RÉSUMÉ
Understanding the current state of food waste is the basis for effective interventions. Based on field research conducted for 133 days, from March to August 2022, and for 25 days in November 2022, totaling 158 days, this study obtained first-hand data on the waste and consumption of 103 food items in ten categories at sample restaurants in different regions and city levels, and of different operation sizes in China. A total of 7759 consumers were part of this study, of whom 10 % them were children. The food delivered to a total of 2538 tables was counted as part of this study, and the average number of people per table in this study was three. The research objective was to measure the quantity, composition, and environmental impacts of post-consumer waste in the food service industry at the national level. It was discovered that: (1) Food waste generated by post-consumers in China totaled 7.57 Mt, or 43.98 g per capita per meal in 2022. (2) Fruit was the most important type of waste at 1.51 Mt. (3) Roots and tubers had the highest food waste rate (53 %). (4) The annual food waste resulted in a carbon footprint of 30.67 Mt CO2-eq, a nitrogen footprint of 393.94 million kilograms (Mkg N), a phosphorus footprint of 53.87 Mkg P, a water footprint of 17.09 million litres, and a land footprint of 4.36 million hectares (Mha).
Sujet(s)
Environnement , Chine , Empreinte carbone/statistiques et données numériques , Services alimentaires/statistiques et données numériques , Humains , Restaurants/statistiques et données numériques , Gestion des déchets/méthodesRÉSUMÉ
Rare earth orthoniobates (RENbO4) are one kind of important functional materials due to its applications in solid-state phosphors, thermal barrier coatings, and microwave dielectric ceramics. The synthesis of rare earth niobates often needs high reaction temperatures (1300 °C-1700 °C) and long processing times (from hours to tens of hours) in solid-state reactions, which can increase the study time of the relationship between structure and properties. In this work, we used ultrafast high-temperature sintering method to synthesize RENbO4(RE = La, Eu, Gd, Yb, Lu), and found specific structure and properties in these materials obtained with specific synthetic techniques. Based on the electronegativity scale, the charge transfer energy of lanthanide ions in the YNbO4crystal was calculated. The rapid synthesis of RENbO4in a vacuum atmosphere generated more oxygen vacancies, and the structures of [REO8] and [NbO6] were distorted. The shortening of the fluorescence lifetime of LaNbO4and EuNbO4was related to the formation of self-trapped excitons facilitated by lattice distortion. The emission peak of LuNbO4at about 530 nm is attributed to the oxygen vacancy in the niobate group. The reported synthetic methods can provide a fast materials screening route for high melting point inorganic materials.
RÉSUMÉ
A novel strategy is provided to improve the absorption of SiC nanomaterials through surface carbonization of SiC nanowires and hydrolysis. SiC@C-ZnO composites were synthesized with different dosages of ZnNO3·6H2O. Composition, microstructure, and electromagnetic properties of the composites were characterized and analyzed. Results from TEM and XRD show that crystalline ZnO particles adhere to the surface of amorphous carbon, and the ZnO content increases as a function of a dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O. The as-prepared SiC@C-ZnO hybrids exhibit effective electromagnetic absorption, which is related to a synergy effect of different dielectric loss processes. The minimum reflection loss reached -65.4 dB at 11 GHz at a sample thickness of 3.1 mm, while the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reached 7 GHz at a sample thickness of 2.56 mm. Furthermore, the EAB of the samples can also cover the whole X band and Ku band at small sample thicknesses (2.09-3.47 mm). The excellent properties of the materials suggest great prospect as electromagnetic absorbers.
RÉSUMÉ
Lithium niobate (LN) is a type of multifunctional dielectric and ferroelectric crystal that is widely used in acoustic, optical, and optoelectronic devices. The performance of pure and doped LN strongly depends on various factors, including its composition, microstructure, defects, domain, and homogeneity. The structure and composition homogeneity can affect both the chemical and physical properties of LN crystals, including their density, Curie temperature, refractive index, and piezoelectric and mechanical properties. In terms of practical demands, both the composition and microstructure characterizations these crystals must range from the nanometer scale up to the millimeter and wafer scales. Therefore, LN crystals require different characterization technologies when verifying their quality for various device applications. Optical, electrical, and acoustic technologies have been developed, including x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and interferometry. To obtain detailed structural information, advanced sub-nanometer technologies are required. For general industrial demands, fast and non-destructive technologies are preferable. This review outlines the advanced methods used to characterize both the composition and homogeneity of LN melts and crystals from the micro- to wafer scale.
