GDH1 exacerbates renal fibrosis by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

Renal fibrosis is the common outcome of practically all progressive forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD), a significant societal health concern. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) 1 is one of key enzymes in glutamine metabolism to catalyze the reversible conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate and ammonia. However, its function in renal fibrosis has not yet been proven. In this study, GDH1 expression was significantly downregulated in kidney tissues of both children with kidney disease and animal models of CKD. In vivo, the use of R162 (a GDH1 inhibitor) significantly improved renal fibrosis, as indicated by Sirius red and Masson trichrome staining. These findings are consistent with the impaired expression of fibrosis indicators in kidneys from both the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) models. In vitro, silencing GDH1 or pretreatment with R162 inhibited the induction of fibrosis indicators in tissue kidney proximal tubular cells (TKPTS) treated with Transforming growth factor Beta 1 (TGF-ß1), whereas activating GDH1 worsened TGF-ß1's induction impact. Using RNA-sequence, luciferase reporter assays and Biacore analysis, we demonstrated that GDH1 interacts with Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and blocks its transcriptional activity, independent of the protein's expression. Additionally, R162 treatment boosted PPARγ transcriptional activity, and blocking of this signaling pathway reversed R162's protective effect. Finally, we discovered that R162 treatment or silencing GDH1 greatly lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid accumulation. These findings concluded that suppressing GDH1 or R162 treatment could prevent renal fibrosis by augmenting PPARγ transcriptional activity to control lipid accumulation and redox balance.

Comparative evaluation of transverse width indices for diagnosing maxillary transverse deficiency.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare and evaluate different transverse width indices for diagnosing maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD), a common malocclusion characterized by uncoordinated dental arches, crossbites, and tooth crowding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients aged 7-12 years were included in the study, with 20 patients diagnosed with MTD and 40 normal controls. Transverse width indices, including maxillary width at the buccal alveolar crest and lingual midroot level, as well as at the jugal process width, were measured. Differences between these indices and their corresponding mandibular indices were used as standardized transverse width indices. The reference range of these indices was determined and evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate their diagnostic ability. RESULTS: The transverse width indices and standardized transverse width indices of the MTD group were significantly smaller than those of the control group, except for the jugal process width. The evaluation of the reference range and ROC analysis revealed that the difference of the maxillomandibular width at buccal alveolar crest was the most accurate diagnostic method. CONCLUSIONS: The jugal point analysis method may not be suitable for diagnosing MTD. Instead, measuring the difference in maxillomandibular width at the buccal alveolar crest proves to be a more reliable and accurate diagnostic method for MTD.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Avoids Deterioration of Transport Water Quality, Regulates Plasma Biochemical Indices, Energy Metabolism, and Antioxidant Capacity of Tawny Puffer (Takifugui flavidus) under Transport Stress.

Live fish transportation is crucial for managing aquaculture but can pose health risks to fish due to stressors encountered during transportation. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the central nervous system and is considered to exhibit anti-stress effects. This study aims to investigate the effects of GABA on the transport water quality, plasma biochemical indices, energy metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of tawny puffer (Takifugu flavidus) under transport stress. Tawny puffer were pretreated by immersing in aquariums containing GABA (final concentrations at 0, 5, 50, and 150 mg/L) seawater for 3 days; then, simulated transport was conducted using oxygen-filled polyethylene bags containing the same concentration of GABA seawater as the pretreatment period. Water samples, plasma, and liver were collected after 0, 6, and 12 h of transport. The results revealed that with the prolongation of transportation time, the control group's water quality deteriorated, stress-related plasma biochemical indices increased, glycolytic substrate contents decreased, glycolytic enzyme activities and product contents increased, and aerobic metabolic enzyme activities exhibited initial increases followed by declines, ATPase activities decreased, antioxidant enzyme activities decreased, and the lipid peroxidation marker contents increased. It is noteworthy that GABA treatment could avoid water quality deterioration during transportation, inhibit an elevation in stress-related biochemical indicators, regulate energy metabolism, and reduce oxidative damage in tawny puffer, especially at 50 and 150 mg/L concentrations. In summary, GABA treatment can effectively alleviate the transport stress of tawny puffer.

