The serological anti-O157 LPS assay clearly makes a positive contribution when used in combination with standard fecal diagnostic tests to diagnose STEC-HUS and should be incorporated in clinical practice.