European Cytogeneticists Association Register of Unbalanced Chromosome Aberrations (ECARUCA); an online database for rare chromosome abnormalities.

During recent years a considerable improvement in diagnostic techniques has enabled cytogeneticists to find more and smaller chromosomal aberrations. However, accurate clinical knowledge about rare chromosome disorders is frequently lacking, mostly due to a significant decline in publishable cases. On the other hand, there is an increasing demand from parents and physicians for reliable information. In order to improve the quality and the quantity of data available, we designed a new database named the European Cytogeneticists Association Register of Unbalanced Chromosome Aberrations (ECARUCA) at http://www.ecaruca.net. This Internet-database contains cytogenetic and clinical data of patients with rare chromosome abnormalities, including microscopically visible aberrations, as well as microdeletions and -duplications. Cases with certain breakpoints collected in the Zurich Cytogenetic Database were transferred to ECARUCA. The advantages of ECARUCA compared to existing sources are that ECARUCA is interactive, dynamic and has long-term possibilities to store cytogenetic, molecular and clinical data. Professionals can login to submit new cases and perform searches in the database through the Internet. Currently the database contains 1500 unique chromosomal aberrations from almost 4000 patients. A frequent submission of new data ensures the up-to-date quality of the collection. Individual parent accounts allow parents to inform the ECARUCA team about the follow-up of their child. The ECARUCA database provides health care workers with accurate information on clinical aspects of rare chromosome disorders. Additionally, detailed correlations between chromosome aberrations and their phenotypes are of invaluable help in localising genes for mental retardation and congenital anomalies.

Kohlschutter syndrome in siblings.

Kohlschutter syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disorder presenting with intractable seizures, developmental regression and characteristic hypoplastic dental enamel indicative of amelogenesis imperfecta. We report a new family with two affected siblings.

Diagnosis in dysmorphology: clues from the skin.

Dysmorphology is the study of abnormal patterns of human development. A recurrent and recognizable combination of physical and behavioural abnormalities makes up a syndrome. Accurate recognition and diagnosis of syndromes is important because it influences medical management of patients, provides information about prognosis, and allows for genetic counselling including accurate estimation of genetic risk within families and, where possible, prenatal diagnosis. This review examines the diagnostic process in dysmorphology and indicates how skin signs may provide important clues to the clinician.

Congenital glaucoma and brain stem atrophy as features of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome.

We report on three children from two families with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. All three had congenital glaucoma. Additionally, neuroimaging demonstrated significant brain stem atrophy in the affected sib-pair. These features have not been previously described in Aicardi-Goutières syndrome and expand the phenotypic spectrum.

Familial syndromic duodenal atresia: Feingold syndrome.

Familial duodenal atresia occurs as part of Feingold syndrome. Other features of this variable autosomal dominant condition include tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia, microcephaly, hand and foot anomalies, facial dysmorphism, and developmental delay. We report a father and two sons with Feingold syndrome. One has bilateral dysplastic kidneys which have not been reported previously.

Characterization of brain malformations in the Baraitser-Winter syndrome and review of the literature.

Baraitser-Winter syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and multiple malformations also involving the brain. We report a further case and provide updated information about an unrelated girl reported in the original paper by Baraitser and Winter. Both of them presented with pachygyria and the latter case was recently found to have subcortical band heterotopia on high resolution brain MRI imaging. These two patients and a review of the previously reported cases indicate that a specific pattern of brain anomalies falling in the agyria-pachygyria-band spectrum is associated with this dysmorphic syndrome, which may be considered another example of syndromic neuronal migration defect.

Dysplastic cortical hyperostosis (Kozlowski-Tsuruta syndrome): report of a second case.

