Rapid detection of colored and colorless macro- and micro-plastics in complex environment via near-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning.

To better understand the migration behavior of plastic fragments in the environment, development of rapid non-destructive methods for in-situ identification and characterization of plastic fragments is necessary. However, most of the studies had focused only on colored plastic fragments, ignoring colorless plastic fragments and the effects of different environmental media (backgrounds), thus underestimating their abundance. To address this issue, the present study used near-infrared spectroscopy to compare the identification of colored and colorless plastic fragments based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), extreme gradient boost, support vector machine and random forest classifier. The effects of polymer color, type, thickness, and background on the plastic fragments classification were evaluated. PLS-DA presented the best and most stable outcome, with higher robustness and lower misclassification rate. All models frequently misinterpreted colorless plastic fragments and its background when the fragment thickness was less than 0.1mm. A two-stage modeling method, which first distinguishes the plastic types and then identifies colorless plastic fragments that had been misclassified as background, was proposed. The method presented an accuracy higher than 99% in different backgrounds. In summary, this study developed a novel method for rapid and synchronous identification of colored and colorless plastic fragments under complex environmental backgrounds.

[Risk factors for recurrence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia after treatment with the Chinese Children's Cancer Group ALL-2015 protocol]. / CCCG-ALL-2015æ–¹æ¡ˆæ²»ç–—å„¿ç«¥æ€¥æ€§æ·‹å·´ç»†èƒžç™½è¡€ç— å¤å‘çš„å±é™©å› ç´ åˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the cumulative incidence of recurrence (CIR) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after treatment with the Chinese Children's Cancer Group ALL-2015 (CCCG-ALL-2015) protocol and the risk factors for recurrence. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 852 children who were treated with the CCCG-ALL-2015 protocol from January 2015 to December 2019. CIR was calculated, and the risk factors for the recurrence of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 852 children with ALL, 146 (17.1%) experienced recurrence, with an 8-year CIR of 19.8%±1.6%. There was no significant difference in 8-year CIR between the B-ALL group and the acute T lymphocyte leukemia group (P>0.05). For the 146 children with recurrence, recurrence was mainly observed in the very early stage (n=62, 42.5%) and the early stage (n=46, 31.5%), and there were 42 children with bone marrow recurrence alone (28.8%) in the very early stage and 27 children with bone marrow recurrence alone (18.5%) in the early stage. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model analysis showed that positive MLLr fusion gene (HR=4.177, 95%CI: 2.086-8.364, P<0.001) and minimal residual disease≥0.01% on day 46 (HR=2.013, 95%CI: 1.163-3.483, P=0.012) were independent risk factors for recurrence in children with B-ALL after treatment with the CCCG-ALL-2015 protocol. CONCLUSIONS: There is still a relatively high recurrence rate in children with ALL after treatment with the CCCG-ALL-2015 protocol, mainly bone marrow recurrence alone in the very early stage and the early stage, and minimal residual disease≥0.01% on day 46 and positive MLLr fusion gene are closely associated with the recurrence of B-ALL.

[Role of Telomere in Clonal Evolution of Acquired Aplastic Anemia--Review].

Studies have found that 1/3 patients with acquired aplastic anemia have shortened telomere length, and the shorter the telomere, the longer the disease course, the more prone to relapse, the lower the overall survival rate, and the higher the probability of clonal evolution. The regulation of telomere length is affected by many factors, including telomerase activity, telomerase-related genes, telomere regulatory proteins and other related factors. Telomere shortening can lead to genetic instability and increases the probability of clonal evolution in patients with acquired aplastic anemia. This article reviews the role of telomere in the clonal evolution of acquired aplastic anemia and factors affecting telomere length.