RÉSUMÉ
In this work, a batch of novel ternary hybrids (SiC@C-Fe3O4), characterized by SiC nanowires core, carbon shell, and adhered Fe3O4 nanoparticles were controllably synthesized via surface carbonization of SiCnw followed by hydrothermal reaction. Carbon, which was derived from SiC with nanometer thickness, possesses an amorphous structure, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles are in a crystalline state. Simultaneously, the inducement of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can provide significant magnetic loss, which is well-tuned by changing the molar content of iron precursors (FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O). SiC@C-Fe3O4 hybrids show great electromagnetic absorption performance owing to the synergy effect of dielectric and magnetic losses. The minimum refection loss can reach to -63.71 dB at 11.20 GHz with a thickness of 3.10 mm, while the broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) can reach to 7.48 GHz in range of 10.52-18.00 GHz with a thickness of 2.63 mm. Moreover, the EAB can also cover the whole X band and Ku band. The outstanding performance of the obtained material implys that it is a promising candidate as an electromagnetic absorber.
RÉSUMÉ
A method combining QuEChERS with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of higenamine in Chinese herbal medicine, condiments, and topical medicine. The sample was subjected to extraction using a formic acid-ethanol mixture, followed by purification of the QuEChERS sorbents; then, the extraction solution was introduced into the LC-MS/MS system for detection in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit of the developed method was 0.03 ng/g, and the linear range was 0.10-100 ng/g with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.33% (0.5 ng/g, n=7). The method was then applied to the determination of higenamine in 13 kinds of Chinese herbal medicine, four kinds of condiments, and a topical medicine. Higenamine was detected in dried lotus leaf, dried lotus seed, Chinese yam, Yuzhu, Yam, Sichuan pepper, Cassia, and the topical medicine at 9667.6, 1183.8, 21.5, 8.2, 8.5, 148.6, 21.3, and 173.3 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries of higenamine in Sichuan pepper and cassia was 92.6%-109.8%. In conclusion, the method is fast, simple, reliable, and suitable for use in batch operation.
Sujet(s)
Alcaloïdes/analyse , Condiments/analyse , Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises/analyse , Tétrahydroisoquinoléines/analyse , Chromatographie en phase liquide , Spectrométrie de masse en tandemRÉSUMÉ
The maturity date of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is sensitive to photoperiod, which varies with latitude and growing seasons. The maturity group (MG) system, composed of 13 MGs, is a major approach in characterizing varieties' ecological properties and adaptable areas. A total of 512 world soybean varieties, including 48 MG checks, were tested at a major site (Nanjing, 32.04°N) with portions tested in supplementary sites (Heihe, 50.22°N; Mudanjiang, 44.60°N; Jining, 35.38°N and Nanning, 22.84°N) in China to explore the world-wide MG distribution. The maturity date of the world soybean varied greatly (75-201 d) in Nanjing. Along with soybeans disseminated to new areas, the MGs further expanded during the last 70 years from MG I-VII to the early MG 0-000 in the north continents and to the late MG VIII-X in the south continents with the growth period structure differentiated into two subgroups in each MG 0-VIII except V. The cluster analysis among MGs and subgroups using genome-wide markers validated the MG sequential emergence order and the subgroup differentiation in eight MGs. For future evaluation, in addition to one major site (Nanjing), one supplementary southern site (Nanning) and one supplementary northern site (Heihe) are sufficient.
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BACKGROUND: Induction heating devices using the induction coil and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are the way that the magnetic hyperthermia is heading. OBJECTIVE: To facilitate the induction heating of in vivo magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia experiments on large animals. METHODS: An induction heating device using a planar coil was designed with a magnetic field frequency of 328 kHz. The coil's magnetic field distribution and the device's induction heating performance on different concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles were measured. RESULTS: The alternating magnetic field produced in the axis position 165 mm away from the coil center is 40 Gs in amplitude; magnetic nanoparticles with a concentration higher than 80 mg. mL-1 can be heated up rapidly. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the device can be applied not only to in vitro and in small animal experiments of magnetic hyperthermia using MNPs, but also in large animal experiments.