Improved glucose detection limit based on phosphorescence from protected metalloporphyrin triplet state.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive indirect blood glucose monitoring can be realized by detecting low concentrations of glucose (0.05-5 mM) in tears, but sensitive optical indicators are required. The intensity of the phosphorescence of a candidate optical indicator, palladium hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (Pd-HMME), is increased by oxygen consumption under sealed conditions in the presence of glucose and glucose oxidase. However, the glucose detection limit based on this mechanism is high (800 µM) because the phosphorescence is completely quenched under ambient oxygen conditions and hence a large amount of glucose is required to reduce the oxygen levels such that the phosphorescence signal is detectable. RESULTS: To improve the glucose detection limit of Pd-HMME phosphorescence-based methods, the triplet protector imidazole was introduced, and strong phosphorescence was observed under ambient oxygen conditions. Detectable phosphorescence enhancement occurred at low glucose concentrations (<200 µM). Linear correlation between the phosphorescence intensity and glucose concentration was observed in the range of 30-727 µM (R2 = 99.9 %), and the detection limit was ∼10 µM. The glucose sensor has a fast response time (∼90 s) and excellent selectivity for glucose. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: These results indicate the potential of the developed optical indicator for fast, selective, and reliable low-concentration glucose sensing.

Effects of different natural products in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Due to a scarcity of appropriate therapeutic approaches capable of ameliorating or eliminating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), many researchers have come to focus on natural products based on traditional medicine that can be utilized to successfully treat NAFLD. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects exerted by seven natural products (curcumin, silymarin, resveratrol, artichoke leaf extract, berberine, catechins, and naringenin) on patients with NAFLD. For this purpose, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exclusively. The selected studies were evaluated for methodological quality via the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool, and data analysis software was used to analyze the data accordingly. The RCTs from the earliest available date until September 2022 were collected. This process resulted in 37 RCTs with a total sample size of 2509 patients being included. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that artichoke leaf extract confers a relative advantage in reducing the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (SUCRA: 99.1%), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (SUCRA: 88.2%) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (SUCRA: 88.9%). Naringenin conferred an advantage in reducing triglyceride (TG) levels (SUCRA: 97.3%), total cholesterol (TC) levels (SUCRA: 73.9%), and improving high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (SUCRA: 74.9%). High-density catechins significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) levels (SUCRA: 98.5%) compared with the placebo. The Ranking Plot of the Network indicated that artichoke leaf extract and naringenin performed better than the other natural products in facilitating patient recovery. Therefore, we propose that artichoke leaf extract and naringenin may exert a better therapeutic effect on NAFLD. This study may help guide clinicians and lead to further detailed studies.

Advancing electrocatalytic reactions through mapping key intermediates to active sites via descriptors.

Descriptors play a crucial role in electrocatalysis as they can provide valuable insights into the electrochemical performance of energy conversion and storage processes. They allow for the understanding of different catalytic activities and enable the prediction of better catalysts without relying on the time-consuming trial-and-error approaches. Hence, this comprehensive review focuses on highlighting the significant advancements in commonly used descriptors for critical electrocatalytic reactions. First, the fundamental reaction processes and key intermediates involved in several electrocatalytic reactions are summarized. Subsequently, three types of descriptors are classified and introduced based on different reactions and catalysts. These include d-band center descriptors, readily accessible intrinsic property descriptors, and spin-related descriptors, all of which contribute to a profound understanding of catalytic behavior. Furthermore, multi-type descriptors that collectively determine the catalytic performance are also summarized. Finally, we discuss the future of descriptors, envisioning their potential to integrate multiple factors, broaden application scopes, and synergize with artificial intelligence for more efficient catalyst design and discovery.