[The Efficacy and Influencing Factors of Cyclosporine Alone in the Treatment of Children with Acquired Aplastic Anemia].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy and influencing factors of cyclosporine (CsA) alone in the treatment of children with acquired aplastic anemia (AA). METHODS: The clinical data of children diagnosed with AA and treated with CsA alone from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2020 in the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were collected, and the efficacy and influencing factors of CsA treatment were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 119 patients, there were 62 male and 57 female, with a median age of 7 years and 1 month. There were 45 cases of very severe AA (VSAA), 47 cases of severe AA (SAA), and 27 cases of non-severe AA (NSAA). At 6 months after treatment, the efficacy of VSAA was lower than that of SAA and NSAA, and there was a statistical difference (P < 0.01). 6 cases died early, 16 cases relapsed, 2 cases progressed to AML and ALL. The results of univariate analysis showed that the high proportion of lymphocyte in the bone marrow at 6 months was an adverse factor for the efficacy of CsA, while high PLT count was a protective factor (P =0.008, P =0.002). The ROC curve showed that the cut-off values of PLT count and the proportion of bone marrow lymphocyte at 6 months were 16.5×109 /L, 68.5%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the high proportion of lymphocyte in bone marrow at 6 months was an independent adverse factor for IST (P =0.020, OR =0.062), and high PLT count was a protective factor (P =0.044, OR =1.038). At 3 months of treatment, CsA response and NSAA were the risk factor for recurrence (P =0.001, 0.031). CONCLUSION: The efficacy of NSAA was higher than that of SAA and VSAA after 6 months of treatment with CsA alone. A high PLT count at the initial diagnosis was a good factor for the effectiveness of CsA, and a high proportion of bone marrow lymphocyte was an unfavorable factor. CsA response at 3 months and NSAA were risk factors for recurrence.

Simulation method for multichromatic light spots in mosaic aperture telescopes with large image planes during deployment.

In optical systems, diffraction limits significantly impact spot simulations. This study addresses this problem by applying the Fourier transform to calculate spots in imaging systems. Typically, a 1 mm image plane suffices; however, mosaic aperture telescopes with notable wavefront discontinuities require an approximately 10 mm simulation image plane. This necessitates high sampling rates for pupils, posing challenges for conventional methods. Our model overcomes this challenge by leveraging an interpolation technique to align multiwavelength spots on a uniform image plane grid, thus effectively analyzing spot translation and spreading in imaging systems with diffraction limits.

Molybdate-Templated Luminescent Silver Alkynyl Nanoclusters: Total Structure Determination and Optical Property Analysis.

Two novel MoO42--templated luminescent silver alkynyl nanoclusters with 20-nuclearity ([(MoO42-)@Ag20(C≡CtBu)8(Ph2PO2)7(tfa)2]·(tfa-) (1)) and 18-nuclearity ([(MoO42-)@Ag18(C≡CtBu)8(Ph2PO2)7]·(OH) (2)) (tfa = trifluoroacetate) were synthesized with the green light maximum emissions at 507 and 516 nm, respectively. The nanoclusters were investigated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, electrospray ionization mass spectrum (ESI-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), photoluminescence (PL), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations (DFT). The two nanoclusters differ in their structure by a supplementary [Ag2(tfa)2] organometallic surface motif, which significantly participates in the frontier molecular orbitals of 1, resulting in similar bonding patterns but different optical properties between the two clusters. Indeed, both nanoclusters show strong temperature-dependent photoluminescence properties, which make them potential candidates in the fields of optical devices for further applications.

Comparative Analysis of Agronomic Traits, Yield, and Effective Components of Main Cultivated Ganoderma Mushrooms (Agaricomycetes) in China.

To assess the strain resources and address production challenges in Ganoderma cultivation. 150 Ganoderma strains were collected from 13 provinces in China. A comparative analysis of agronomic traits and effective components was conducted. Among the 150 strains, key agronomic traits measured were: average stipe diameter (15.92 mm), average stipe length (37.46 mm), average cap horizontal diameter (94.97 mm), average cap vertical diameter (64.21 mm), average cap thickness (15.22 mm), and average fruiting body weight (14.30 g). Based on these agronomic traits, four promising strains, namely, L08, L12, Z21, and Z39, were recommended for further cultivation and breeding. The average crude polysaccharide content ranged from 0.048% to 0.977%, and triterpenoids ranged from 0.804% to 2.010%. In addition, 73 triterpenoid compounds were identified, constituting 47.1% of the total compounds. Using a distance discrimination method, the types, and relative contents of triterpenoid compounds in 150 Ganoderma strains were classified, achieving 98% accuracy in G. lingzhi identification. The 16 triterpenoid components used for G. lingzhi identification included oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3ß-acetoxyergosta-7,22-dien-5α-ol, ganoderic acid DM, ganoderiol B, ganorderol A, ganoderic acid GS-1, tsugaric acid A, ganoderic acid GS-2, ganoderenic acid D, ganoderic acid Mf, ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid K, ganoderic acid V, ganoderic acid G, and leucocontextin J. This study provides valuable insights for exploring and utilizing Ganoderma resources and for the development of new varieties.