Sujet(s)
Chauffage/instrumentation , Hyperthermie provoquée/méthodes , Magnétothérapie/méthodes , Nanoparticules , AnimauxRÉSUMÉ
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Bt9875 crystal protein treated with proteinase K on human cancer cells, HL-60. METHODS: We used the methods of Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide, fluorescence microscopy examination, agarose gel electrophores and flow cytometry to detect the growth inhibition rate and apoptosis characters of the HL-60 cells that were treated with different concentration of Bt9875 crystal protein. RESULTS: Bt9875 crystal protein inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells evidently in a dose-dependent manner, with minimal effects on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The nuclei of HL-60 cells showed the characteristics of apoptosis. The analysis by flow cytometry indicated that the apoptosis rate of HL-60 cells was 52% after treatment with Bt9875 crystal protein (100 microg/mL). DNA analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis showed "ladder" pattern. CONCLUSION: Bt9875 crystal protein could inhibit the growth of HL-60 and induced its apoptosis, which provided a foundation for use of Bt9875 crystal protein to cure the acute myeloid leukemia.
Sujet(s)
Apoptose/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Bacillus thuringiensis/composition chimique , Protéines bactériennes/pharmacologie , Endotoxines/pharmacologie , Hémolysines/pharmacologie , Bacillus thuringiensis/classification , Bacillus thuringiensis/isolement et purification , Toxines de Bacillus thuringiensis , Protéines bactériennes/isolement et purification , Noyau de la cellule/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Noyau de la cellule/métabolisme , Fragmentation de l'ADN/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Électrophorèse sur gel de polyacrylamide , Endotoxines/isolement et purification , Cytométrie en flux , Cellules HL-60 , Hémolysines/isolement et purification , Humains , Microscopie de fluorescenceRÉSUMÉ
Red Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is used in many Oriental countries. In this study, the saponin constituents and anticancer activities of steamed American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) roots were evaluated. The contents of 12 ginsenosides in the roots were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After the steaming treatment (100 - 120 degrees C for 1 h and 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 4 h), the quantity of 7 ginsenosides decreased and that of 5 others increased. The content of ginsenoside Rg3, a previously recognized anticancer compound, increased significantly when the root was steamed at 120 degrees C for 0.5 - 3 h. The antiproliferative effects of unsteamed and steamed (120 degrees C for 1 h and 2 h) American ginseng root extracts were assayed by the modified trichrome stain (MTS) method using three cancer cell lines (SW-480, HT-29, NSCLC). Heat-processing increased the antiproliferative effect of American ginseng significantly, and the activity of the extract from roots steamed for 2 h was greater than that of roots steamed for 1 h. Chemical constituents and antiproliferative activities of white and red Asian ginseng have also been evaluated. Five representative ginsenosides, Rb1, Rd, Re, Rg2 and Rg3, were studied. Ginsenoside Rg3 had the most potent effect. The antiproliferative activities of red American ginseng are augmented when ginsenoside Rg3 is increased.
Sujet(s)
Antinéoplasiques d'origine végétale/pharmacologie , Ginsénosides/pharmacologie , Panax , Phytothérapie , Extraits de plantes/pharmacologie , Antinéoplasiques d'origine végétale/administration et posologie , Antinéoplasiques d'origine végétale/composition chimique , Antinéoplasiques d'origine végétale/usage thérapeutique , Lignée cellulaire tumorale/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Prolifération cellulaire/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Ginsénosides/administration et posologie , Ginsénosides/composition chimique , Ginsénosides/usage thérapeutique , Température élevée , Humains , Extraits de plantes/administration et posologie , Extraits de plantes/composition chimique , Extraits de plantes/usage thérapeutique , Racines de planteRÉSUMÉ
The root of American ginseng is a commonly used herbal medicine in the United States. However, the compositions of American ginseng leaves and berries are not clear to date. In this study, we improved a method for the analysis of 12 ginsenosides based on solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet. Good resolution was obtained for all tested ginsenosides: Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, Rg2, 20(R)-Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2. Ginsenosides Rh1, Rg2, and 20(R)-Rg2 were easily separated with this column. The modified gradient elution program resulted in satisfactory linearity and precision. Solid phase extraction made the analysis accurate and efficient. Other investigators recently observed that ginsenoside Rb3 is a potent neuroprotective compound; it can promote learning and memory. In this report, we found that the major ginsenoside in American ginseng leaves and berries was ginsenoside Rb3, while Rb3 only had limited amounts in the root of American ginseng and other species of the Panax genus. Ginsenoside Rb3 was quantified as 4.71% in American ginseng leaves and 5.35% in berries, suggesting that American ginseng leaves and berries are new sources of ginsenoside Rb3.