Tubular insulin-induced gene 1 deficiency promotes NAD+ consumption and exacerbates kidney fibrosis.

Profibrotic proximal tubules (PT) were identified as a unique phenotype of proximal tubule cells (PTCs) in renal fibrosis by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Controlling the process of renal fibrosis requires understanding how to manage the S1 subset's branch to the S3 subset rather than to the profibrotic PT subset. Insulin-induced gene 1 (Insig1) is one of the branch-dependent genes involved in controlling this process, although its role in renal fibrosis is unknown. Here, we discovered that tubular Insig1 deficiency, rather than fibroblast Insig1 deficiency, plays a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of Insig1 profoundly inhibited renal fibrosis. Mechanistically, Insig1 deletion in PTCs boosted SREBP1 nuclear localization, increasing Aldh1a1 transcriptional activity, causing excessive NAD+ consumption and ER enlargement, as well as accelerating renal fibrosis. We also identified nicardipine as a selective inhibitor of Aldh1a1, which could restore NAD+ and maintain ER homeostasis, as well as improve renal fibrosis. Together, our findings support tubular Insig1 as a new therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease (CKD).

OsSRF8 interacts with OsINP1 and OsDAF1 to regulate pollen aperture formation in rice.

In higher plants, mature male gametophytes have distinct apertures. After pollination, pollen grains germinate, and a pollen tube grows from the aperture to deliver sperm cells to the embryo sac, completing fertilization. In rice, the pollen aperture has a single-pore structure with a collar-like annulus and a plug-like operculum. A crucial step in aperture development is the formation of aperture plasma membrane protrusion (APMP) at the distal polar region of the microspore during the late tetrad stage. Previous studies identified OsINP1 and OsDAF1 as essential regulators of APMP and pollen aperture formation in rice, but their precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We demonstrate that the Poaceae-specific OsSRF8 gene, encoding a STRUBBELIG-receptor family 8 protein, is essential for pollen aperture formation in Oryza sativa. Mutants lacking functional OsSRF8 exhibit defects in APMP and pollen aperture formation, like loss-of-function OsINP1 mutants. OsSRF8 is specifically expressed during early anther development and initially diffusely distributed in the microsporocytes. At the tetrad stage, OsSRF8 is recruited by OsINP1 to the pre-aperture region through direct protein-protein interaction, promoting APMP formation. The OsSRF8-OsINP1 complex then recruits OsDAF1 to the APMP site to co-regulate annulus formation. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms controlling pollen aperture formation in cereal species.

Exploring the mechanism of Huanglian ointment in alleviating wound healing after anal fistula surgery through metabolomics and proteomics.

Anal fistula is a common anal and intestinal disease. The wound of anal fistula surgery is open and polluting, which is the most difficult to heal among all surgical incisions. To investigate the mechanism of Huanglian ointment (HLO) on wound healing after anal fistula incision. The S. aureus infected wound in SD rats were used to imitate poor healing wound after anal fistula surgery. SD rats with wound sites (n = 24) were randomly divided into four groups (Control group, Model group, Potassium permanganate (PP) treatment group, and HLO treatment group). The wound healing rate was evaluated, HE staining was used to evaluate the pathological changes of each group, ELISA was used to detect the secretion of inflammatory factors in each group, and the mechanism was explored through metabolomics and proteomics in plasma rat. Compared to other groups, the rate of wound healing in the HLO group was higher on days 7 and 14. Histological analysis showed that collagen and fibroblast in HLO rats were significantly increased, inflammatory cells were reduced, and vascular endothelial permeability was increased. ELISA results showed that the secretion of inflammatory factors in HLO rats was significantly lower. Significant proteins and metabolites were identified in the wound tissues of the infected rats and HLO-treated rats, which were mainly attributed to Cdc42, Ctnnb1, Actr2, Actr3, Arpc1b, Itgam, Itgb2, Cttn, Linoleic acid metabolism, d-Glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, Phenylalanine metabolism, alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, and Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. In conclusion, this study showed that HLO can promote S. aureus infected wound healing, and the data provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of wounds after anal fistula surgery with HLO.