Population genetics provides insights into the important agronomic traits of Ganoderma cultivation varieties in China.

This study aimed to investigate the species diversity and genetic differentiation of the genome of the main cultivated strains of Ganoderma in China. Population genomics analysis was conducted based on 150 cultivated strains of Ganoderma collected nationwide. The results indicated that the main species currently cultivated in China were Ganoderma sichuanense and Ganoderma lucidum, with a minor proportion of Ganoderma sessile, Ganoderma weberianum, Ganoderma sinense, Ganoderma gibbosum and Ganoderma australe. A total of 336,506 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were obtained through population evolution analysis. The Fst values were calculated using a 5-kb sliding window, which ranged from 0.11 to 0.74. This suggests varying degrees of genetic differentiation between populations and genetic exchange among varieties. On this basis, the genes related to the stipe length, cap color and branch phenotypes of Ganoderma were excavated, and the region with the top 1% ZFst value region was used as a candidate region. A total of 137, 270 and 222 candidate genes were identified in the aforementioned 3 phenotypes, respectively. Gene annotation revealed that genes associated with stipe length were mainly related to cell division and differentiation, including proteins such as Nse4 protein and DIM1 protein. The genes related to Ganoderma red color were mainly related to the metabolism of tryptophan and flavonoids. The genes related to the branch were mainly related to cytokinin synthesis, ABC transporter and cytochrome P450. This study provided 150 valuable genome resequencing data in assessing the diversity and genetic differentiation of Ganoderma and laid a foundation for agronomic trait analysis and the development of new varieties of Ganoderma.

A New Floating Piezoelectric Microphone for Fully Implantable Cochlear Implants in Middle Ear.

OBJECTIVE: Our team designed a long-lasting, well-sealed microphone, which uses laser welding and vacuum packaging technology. This study examined the sensitivity and effectiveness of this new floating piezoelectric microphone (NFPM) designed for totally implantable cochlear implants (TICIs) in animal experiments and intraoperative testing. METHODS: Different NFPM frequency responses from 0.25 to 10 kHz at 90 dB SPL were analyzed using in vivo testing of cats and human patients. The NFPM was tested in different positions that were clamped to the ossicular chains or placed in the tympanic cavity of cats and human patients. Two volunteers' long incus foot and four cats' malleus neck of the ossicular chain were clamped with the NSFM. The output electrical signals from different locations were recorded, analyzed, and compared. The NFPM was removed after the test without causing any damage to the middle-ear structure of the cats. Intraoperative tests of the NFPM were performed during the cochlear implant surgery and the cochlear implant surgery was completed after all tests. RESULTS: Compared with the results in the tympanic cavity, the NFPM could detect the vibration from the ossicular chain more sensitively in cat experiments and intraoperative testing. We also found that the signal output level of the NFPM decreased as the acoustic stimulation strength decreased in the intraoperative testing. CONCLUSION: The NFPM is effective in the intraoperative testing, making it feasible as an implantable middle-ear microphone for TICIs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:937-944, 2024.

The transport and distribution of novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soils and moss along mountain valleys in the Himalayas.