We report a fetus from a pregnancy that was terminated at 26 weeks gestation for hydrops and short limb skeletal dysplasia. The parents were first cousins. Post mortem examination showed pulmonary hypoplasia and hepatomegaly. The radiographs showed shortening and cortical thickening of all long bones. The cortical thickening was most marked in the long bones, ribs, clavicles and scapulae but spared the skull vault, facial bones and pelvis. There were coronal clefts in the lower lumbar vertebrae. The clinical and radiological features of this fetus conform to those reported in a stillborn male by Kozlowski and Tsuruta in 1989 (Br J Radiol 62:376-378). This is the second reported case of this condition and confirms that it is a distinct and recognisable, lethal skeletal dysplasia. The parental consanguinity in our patient suggests that this condition may be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

Hemifacial microsomia, external auditory canal atresia, deafness and Mullerian anomalies associated with acro-osteolysis: a new autosomal recessive syndrome?

We report the combination of hemifacial microsomia, external auditory canal atresia, deafness and acro-osteolysis in several members of a highly consanguineous Asian family. In addition Mullerian anomalies have been found in two female members of the family. The external auditory canal stenosis and Mullerian anomalies in this family are similar to those reported by Winter et al. [(1968) J Pediatr 72 : 88-93] and overlap with those found in Goldenhar syndrome and Mullerian duct/renal aplasia/cervicothoracic somite dysplasia (MURCS), CHARGE and VATER associations. However, to the authors' knowledge, acro-osteolysis has not been reported in patients with any of these conditions. Overall, the findings in this family appear to be unique and the presence of consanguinity suggests an autosomal recessive condition with variable expression.

Mutations in the general transcription factor TFIIH result in beta-thalassaemia in individuals with trichothiodystrophy.

The transcription factor TFIIH is involved in both basal transcription and DNA repair. Mutations in the XPD helicase component of TFIIH can result in the diverse clinical features associated with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and trichothiodystrophy (TTD). It is generally believed that the multi-system abnormalities associated with TTD are the result of a subtle deficiency in basal transcription. However, to date, there has been no clear demonstration of a defect in expression of any specific gene in individuals with these syndromes. Here we show that the specific mutations in XPD that cause TTD result in reduced expression of the beta-globin genes in these individuals. Eleven TTD patients with characterized mutations in the XPD gene have the haematological features of beta-thalassaemia trait, and reduced levels of beta-globin synthesis and beta-globin mRNA. All these parameters were normal in three patients with XP. These findings provide the first evidence for reduced expression of a specific gene in TTD. They support the hypothesis that many of the clinical features of TTD result from inadequate expression of a diverse set of highly expressed genes.

Association of germline mutation in the PTEN tumour suppressor gene and Proteus and Proteus-like syndromes.

The molecular aetiology of Proteus syndrome (PS) remains elusive. Germline mutations in PTEN cause Cowden syndrome and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, which are hereditary hamartoma syndromes. Some features-eg, macrocephaly, lipomatosis, and vascular malformations-can be seen in all three syndromes. We examined PTEN in patients with PS and undefined Proteus-like syndromes (PS-like) and identified de-novo germline mutations in two of nine patients with PS and three of five patients with PS-like. Germline PTEN mutation analysis should be done in individuals with PS and PS-like because of its association with increased risk of cancer development and potential of germline-mutation transmission.

Mutational analysis in X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda.

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by short stature due to defective growth of the vertebral bodies. In addition, deformities of the femoral heads result in early onset secondary osteoarthritis of the hips. The disorder affects males only with heterozygous female carriers showing no consistent abnormalities. The gene causing SEDT, which is located on Xp22.12-p22.31, consists of 6 exons of which only exons 3, 4, 5, and 6 are translated to yield an 140 amino acid protein, referred to as SEDLIN. SEDLIN mutations have been observed in SEDT patients, and we have undertaken studies to characterize such mutations in four unrelated SEDT kindreds by DNA sequence analysis. We identified two nonsense and two intragenic deletional frameshift mutations. The nonsense mutations occurred in exons 4 (TGG-->TGA, Trp70Stop) and 6 (CGA-->TGA, Arg122Stop). Both of the intragenic deletions, which were approximately 750 bp and 1300-1445 bp in size, involved intron 5 and part of exon 6 and resulted in frameshifts that lead to premature termination (Stop) signals. Thus, all four mutations are predicted to result in truncated proteins. The results of our study expand the spectrum of SEDLIN mutations associated with SEDT, and this will help to elucidate further the role of this novel protein in the etiology of this form of osteochondrodysplasia.