Establishment of bladder cancer spheroids and cultured in microfluidic platform for predicting drug response.

Cisplatin-containing combination chemotherapy has been used as the standard treatment for bladder cancer patients at advanced stage. However, nearly 50% of patients are nonresponders. To guide the selection of more effective chemotherapeutic agents, a bladder cancer spheroids microfluidic drug sensitivity analysis system was established in this study. Bladder cancer spheroids were established and successfully cultured in a customized microfluidic device to assess their response to different chemotherapeutic agents. The in vitro drug sensitivity results were also compared to patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and clinical responses of patients. As a result, bladder cancer spheroids faithfully recapitulate the histopathological and genetic features of their corresponding parental tumors. Furthermore, the in vitro drug sensitivity outcomes of spheroids (n = 8) demonstrated a high level of correlation with the PDX (n = 2) and clinical response in patients (n = 2). Our study highlights the potential of combining bladder cancer spheroids and microfluidic devices as an efficient and accurate platform for personalized selection of chemotherapeutic agents.

Genetic and molecular mechanisms of reproductive isolation in the utilization of heterosis for breeding hybrid rice.

Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is commonly observed in rice crosses. The hybridization of rice species or subspecies exhibits robust hybrid vigor, however, the direct harnessing of this vigor is hindered by reproductive isolation. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing reproductive isolation in inter-subspecific and inter-specific hybrids. This review encompasses the genetic model of reproductive isolation within and among Oryza sativa species, emphasizing the essential role of mitochondria in this process. Additionally, we delve into the molecular intricacies governing the interaction between mitochondria and autophagosomes, elucidating their significant contribution to reproductive isolation. Furthermore, our exploration extends to comprehending the evolutionary dynamics of reproductive isolation and speciation in rice. Building on these advances, we offer a forward-looking perspective on how to overcome the challenges of reproductive isolation and facilitate the utilization of heterosis in future hybrid rice breeding endeavors.

miRNA-211-5p inhibition enhances the protective effect of hucMSC-derived exosome in Aß1-40 -induced SH-SY5Y cells by increasing NEP expression.

Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) could alleviate Alzheimer's disease (AD) defects. Additionally, engineered exosomes are more effective in treating diseases. In this study, we established an in vitro model of AD by treating SH-SY5Y cells with Aß1-40 . We observed that incubation with hucMSC-derived exosomes effectively protected SH-S5Y5 cells from Aß1-40 -induced damage. Since NEP plays a central role in suppressing AD development, we screened NEP-targeting miRNAs that are differentially expressed in control and AD patients. We identified miR-211-5p as a potent repressor of NEP expression. Exosomes purified from hucMSCs overexpressing miR-211-5p inhibitor exhibited significantly greater efficiency than control exosomes in mitigating the injury caused by Aß1-40 treatment. However, this enhanced protective effect was nullified by the knockdown of NEP. These observations demonstrate that inhibition of miR-211-5p has the potential to improve the efficacy of hucMSC-derived exosomes in AD treatment by increasing NEP expression.

Microbial community structure and co-occurrence network stability in seawater and microplastic biofilms under prometryn pollution in marine ecosystems.

Prometryn has been extensively detected in marine environment because of its widespread usage in agriculture and aquaculture and has been concerns since its serious effects on aquatic organisms. However, its impact on the microbial community in the marine ecosystem including seawater and biofilm is still unclear. Therefore, a short-term indoor microcosm experiment of prometryn exposure was conducted. This study found that prometryn had a more significant impact on the structure and stability of the microbial community in seawater compared to microplastic biofilms. Additionally, we observed that the assembly of the microbial community in biofilms was more affected by stochastic processes than in seawater under the exposure of prometryn. Our study provided evidence for the increasing impact of the microbial communities under the stress of prometryn and microplastics.