Although the Himalayas act as a natural barrier, studies have demonstrated that certain traditional persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be transported into the Tibetan Plateau (TP) through the mountain valleys. Herein, we selected five mountain valleys in the Himalayas to investigate novel flame retardants (NFRs), as representative novel POPs, their concentration, distribution, transport behavior, potential sources and ecological risk. The results revealed that total concentrations of 7 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) ranged from 4.89 to 2853 pg/g dry weight (dw) in soil and from not detected (ND) to 4232 pg/g dw in moss. Additionally, total concentrations of 10 organophosphate esters (OPEs) ranged from ND to 84798 pg/g dw in soil. Among the NFRs, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and tri-phenyl phosphate (TPhP) were the predominant compounds. NBFRs and OPEs concentrations were slightly higher than those in the polar regions. The correlation between different compounds and altitude varies in different areas, indicating that the NFRs distribution in the mountain valleys result from a combination of long-range transport and local sources. The ecological risk assessment using risk quotient (RQs) revealed that TPhP and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) exhibited medium or high risks at some sites. This study sheds light on the transport pathways and environmental behaviors of the NFRs in the valleys and highlights the need for increased attention to the ecological risks posed by OPEs in the TP.

Berberine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by restoring macrophage polarization via AMPK/mTORC1 pathway switching glycolytic reprogramming.

Dysfunction of macrophage polarization majorly contributes to the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Polarization and functions of activated macrophages are closely associated with the reprogramming of intracellular metabolisms. Previously, we demonstrated that the anti-arthritis effect of berberine (BBR) in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) may be related to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation (a key regulator in the biological energy metabolism), and balanced macrophage polarization. However, the specific molecular mechanism of BBR in macrophage metabolism is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we clarified that BBR ameliorated articular inflammation and restored M1/M2 ratio in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice in an AMPK-dependent manner. Mechanistically, BBR reversed the effects of mTORC1 agonist leucine (Leu) on regulating macrophage polarization through activation of AMPK to switch glycolytic reprogramming. Furthermore, BBR inhibition of mTORC1 rely on activation of AMPK to phosphorylate raptor and TSC2 instead of destroying its structure. Our study revealed that the activation of AMPK is required for the BBR-mediated anti-arthritis effect by downregulating mTORC1/HIF-1α and inhibiting the glycolysis in M1 macrophages.

Glucocorticoid receptors involved in ginsenoside compound K ameliorate adjuvant arthritis by inhibiting the glycolysis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes via the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway.

CONTEXT: Ginsenoside metabolite compound K (CK) is an active metabolite produced by ginsenosides in vivo that has an anti-arthritic effect related to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). However, the potential mechanisms of CK remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study explores the role and potential mechanisms of CK in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adjuvant arthritis (AA) model was induced in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats; the rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): normal, AA, CK (80 mg/kg), and dexamethasone (Dex) group (1 mg/kg). From day 15, rats were treated with CK (once a day, i.g.) and Dex (once every 3 days, i.p.) for 18 days. To further verify the mechanism of CK, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were stimulated by tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) to establish an inflammatory model in vitro. RESULTS: CK (80 mg/kg) reduced paw swelling (52%) and arthritis global assessment (31%) compared to that in AA rats. In addition, CK (80 mg/kg) suppressed GLUT1 (38%), HK2 (50%), and PKM2 (56%) levels compared with those in AA FLS. However, the effects of CK (30 µM) on these events were weakened or enhanced after GR knockdown or overexpression in FLS stimulated by TNF-α (30 ng/mL). CK (80 mg/kg) also downregulated the expression of P65 (61%), p-IκB (92%), and HIF-1α (59%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The inhibition of CK on glycolysis and the NF-κB/HIF-1α pathway is potentially mediated through activating GR. These findings provide experimental evidence for elucidating the molecular mechanism of CK in treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Construction and Validation of the Postgraduate Research Innovation Ability Scale (PRIAS): A Three-Dimensional Structural Model Based on Componential Theory of Creativity.

Purpose: To explore the structure of postgraduate research innovation ability and verify the Postgraduate Research Innovation Ability Scale. Patients and Methods: This study was based on the componential theory of creativity. First, we drafted an item pool from the literature review, semi-structured interviews, and group discussions. A total of 125 postgraduates were selected for the pre-test. After item selection and exploratory factor analysis, an 11-item, 3-factor postgraduate research innovation ability scale was formed. The scale was applied to a sample of 330 postgraduates from various domestic universities. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to examine the factor structure of the scales. Results: The results support a three-factor model including creativity-relevant processes, domain-relevant skills, and intrinsic motivation for the Postgraduate Research Innovation Ability Scale. The scale showed good internal consistency (α =0.89) and test-retest reliability (r=0.86). Exploratory factor analysis showed that the KMO value was 0.87, and the Bartlett's sphericity test results were significant. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the three-factor construct demonstrated a good model fit (χ2/df=1.945, GFI=0.916, CFI=0.950, RMSEA=0.076). Conclusion: The Postgraduate Research Innovation Ability Scale has good reliability and validity, and it can be used for future research in related fields.

