Deficiency of INPP4A promotes M2 macrophage polarization in eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

OBJECTIVE: The treatment of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (E-CRSwNP) remains a challenge due to its complex pathogenesis. Inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type IA (INPP4A), a lipid phosphatase, has been implicated in allergic asthma. However, the expression and function of INPP4A in E-CRSwNP remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of INPP4A in macrophages in E-CRSwNP. METHODS: We assessed the expression of INPP4A in human and mouse nasal mucosal tissues via immunofluorescence staining. THP-1 cells were cultured and exposed to various cytokines to investigate the regulation of INPP4A expression and its functional role. Additionally, we established a murine nasal polyp (NP) model and administrated an INPP4A-overexpressing lentivirus evaluate its impact on NP. RESULTS: The percentage of INPP4A + CD68 + macrophages among total macrophages decreased in the E-CRSwNP group compared to the control and the non-eosinophilic CRSwNP (NE-CRSwNP) groups, exhibiting an inverse correlation with an increased percentage of CD206 + CD68 + M2 macrophages among total macrophages. Overexpression of INPP4A led to a reduced percentage of THP-1 cells polarizing towards the M2 phenotype, accompanied by decreased levels of associated chemotactic factors including CCL18, CCL22, CCL24, and CCL26. We also validated the involvement of the PI3K-AKT pathway in the function of INPP4A in vitro. Furthermore, INPP4A overexpression in the murine NP model resulted in the attenuation of eosinophilic inflammation in the nasal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS: INPP4A deficiency promotes macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype, leading to the secretion of chemokines that recruit eosinophils and Th2 cells, thereby amplifying eosinophilic inflammation in E-CRSwNP. INPP4A may exert a suppressive role in eosinophilic inflammation and could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic strategy.

No causal association between allergic rhinitis and migraine: a Mendelian randomization study.

PURPOSE: Allergic rhinitis (AR) and migraine are among the most common public health problems worldwide. Observational studies on the correlation between AR and migraine have reported inconsistent results. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship of AR with migraine and its subtypes, including migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO). METHODS: Bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed with publicly available summary-level statistics of large genome-wide association studies to estimate the possible causal effects. The inverse variance-weighted method was selected for primary analysis and was supplemented with the weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-Egger methods. The causal analysis using summary effect estimates (CAUSE) were further performed to verify the causality. Several sensitivity tests, including the leave-one-out, Cochran's Q, MR-Egger intercept, and MR-PRESSO tests, were performed to assess the robustness of the results. RESULTS: AR did not exhibit a significant causal correlation with the elevated risk of any migraine (odd ratio (OR), 0.816; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.511-1.302; P = 0.394), MA (OR, 0.690; 95% CI 0.298-1.593; P = 0.384), or MO (OR, 1.022; 95% CI 0.490-2.131; P = 0.954). Consistently, reverse MR analysis did not reveal causal effects of any migraine or its subtypes on AR. Almost all sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of the results. CONCLUSIONS: This MR study did not reveal a clear causal association between AR and migraine risk. More research is warranted to reveal the complex association between AR and migraine.

TET2 deficiency promotes anxiety and depression-like behaviors by activating NLRP3/IL-1ß pathway in microglia of allergic rhinitis mice.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression-like behaviors in allergic rhinitis (AR) are attracting attention, while the precise mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. Recent evidence shows that neuroinflammation in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) may be the core of these neuropsychiatric symptoms in AR. Here, we investigated the molecular link between the anxiety and depression-like behaviors and neuroinflammation in ACC. METHODS: Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce AR. Nasal inflammation levels were assessed by H&E staining and PAS staining. Anxiety and depression-like behaviors were evaluated by behavioral experiments including open field test, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test. Neuronal impairment was characterized via Nissl staining and 18FDG-PET. The role of ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) in AR-related anxiety and depression was assessed by Tet2-/- mice. In addition, the murine BV2 microglial cell line was utilized to explore the molecular mechanisms by which TET2 mediates neuroinflammation. The levels of TET2, NLRP3 and their downstream molecules were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, Dot blot and ELISA. The effects of metformin on depression-like behaviors in AR mice were also evaluated. RESULTS: AR mice showed significant anxiety and depression-like behaviors, which associated with the activation of ACC. Loss of TET2 activated the NLRP3/IL-1ß pathway of microglia in AR mice, further accelerating the anxiety and depression-like behaviors. In addition, knockdown of TET2 activated the NLRP3/IL-1ß pathway in BV2 cells. Metformin improved the neuropsychiatric symptoms of AR mice by reducing the activation of NLRP3/IL-1ß pathway after upregulating TET2. CONCLUSION: TET2 deficiency activates the NLRP3/IL-1ß pathway of microglia in the ACC, promoting the pathological process of anxiety and depression-like behavior in AR. Metformin could be effective in treating neuroinflammation by regulating microglia via TET2 up-regulation, indicating that metformin is a potential way to treat anxiety and depression-like behaviors in AR.