Sujet(s)
Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance , Fruit/composition chimique , Panax/composition chimique , Feuilles de plante/composition chimique , Saponines/analyse , Ginsénosides/analyseRÉSUMÉ
In order to determine the active ingredients in root extracts of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a gradient HPLC method involving UV photodiode array detection was applied to separate and quantify simultaneously the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1. All ginseng saponins were baseline-resolved under the selected conditions, and the detection limits were 1.0 microg/mL or less. The method has been applied to analyse ginsenosides extracted from American ginseng cultivated in both Wisconsin and Illinois. Ginsenosides Re and Rb1 were the two main ginseng saponins in the root. The amounts of Re in 5- and 7-year Illinois-cultivated samples were greater than those found in ginseng cultivated for 3 or 4 years in Wisconsin, whereas the levels of Rb1 were greater in the younger Wisconsin samples.
Sujet(s)
Ginsénosides/isolement et purification , Panax/composition chimique , Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance , Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises/analyse , Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises/composition chimique , Racines de plante/composition chimique , Spectrophotométrie UVRÉSUMÉ
We evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of ginsenoside Re in adult male C57BL/6J ob/ob mice. Diabetic ob/ob mice with fasting blood glucose levels of approximately 230 mg/dl received daily intraperitoneal injections of 7, 20 and 60 mg/kg ginsenoside Re for 12 consecutive days. Dose-related effects of ginsenoside Re on fasting blood glucose levels were observed. After the 20 mg/kg treatment, fasting blood glucose levels were reduced to 188+/-9.2 and 180+/-10.8 mg/dl on Day 5 and Day 12, respectively (both P<0.01 compared to vehicle group, 229+/-9.5 and 235+/-13.4 mg/dl, respectively). The EC(70) of ginsenoside Re was calculated to be 10.3 mg/kg and was used for subsequent studies. Consistent with the reduction in blood glucose, there were significant decreases in both fed and fasting serum insulin levels in mice treated with ginsenoside Re. With 12 days of ginsenoside treatment, glucose tolerance of ob/ob mice increased significantly, and the area under the curve for glucose decreased by 17.8% (P<0.05 compared to vehicle treatment). The hypoglycemic effect of the ginsenoside persisted even at 3 days of treatment cessation (blood glucose levels: 198+/-13.1 with ginsenoside treatment vs. 253+/-20.3 mg/dl with vehicle, P<0.01). There were no significant changes in body weight or body temperature. Preliminary microarray analysis revealed differential expression of skeletal muscle genes associated with lipid metabolism and muscle function. The results suggest that ginsenoside Re may prove to be useful in treating type 2 diabetes.
Sujet(s)
Glycémie/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Diabète de type 2/thérapie , Ginsénosides/pharmacologie , Ginsénosides/usage thérapeutique , Analyse de variance , Animaux , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Insuline/sang , Mâle , Souris , Souris de lignée C57BL , Muscles squelettiques/métabolisme , Séquençage par oligonucléotides en batterie , Facteurs tempsRÉSUMÉ
Previous studies showed that both American ginseng root and American ginseng berry extracts possess hypoglycemic properties. In this study, we investigated whether American ginseng leaves also have similar capabilities. We first analyzed the chemical constituents of American ginseng leaf and determined the content of six major ginsenosides, i.e., Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg(1), by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Subsequently, we evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of American ginseng leaf extract (AGLE) in diabetic ob/ob adult mice. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of AGLE 50, 150 mg/kg or vehicle for 12 consecutive days. Fasting blood glucose levels, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), body weight and temperature were measured. On day 5, the 150 mg/kg AGLE group had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to vehicle-treated mice (223.0+/-13.9 mg/dl versus 258.0+/-14.0 mg/dl, P<0.05), while the blood glucose levels in 50 mg/kg group did not decrease significantly. On day 12, the glucose levels in both AGLE-treated groups were reduced significantly compared to vehicle group (180.0+/-10.0 mg/dl and 220.2+/-19.3 versus 268.0+/-10.0 mg/dl, P<0.01 and <0.05, respectively). IPGTT data showed that both AGLE 150 and 50 mg/kg groups significantly increased the glucose disposal on day 12 compared to the vehicle group. In addition, body weight decreased in ob/ob mice after AGLE treatment, and these body weight changes were accompanied by significant increases in body temperature (P<0.05). Our results suggest that AGLE possesses a significant anti-hyperglycemic and thermogenic activity and may prove to be beneficial in improving the management of type 2 diabetes.