Conversion of THz refractive index variation to detectable voltage change realized by a graphene-based Brewster angle device.

The Brewster effect has been previously reported as an essential mechanism for terahertz (THz) wave sensing application. However, generally in a sensing application, a complex rotation apparatus is required for detecting the slight change in Brewster angle. Here, we propose a graphene-based Brewster angle device operating at a specific terahertz frequency capable of sensing the refractive index at a fixed incident angle. In other words, our sensing device could avoid the impact of Brewster angle shift and eliminate the need for high-precision rotating equipment, which is usually required in traditional sensing applications. The conversion from the refractive index to a Volt-level detectable voltage roots from the tunability of graphene's Fermi level in the external electrical field. A linear correlation between the output voltage and the background refractive index is observed and theocratically analyzed. Furthermore, we present the improvement of our device in terms of sensing range and sensitivity by adjusting the permittivity of the dielectric substrate. As a demonstration of our proposed device, a detection range of 1.1-2.4 and a sensitivity of 20.06 V/RIU for refractive index is achieved on a high-resistance silicon substrate operating at 0.3 THz.

PM2.5-bound polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) in urban Beijing, China: Occurrence and the source implication.

Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are recently raising much attention due to their toxicity and ubiquitous environmental distribution. However, little knowledge is known about their ambient occurrences and the potential source. In this study, we developed an analytical method based on GC-MS/MS to simultaneously determine 11 PHCZs in PM2.5 from urban Beijing, China. The optimized method provided low method limit of quantifications (MLOQs, 1.45-7.39 fg/m3) and satisfied recoveries (73.4%-109.5%). This method was applied to analyze the PHCZs in the outdoor PM2.5 (n = 46) and fly ash (n = 6) collected from 3 kinds of surrounding incinerator plants (steel plant, medical waste incinerator and domestic waste incinerator). The levels of ∑11PHCZs in PM2.5 ranged from 0.117 to 5.54 pg/m3 (median 1.18 pg/m3). 3-chloro-9H-carbazole (3-CCZ), 3-bromo-9H-carbazole (3-BCZ), and 3,6-dichloro-9H-carbazole (36-CCZ) were the dominant compounds, accounting for 93%. 3-CCZ and 3-BCZ were significantly higher in winter due to the high PM2.5 concentration, while 36-CCZ was higher in spring, which may be related to the resuspending of surface soil. Furthermore, the levels of ∑11PHCZs in fly ash ranged from 338 to 6101 pg/g. 3-CCZ, 3-BCZ and 36-CCZ accounted for 86.0%. The congener profiles of PHCZs between fly ash and PM2.5 were highly similar, indicating that combustion process could be an important source of ambient PHCZs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research providing the occurrences of PHCZs in outdoor PM2.5.

Adaptive optics pre-compensation for orbital angular momentum beams transmitting through simulated atmospheric turbulence.

We propose an adaptive optics (AO) pre-compensation scheme to improve the transmission quality of orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams in atmospheric turbulence. The distortion wavefront caused by atmospheric turbulence is obtained with the Gaussian beacon from the receiver. The AO system imposes the conjugate distortion wavefront onto the outgoing OAM beams at the transmitter, tto achieve the pre-compensation. Using the scheme, we conducted transmission experiments with different OAM beams in the simulated atmospheric turbulence. The experimental results indicated that the AO pre-compensation scheme can improve the transmission quality of the OAM beams in the atmospheric turbulence in real-time. It is found that the turbulence-induced crosstalk effects on neighboring modes are reduced by an average of 6 dB, and the system power penalty is improved by an average of 12.6 dB after pre-compensation.

Kinetics of PCDD/Fs from feed to cow milk and its implications for food safety.