Metformin Improves Comorbid Depressive Symptoms in Mice with Allergic Rhinitis by Reducing Olfactory Bulb Damage.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a widespread disease that is frequently comorbid with depression. However, the mechanisms and treatments for depression in AR remain underexplored. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, has shown antidepressant effects. The aim of this study was to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of metformin on depression-like behaviors in an AR mouse model. In the present study, mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce AR. Results showed that mice with AR exhibited significant depression-like behavior which was attenuated by metformin. In addition, the levels of expression of synaptic plasticity markers (anti-microtubule-associated protein 2, synaptophysin, postsynaptic density protein 95), neurogenesis markers (doublecortin and Ki-67), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were decreased in the olfactory bulb (OB) of mice with AR, while metformin ameliorated all these alterations and reduced apoptosis in the OB of these mice. Furthermore, it enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) and the levels of ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the OB. In conclusion, our findings suggest that metformin might be a viable strategy for treating AR-related depression, possibly by modulating neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, apoptosis, and BDNF signaling in the OB via the AMPK/TET2 pathway.

Global characteristics and trends of presbycusis research from 2002 to 2021: a bibliometric study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Age-related hearing loss, also termed presbycusis, is the most prevalent sensory impairment in older adults. Presbycusis research has considerably advanced over the past few decades, however, comprehensive and objective reports on the current state of presbycusis research are lacking. We used bibliometric methods to objectively analyzed the progress of presbycusis research over the past 20 years and to identify the research hotspots and emerging trends in this field. METHODS: Eligible literature metadata published between 2002 and 2021 were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection on September 1, 2022. Bibliometric tools including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, Bibliometrix R Package, Microsoft Excel 2019, and an online bibliometric platform were used to conduct bibliometric and visualized analyses. RESULTS: A total of 1,693 publications related to presbycusis were retrieved. The number of publications increased continuously from 2002 to 2021, and the USA occupied the lead position in the field, with the highest research output. The most productive and influential institution, author, and journal were the University of California, Frisina DR of the University of South Florida, and Hearing Research, respectively. Co-citation cluster and trend topics analyses revealed that "cochlear synaptopathy", "oxidative stress", and "dementia" were the predominant foci of presbycusis research. Burst detection of keywords indicated that "auditory cortex" and "Alzheimer's disease" were the newly-emerged aspects. CONCLUSION: During the past two decades, presbycusis research has been flourishing. The current research foci are "cochlear synaptopathy", "oxidative stress", and "dementia". "Auditory cortex" and "Alzheimer's disease" may be potential future directions in this field. This bibliometric analysis represents the first quantitative overview of presbycusis research, thus providing valuable references and insights for scholars, medical practitioners, and policymakers concerned with this field.

A novel TSC1 frameshift mutation c.1550_1551del causes tuberous sclerosis complex by aberrant splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA degradation (NMD) simultaneously in a Chinese family.

BACKGROUND: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), belongs to autosomal dominant genetic disorder, which affects multiple organ systems in the body, including the skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, and eyes. Mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 was proved to be associated with these conditions. METHODS: Gene-panel Sequence of NGS was used to detect the mutation in a Chinese family. The research further investigates whether aberrant splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA degradation (NMD) could serve as a mechanism cause by TSC1 mutation. MINI-Gene assay apply by pcMINI-TSC1wt/mut plasmids delivered in HeLa and 293T cell lines. Recombinant plasmids expressing wild-type and mutant-type EGFP-TSC1 were constructed and transiently transfected into human embryonic kidney cells 293T by lipofectamine. Real-time PCR and Western Blot were performed to analyze the expression of mRNAs and proteins of EGFP-TSC1 and NMD factor UPF1. RESULTS: The gene test verified a novel heterozygous TSC1 frameshift mutation (TSC1 c.1550_1551del) in the proband and her mother. From MINI-Gene assay, the agarose gel showed that both the mutant and wild-type mRNA possess two main bands, indicating two splicing modes, named band A and B, respectively. The mutation c.1550_1551del has not produced new splicing site, but there is a selective splicing in varying degree significantly after mutation. On the contrary, function validation assay showed that cells transfected with the mutant TSC1 plasmids expressed significantly lower TSC1 in mRNAs and proteins levels, compared with the wild-type TSC1 plasmid transfection. A translation inhibitor cycloheximide and small interfering RNA of UPF1 (siRNA-UPF1) increased mRNA or protein expression of TSC1 significantly in cells transfected with the mutant plasmids. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the novel TSC1 frameshift mutation (TSC1 c.1550_1551del) trigger aberrant splicing and NMD simultaneously, causing decrease of hamartin, then, leading to tuberous sclerosis complex formation.