Sujet(s)
Ginsénosides/pharmacologie , Hypoglycémiants/pharmacologie , Panax , Animaux , Glycémie/analyse , Température du corps/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Poids/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance , Modèles animaux de maladie humaine , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Jeûne , Ginsénosides/analyse , Hyperglycémie provoquée , Injections péritoneales , Mâle , Souris , Souris obèse , Panax/composition chimique , Extraits de plantes/pharmacologie , Feuilles de plante/composition chimiqueRÉSUMÉ
PURPOSE: Nausea/vomiting are significant side effects associated with the use of chemotherapy in cancer patients. Treatment of nausea/vomiting caused by cisplatin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent and one of the most emetogenic stimuli, requires a combination of different antiemetic drugs. In this study, we investigated the effects of Scutellaria baicalensis, an antioxidant herbal medicine, on cisplatin-induced nausea using a rat model. METHODS: Rats react to emetic/nausea-producing stimuli, such as cisplatin, with altered feeding habits, manifested by pica or increased consumption of kaolin (a type of clay). We measured pica in rats to quantify cisplatin-induced nausea, and to evaluate the antinausea effect of pretreatment with S. baicalensis extract (SbE) given intraperitoneally. RESULTS: Cisplatin at 3 mg/kg induced significant pica accompanied by reduced food intake, suggesting the presence of nausea. Hence, this cisplatin dose was selected for testing the antinausea activity of SbE. Cisplatin-induced pica decreased significantly when animals were pretreated with SbE at doses of 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg ( P<0.01). At a higher SbE dose (10 mg/kg), kaolin consumption increased, rather than further decreased, and was significantly different from that in the groups treated with low SbE doses. CONCLUSIONS: SbE pretreatment decreased cisplatin-induced kaolin intake in the rat model of simulated nausea, suggesting that SbE and its active constituent(s) may play a therapeutic role in chemotherapy-induced emesis. Absence of therapeutic effect at the highest tested SbE dose could have been a result of prooxidant activity often associated with excess antioxidant concentration.
Sujet(s)
Antiémétiques/usage thérapeutique , Antinéoplasiques/toxicité , Cisplatine/toxicité , Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises/usage thérapeutique , Pica/traitement médicamenteux , Scutellaria baicalensis/composition chimique , Animaux , Modèles animaux de maladie humaine , Relation dose-effet des médicaments , Médicaments issus de plantes chinoises/administration et posologie , Injections péritoneales , Kaolin , Mâle , Nausée/induit chimiquement , Nausée/traitement médicamenteux , Pica/induit chimiquement , Racines de plante/composition chimique , Rats , Rat WistarRÉSUMÉ
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with electrochemical detection and solid-phase extraction (SPE) using cartridges of weak cation-exchange capacity as the primary retention mechanism is described for the separation and determination of methylnaltrexone (MNTX) in small clinical samples of plasma or urine. The procedure was performed using a Phenomenex Prodigy ODS-2, 5 microm, 150x3.2 mm analytical column and 50 mM potassium acetate buffer, with 11% methanol as organic modifier at pH* 4.5 at a flow-rate of 0.5 ml/min. The detection potential was 700 mV. The six-point standard calibration curves were linear over three consecutive days in the range from 2 to 100 ng/ml. The average goodness of fit (r) was 0.9993. The lower limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 2.0 and 5.0 ng/ml, respectively. At the LOQ, the coefficient of variation for the entire method was 8.0% and the accuracy was 10.0% (n = 10). Recovery of the drug from plasma was in the region of 94%. The method was applied to a pharmacokinetics study of methylnaltrexone after subcutaneous administration and in numerous assays of analytes in blood plasma and urine. The pharmacokinetics parameters for a single dose of 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg in plasma were C(max) = 110 (+/-55) and 287 (+/-101) ng/ml and t(max) = 16.7 (+/-10.8) and 20.0 (+/-9.5) min, respectively. The method is simple, yet sensitive for the detection and determination of methylnaltrexone in biological samples at the level of the physiological response.
Sujet(s)
Chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance/méthodes , Naltrexone/analogues et dérivés , Naltrexone/pharmacocinétique , Antagonistes narcotiques/pharmacocinétique , Calibrage , Humains , Naltrexone/sang , Naltrexone/urine , Antagonistes narcotiques/sang , Antagonistes narcotiques/urine , Composés d'ammonium quaternaire , Reproductibilité des résultats , Sensibilité et spécificitéRÉSUMÉ
Based on the theory of fractal geometry, branching patterns of primitive Abies fabri in the dark coniferous forest ecosystem at the upper reach of Yangtze River were studied. The results showed that the maximum crown width was appeared at inferior 20% of the crown height, and its volume could be simulated by the combination of a round table and a cone. The surface of the crown and their branching patterns of Abies fabri had the common typical fractal characters, the fractal dimensions (FD) were 2.3232 and 1.8119, and the correlation coefficient was 0.99.