Guideline levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in feed and food have been separately recommended for the official food safety control around the world. However, less is considered about the transfer effect of PCDD/Fs from feed to food, and consequently possible human exposure risk. In this study, different controlled feeding experiments (E1 group: 4.92 pg TEQ/g in feed, E2 group: 0.61 pg TEQ/g in feed) were conducted on dairy cow (Chinese Holstein breed) to evaluate kinetics of PCDD/Fs from feed to milk and blood. Even though the PCDD/F level in feed in E2 was satisfied with the EU Regulation (No 277/2012), the TEQ levels in milk and tissues exceeded the European Union maximum level (EU ML) after approximately one-week exposure. The dynamic variation in milk during the initial 20-day exposure was successfully described by a first-order kinetic model. The levels at the plateau period showed a significant linear relationship (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.98) against the intake amounts from feed. Based on modeling, a maximum content was obtained at approximately 0.33 pg TEQ/g in cow feed with 12 % moisture to ensure the milk and meat safety under the current regulatory requirements of EU for cow-origin food. After the cease of exposure, the PCDD/F levels in milk declined below the EU ML within 40 days, while those in meat were still higher than the EU ML over 160 days. In serum, PCDD/Fs detected in E1 showed a similar dynamic variation during the exposure period. Regarding congener profile, higher-chlorinated congeners tended to transfer from feed to feces, whereas lower ones were preferably transferred into milk, which required specific concern about the metabolic effect of PCDD/Fs in large mammals. This study revealed a necessity for re-evaluation of official regulation on pollutants in cow feed and cow-origin food in terms of biotransfer and bioaccumulation.

Chemometrics applied quantitative analysis of iron oxide mixtures by terahertz spectroscopy.

A quantitative analysis method for corrosion products based on terahertz spectroscopy is proposed in this paper. Mixture samples consisting of three major corrosion products (magnetite, hematite, and goethite) were prepared in 51 different concentrations. The refractive index spectra measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy were projected to the 2D score diagram by performing principal component analysis. The Euclidean distances between the mixtures and pure analyte on the diagram were used to build a concentration prediction model. The results indicate that the established model can precisely predict the concentration of magnetite, which is essential for a stability evaluation of the corrosion system.

Dispersed fringe cophasing method based on principal component analysis.

With the success of the Webb telescope, dispersed fringe sensing (DFS), with the significant merit of a large capture range, is proving to be a promising cophasing approach for a large-aperture segmented telescope. In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, piston error extraction method based on principal component analysis (PCA) technology is proposed. In this method, all the one-dimension intensity distributions along the dispersion axis for different interference positions are regarded as a set of random phase-shifted interference signals. PCA technology is utilized to obtain its corresponding continuous principal phase and the piston error could be directly estimated proportionally from the slope of the phase-wavenumber line. This method avoids nonlinear operations, similar to Shi's traditional framework; no active move is needed for fine cophasing, and the method is also free of characteristic constant calibration in sidelobe peak displacement- and slope-based methods. Preliminary simulations of the method's coarse-then-fine cophasing ability with high accuracy are presented here to show its potential.

Optimizing the Quality of Machine Learning for Identifying the Share of Biogenic and Fossil Carbon in Solid Waste.

Insights into carbon sources (biogenic and fossil carbon) and contents in solid waste are vital for estimating the carbon emissions from incineration plants. However, the traditional methods are time-, labor-, and cost-intensive. Herein, high-quality data sets were established after analyzing the carbon contents and infrared spectra of substantial samples using elemental analysis and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), respectively. Then, five classification and eight regression machine learning (ML) models were evaluated to recognize the proportion of biogenic and fossil carbon in solid waste. Using the optimized data preprocessing approach, the random forest (RF) classifier with hyperparameter tuning ranked first in classifying the carbon group with a test accuracy of 0.969, and the carbon contents were successfully predicted by the RF regressor with R2 = 0.926 considering performance-interpretability-computation time competition. The above proposed algorithms were further validated with real environmental samples, which exhibited robust performance with an accuracy of 0.898 for carbon group classification and an R2 value of 0.851 for carbon content prediction. The reliable results indicate that ATR-FTIR coupled with ML algorithms is feasible for rapidly identifying both carbon groups and content, facilitating the calculation and assessment of carbon emissions from solid waste incineration.