Curcumin strengthens a spontaneous self-protective mechanism-SP1/PRDX6 pathway, against di-n-butyl phthalate-induced testicular ferroptosis damage.

As one of the common plasticizers, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) has been using in various daily consumer products worldwide. Since it is easily released from products and exists in the environment for a long time, it has a lasting impact on human health, especially male reproductive health. However, the detailed mechanism of testicular damage from DBP and the protection strategy are still not clear enough. In this study, we found that DBP could induce dose-dependent ferroptosis in testicular tissue. Mechanism dissection indicates that DBP can upregulate SP1 expression, which could directly transcriptionally upregulate PRDX6, a negative regulator of ferroptosis. Overexpression of PRDX6 or adding SP1 agonist curcumin could suppress the DBP-induced ferroptosis on testicular cells. In vivo, rats were given 500 mg/kg/day DBP orally for 3 weeks; elevated levels of ferroptosis were detected in testicular tissue. When the above-mentioned doses of DBP and curcumin at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day were administered intragastrically simultaneously, the testicular ferroptosis induced by DBP was alleviated. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR of testis tissue showed that the expression of PRDX6 was upregulated under the action of DBP and curcumin. These findings suggest a spontaneous self-protection mechanism of testicular tissue from DBP damage by upregulating SP1 and PRDX6. However, it is not strong enough to resist the DBP-induced ferroptosis. Curcumin can strengthen this self-protection mechanism and weaken the level of ferroptosis induced by DBP. This study may help us to develop a novel therapeutic option with curcumin to protect the testicular tissue from ferroptosis and function impairment by DBP.

A toxin-antidote system contributes to interspecific reproductive isolation in rice.

Breakdown of reproductive isolation facilitates flow of useful trait genes into crop plants from their wild relatives. Hybrid sterility, a major form of reproductive isolation exists between cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) and wild rice (O. meridionalis, Mer). Here, we report the cloning of qHMS1, a quantitative trait locus controlling hybrid male sterility between these two species. Like qHMS7, another locus we cloned previously, qHMS1 encodes a toxin-antidote system, but differs in the encoded proteins, their evolutionary origin, and action time point during pollen development. In plants heterozygous at qHMS1, ~ 50% of pollens carrying qHMS1-D (an allele from cultivated rice) are selectively killed. In plants heterozygous at both qHMS1 and qHMS7, ~ 75% pollens without co-presence of qHMS1-Mer and qHMS7-D are selectively killed, indicating that the antidotes function in a toxin-dependent manner. Our results indicate that different toxin-antidote systems provide stacked reproductive isolation for maintaining species identity and shed light on breakdown of hybrid male sterility.

Effects of lipids from multiple sources on glyceride composition, concentration, and structure of infant formulas benchmarked to human milk.

The important parameters affecting the nutritional properties of lipids were analyzed and compared between human milk (HM), infant formulas (IFs), mammalian milk, and substitute fat, including molecular species, fatty acid composition, glyceride content, and important structural triacylglycerols (TAGs). The molecular species of triacylglycerols with functional fatty acids were significantly different between HM and IFs, and their contents in HM were significantly higher than those in IFs. Accordingly, the evaluation scores of fatty acid composition and glyceride content in IFs were less than 50 compared to HM. Although the introduction of vegetable oils effectively improved the unsaturation of IF lipid, the excessive addition of TAGs rich in oleic and linoleic acid resulted in an imbalance of TAG composition and structure. Only 36.84 % of IFs were supplemented with structured lipids, but those still lacked sn-2 palmitate TAGs. The adoption of multiple lipids and novel processing technologies is required for novel IFs to match the composition, content, positional structure and spherical membrane structure of HM as closely as possible.

Effects of compost as a soil amendment on bacterial community diversity in saline-alkali soil.