Sujet(s)
Abies/croissance et développement , Écosystème , Chine , ArbresRÉSUMÉ
It is generally difficult to survey in primary forests located on high-altitude region. However, it is convenient to identify and to recognize plots accompanied by GPS and GIS techniques, which can also display the spatial pattern of arbors precisely. Using the method of rapid-static positioning cooperated with tape-measure, it is concluded that except some points, the positioning was relatively precise, the average value of RMS was 2.84, variance was 2.96, and delta B, delta L, and delta H were 1.2, 1.2, and 4.3 m with their variances being +/- 0.6, +/- 1.1, and +/- 21.1, respectively, which could meet the needs of forestry management sufficiently. Accompanied by some other models, many ecological processes under small and even medium scale, such as the dynamics of gap succession, could also be simulated visually by GIS. Therefore, the techniques of "2S" were patent for forest ecosystem management under the fine scale, especially in the area of high altitude.
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Écosystème , Tracheobionta/croissance et développement , AltitudeRÉSUMÉ
In this study, we evaluated antihyperglycemic effects of American ginseng berry extract in diabetic ob/ob mice. Animals received daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of the extract 150 mg/kg for 12 days. On days 5 and 12, the extract-treated ob/ob mice had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to day 0 (both p < 0.05). Glucose tolerance improved significantly, which was shown by overall glucose excursion, calculated as area under the curve (AUC) during the two-hour IP glucose tolerance test. The AUC decreased by 31.8% on day 12 compared to day 0 (p < 0.01). In addition, after 12 days of the berry extract treatment, a significant reduction in body weight (p < 0.01 compared to day 0) and a significant increase in body temperature (p < 0.01 compared to day 0) was noticeable. Our results support in vivo antihyperglycemic and antiobese activity of American ginseng berry extract that may prove to be of clinical importance in the prevention and treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
Sujet(s)
Glycémie/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Hypoglycémiants/pharmacologie , Panax , Phytothérapie , Extraits de plantes/pharmacologie , Animaux , Aire sous la courbe , Température du corps/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Poids/effets des médicaments et des substances chimiques , Diabète/traitement médicamenteux , Diabète de type 2/traitement médicamenteux , Fruit/composition chimique , Hyperglycémie provoquée , Hypoglycémiants/administration et posologie , Hypoglycémiants/pharmacocinétique , Hypoglycémiants/usage thérapeutique , Injections péritoneales , Mâle , Souris , Souris obèse , Obésité , Extraits de plantes/administration et posologie , Extraits de plantes/pharmacocinétique , Extraits de plantes/usage thérapeutiqueRÉSUMÉ
We evaluated antihyperglycemic and anti-obese effects of Panax ginseng berry extract and its major constituent, ginsenoside Re, in obese diabetic C57BL/6J ob/ ob mice and their lean littermates. Animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of Panax ginseng berry extract for 12 days. On day 12, 150 mg/kg extract-treated ob/ob mice became normoglycemic (137 +/- 6.7 mg/dl) and had significantly improved glucose tolerance. The overall glucose excursion during the 2-h intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test decreased by 46% (P < 0.01) compared with vehicle-treated ob/ob mice. The improvement in blood glucose levels in the extract-treated ob/ ob mice was associated with a significant reduction in serum insulin levels in fed and fasting mice. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study revealed a more than twofold increase in the rate of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in treated ob/ ob mice (112 +/- 19.1 vs. 52 +/- 11.8 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) for the vehicle group, P < 0.01). In addition, the extract-treated ob/ob mice lost a significant amount of weight (from 51.7 +/- 1.9 g on day 0 to 45.7 +/- 1.2 on day 12, P < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated ob/ob mice), associated with a significant reduction in food intake (P < 0.05) and a very significant increase in energy expenditure (P < 0.01) and body temperature (P < 0.01). Treatment with the extract also significantly reduced plasma cholesterol levels in ob/ob mice. Additional studies demonstrated that ginsenoside Re plays a significant role in antihyperglycemic action. This antidiabetic effect of ginsenoside Re was not associated with body weight changes, suggesting that other constituents in the extract have distinct pharmacological mechanisms on energy metabolism.