Oto-facio-cervical (OFC) syndrome is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving EYA1: molecular analysis confirms allelism with BOR syndrome and further narrows the Duane syndrome critical region to 1 cM.

Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder involving hearing loss, branchial defects, ear pits and renal abnormalities. Oto-facio-cervical (OFC) syndrome is clinically similar to BOR syndrome, with clinical features in addition to those of BOR syndrome. Mutations in the EYA1 gene (localised to 8q13.3) account for nearly 70% of BOR syndrome cases exhibiting at least three of the major features. Small intragenic deletions of the 3' region of the gene have also been reported in patients with BOR syndrome. We have developed a fluorescent quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction for three 3' exons (7, 9 and 13) of the EYA1 gene. This dosage assay, combined with microsatellite marker analysis, has identified de novo deletions of the EYA1 gene and surrounding region in two patients with complex phenotypes involving features of BOR syndrome. One patient with OFC syndrome carried a large deletion of the EYA1 gene region, confirming that OFC syndrome is allelic with BOR syndrome. Microsatellite analysis has shown that comparison of the boundaries of this large deletion with other reported rearrangements of the region reduces the critical region for Duane syndrome (an eye movement disorder) to between markers D8S553 and D8S1797, a genetic distance of approximately 1 cM.

Diagnostic dilemmas in four infants with nephrotic syndrome, microcephaly and severe developmental delay.

We present four cases with nephrotic syndrome, microcephaly and severe developmental delay. In the differential diagnosis the Galloway-Mowat syndrome, PEHO syndrome, ARC syndrome and the carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein (CDG) syndrome are considered and discussed. One case may fall into the Galloway-Mowat spectrum and another case was diagnosed with the CDG syndrome. This case is the third report of a nephrotic syndrome as a part of the CDG syndrome. Two remaining cases with cerebellar and brain stem atrophy, and without major histopathological changes in the kidney were left without a definite unifying diagnosis and may well represent a different unknown condition. Although microcephaly and nephrotic syndrome with or without hiatus hernia has been equated with Galloway-Mowat syndrome in the literature, the brain and renal pathology in these reported cases has been very variable. It is likely that this group as a whole is aetiologically heterogeneous.

Clinical studies on submicroscopic subtelomeric rearrangements: a checklist.

BACKGROUND: Submicroscopic subtelomeric chromosome defects have been found in 7.4% of children with moderate to severe mental retardation and in 0.5% of children with mild retardation. Effective clinical preselection is essential because of the technical complexities and cost of screening for subtelomere deletions. METHODS: We studied 29 patients with a known subtelomeric defect and assessed clinical variables concerning birth history, facial dysmorphism, congenital malformations, and family history. Controls were 110 children with mental retardation of unknown aetiology with normal G banded karyotype and no detectable submicroscopic subtelomeric abnormalities. RESULTS: Prenatal onset of growth retardation was found in 37% compared to 9% of the controls (p<0.0005). A higher percentage of positive family history for mental retardation was reported in the study group than the controls (50% v 21%, p=0.002). Miscarriage(s) were observed in only 8% of the mothers of subtelomeric cases compared to 30% of controls (p=0.028) which was, however, not significant after a Bonferroni correction. Common features (>30%) among subtelomeric deletion cases were microcephaly, short stature, hypertelorism, nasal and ear anomalies, hand anomalies, and cryptorchidism. Two or more facial dysmorphic features were observed in 83% of the subtelomere patients. None of these features was significantly different from the controls. Using the results, a five item checklist was developed which allowed exclusion from further testing in 20% of the mentally retarded children (95% CI 13-28%) in our study without missing any subtelomere cases. As our control group was selected for the "chromosomal phenotype", the specificity of the checklist is likely to be higher in an unselected group of mentally retarded subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that good indicators for subtelomeric defects are prenatal onset of growth retardation and a positive family history for mental retardation. These clinical criteria, in addition to features suggestive of a chromosomal phenotype, resulted in the development of a five item checklist which will improve the diagnostic pick up rate of subtelomeric defects among mentally retarded subjects.