Introduction: Soil salinization poses a worldwide challenge that hampers agricultural productivity. Methods: Employing high-throughput sequencing technology, we conducted an investigation to examine the impact of compost on the diversity of bacterial communities in saline soils. Our study focused on exploring the diversity of bacterial communities in the inter-root soil of plants following composting and the subsequent addition of compost to saline soils. Results: Compared to the initial composting stage, Alpha diversity results showed a greater diversity of bacteria during the rot stage. The germination index reaches 90% and the compost reaches maturity. The main bacterial genera in compost maturation stage are Flavobacterium, Saccharomonospora, Luteimonas and Streptomyces. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla in the soil after the addition of compost. The application of compost has increased the abundance of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi by 7.6 and 6.6%, respectively, but decreased the abundance of Firmicutes from 25.12 to 18.77%. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil factors pH, solid urease, organic matter, and total nitrogen were closely related to bacterial communities. Discussion: The addition of compost effectively reduced soil pH and increased soil enzyme activity and organic matter content. An analysis of this study provides theoretical support for compost's use as a saline soil amendment.

A bibliometric and knowledge-map analysis of antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is a large obstacle to the long-term survival of allograft kidneys. It is urgent to find novel strategies for its prevention and treatment. Bibliometric analysis is helpful in understanding the directions of one field. Hence, this study aims to analyze the state and emerging trends of AMR in kidney transplantation. METHODS: Literature on AMR in kidney transplantation from 1999 to 2022 was collected from the Web of Science Core Collection. HistCite (version 12.03.17), CiteSpace (version 6.2.R2), Bibliometrix 4.1.0 Package from R language, and Gephi (https://gephi.org) were applied to the bibliometric analysis of the annual publications, leading countries/regions, core journals, references, keywords, and trend topics. RESULTS: A total of 2522 articles related to AMR in kidney transplantation were included in the analysis and the annual publications increased year by year. There were 10874 authors from 118 institutions located in 70 countries/regions contributing to AMR studies, and the United States took the leading position in both articles and citation scores. Halloran PF from Canada made the most contribution to AMR in kidney transplantation. The top 3 productive journals, American Journal of Transplantation, Transplantation, and Transplantation Proceedings, were associated with transplantation. Moreover, the recent trend topics mainly focused on transplant outcomes, survival, and clinical research. CONCLUSIONS: North American and European countries/regions played central roles in AMR of kidney transplantation. Importantly, the prognosis of AMR is the hotspot in the future. Noninvasive strategies like plasma and urine dd-cfDNA may be the most potential direction in the AMR field.

The co-presence of polystyrene nanoplastics and ofloxacin demonstrates combined effects on the structure, assembly, and metabolic activities of marine microbial community.

Nanoplastic is increasing in environments and can address toxic effects on various organisms. Particle size, concentration, and surface functionalization most influence nanoplastic toxicity. Besides, nanoplastic can adsorb other contaminants (e.g., antibiotics) to aggravate its adverse effects. The combined effects of nanoplastics and antibiotics on planktonic/benthic microbial communities, however, are still largely unknown. In this study, the combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastic and ofloxacin on the structure, assembly, and metabolic activities of marine microbial communities were investigated based on amplicon sequencing data. The results mainly demonstrate that: (1) nanoplastic and ofloxacin have greater impacts on prokaryotic communities than eukaryotic ones; (2) niche breadths of planktonic prokaryotes and benthic eukaryotes were shrank with both high nanoplastic and ofloxacin concentrations; (3) increased ofloxacin mainly reduces nodes/edges of co-occurrence networks, while nanoplastic centralizes network modularity; (4) increased nanoplastic under high ofloxacin concentration induces more differential prokaryotic pathways in planktonic communities, while benthic communities are less influenced. The present work indicates that co-presence of nanoplastics and ofloxacin has synergistic combined effects on community structure shifts, niche breadth shrinking, network simplifying, and differential prokaryotic pathways inducing in marine microbial communities, suggesting nanoplastics and its combined impacts with other pollutions should be paid with more concerns.