Associations of sex hormone levels with body mass index (BMI) in men: a cross-sectional study using quantile regression analysis.

Body mass index (BMI) has been increasing globally in recent decades. Previous studies reported that BMI was associated with sex hormone levels, but the results were generated via linear regression or logistic regression, which would lose part of information. Quantile regression analysis can maximize the use of variable information. Our study compared the associations among different regression models. The participants were recruited from the Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University (Changchun, China) between June 2018 and June 2019. We used linear, logistic, and quantile regression models to calculate the associations between sex hormone levels and BMI. In total, 448 men were included in this study. The average BMI was 25.7 (standard deviation [s.d.]: 3.7) kg m-2; 29.7% (n = 133) of the participants were normal weight, 45.3% (n = 203) of the participants were overweight, and 23.4% (n = 105) of the participants were obese. The levels of testosterone and estradiol significantly differed among BMI groups (all P < 0.05). In linear regression and logistic regression, BMI was associated with testosterone and estradiol levels (both P < 0.05). In quantile regression, BMI was negatively associated with testosterone levels in all quantiles after adjustment for age (all P < 0.05). BMI was positively associated with estradiol levels in most quantiles (≤80th) after adjustment for age (all P < 0.05). Our study suggested that BMI was one of the influencing factors of testosterone and estradiol. Of note, the quantile regression showed that BMI was associated with estradiol only up to the 80th percentile of estradiol.

Molecular cytogenetic characterization of 2q deletion and Xq duplication associated with nasal bone dysplasia in prenatal diagnosis: A case report and literature review.

OBJECTIVE: We report a prenatal case of male fetus with a 2q13 deletion and an Xq27.3q28 duplication, presenting nasal bone dysplasia by ultrasound examination. And we compare the similarities of clinical features of cases consisting of similar 2q deletion and Xq duplication. CASE REPORT: A 30-year-old woman was referred for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling at 24 weeks of gestation. Prenatal ultrasound showed nasal bone dysplasia of the fetus. Amniocentesis revealed the karyotype of the fetus as 46, XY and the results of chromosomal microarray analysis was arr[GRCh37] 2q13(110467258-111370025)x1, arr[GRCh37]Xq27.3q28(144050780-149748782)x2. The parents both have normal karyotypes. The couple chose to continue the pregnancy and finally delivered a male infant at 39 weeks of gestation. His weight was 2850 g and length was 50 cm. Physical examination of the newborn revealed no apparent anomalies. Until the boy was one year old, there was no abnormalities in his growth and development. The long-term follow-up till adulthood for the healthy infant is necessary. CONCLUSION: The development of CMA plays a critical role in prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for unidentified chromosomal anomalies. More clinical information and further studies of patients with these anomalies will identify the pathogenicity of the involving genes and improve the understanding of the phenotype-genotype correlation.

Application of intelligent algorithms in Down syndrome screening during second trimester pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal aneuploidy diseases. Prenatal screening and diagnostic tests can aid the early diagnosis, appropriate management of these fetuses, and give parents an informed choice about whether or not to terminate a pregnancy. In recent years, investigations have been conducted to achieve a high detection rate (DR) and reduce the false positive rate (FPR). Hospitals have accumulated large numbers of screened cases. However, artificial intelligence methods are rarely used in the risk assessment of prenatal screening for DS. AIM: To use a support vector machine algorithm, classification and regression tree algorithm, and AdaBoost algorithm in machine learning for modeling and analysis of prenatal DS screening. METHODS: The dataset was from the Center for Prenatal Diagnosis at the First Hospital of Jilin University. We designed and developed intelligent algorithms based on the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE)-Tomek and adaptive synthetic sampling over-sampling techniques to preprocess the dataset of prenatal screening information. The machine learning model was then established. Finally, the feasibility of artificial intelligence algorithms in DS screening evaluation is discussed. RESULTS: The database contained 31 DS diagnosed cases, accounting for 0.03% of all patients. The dataset showed a large difference between the numbers of DS affected and non-affected cases. A combination of over-sampling and under-sampling techniques can greatly increase the performance of the algorithm at processing non-balanced datasets. As the number of iterations increases, the combination of the classification and regression tree algorithm and the SMOTE-Tomek over-sampling technique can obtain a high DR while keeping the FPR to a minimum. CONCLUSION: The support vector machine algorithm and the classification and regression tree algorithm achieved good results on the DS screening dataset. When the T21 risk cutoff value was set to 270, machine learning methods had a higher DR and a lower FPR than statistical methods.

Prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with mosaic ring chromosome 13: Case report and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To diagnose the ring chromosome 13 (r(13)) in a fetus, and analyze the genotype-phenotype correlation. CASE REPORT: A 26-year-old woman who was second pregnancy, underwent amniocentesis at 18 weeks of gestation because of the increased nuchal translucency (NT). Prenatal ultrasound showed the NT thickness was 3.5 mm at 12+1 weeks of gestation and nuchal fold (NF) was 6.1 mm at 18 weeks of gestation, and amniotic fluid karyotype analysis revealed mosaic r(13). CMA detected a 16.293 Mb duplication at 13q21.32q31.1 and 31.303 Mb deletion at 13q31.1q34. CONCLUSION: R(13) is a very rare chromosomal abnormality. Cytogenetic examination combined with CMA can provide accurate diagnosis and effective information for genetic counseling.

Clinical Application of Chromosomal Microarray Analysis in Pregnant Women with Advanced Maternal Age and Fetuses with Ultrasonographic Soft Markers.

BACKGROUND In pregnant women with advanced maternal age (AMA) and fetuses with ultrasonographic (USG) soft markers it is always challenging to decide whether to implement chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) or not. It is unclear whether CMA should be used in the fetuses with isolated USG soft markers, and there is still a lack of extensive sample research. MATERIAL AND METHODS We enrolled 1521 cases in our research and divided them into 3 groups as follows: pregnant women with isolated AMA (group 1, n=633), pregnant women whose fetuses had isolated USG soft markers (group 2, n=750), and pregnant women with AMA whose fetuses had isolated USG soft markers (group 3, n=138). All pregnant women underwent prenatal ultrasound and amniocentesis, and fetal cells in the amniotic fluid were used for genetic analysis of CMA. All participants signed a written informed consent prior to CMA. RESULTS Abnormal findings were detected by CMA in 330 (21.70%) fetuses, including 37 (2.43%) clinically significant copy number variations (CNVs), 52 (3.42%) benign or likely benign CNVs, and 240 (15.78%) variants of unknown significance. The frequency of clinically significant CNVs in group 1 and group 2 were significantly lower than that in group 3 (2.37% and 2.0% vs 5.07%, P<0.01). More than a half (59.46%, 22/37) of the pregnant women decided to continue their pregnancy despite having a fetus diagnosed with clinically significant CNV. CONCLUSIONS CMA can increase the diagnostic yield of fetal chromosomal abnormality for pregnant women with isolated AMA or/and their fetuses had isolated USG soft markers.

Frequency and clinical manifestation of prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis of chromosomal polymorphisms in Northeast China.

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the incidence of chromosomal polymorphisms in prenatal cytogenetic diagnostic cases and the effect of the clinical manifestation of these fetuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 490 fetuses with chromosomal polymorphisms among 9996 pregnant women who underwent prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis were included in this study and were set as group 1. Other 500 pregnant women, whose fetuses were with normal karyotypes, were randomly selected from the remaining pregnant women and set as group 2. Clinical information and outcomes and maternal serum screening results of group 1 were compared with group 2. RESULTS: The frequency of fetal chromosomal polymorphism was 4.90% (490/9996). The most common variants observed were 1/9/16 qh± (2.27%, 227/9996), followed by inv(9) (0.90%, 90/9996). 94.62% (264/279) of fetal chromosomal variants were inherited from parents. No statistical difference was found in clinical information and outcomes and maternal serum screening results between group 1 and group 2. CONCLUSION: The fetus with chromosomal polymorphism has no impact on serum markers of second trimester screening and does not play an important role for the clinical outcome of the current pregnancy either, whether it is inherited from the parents or a de novo mutation.

Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) inherited from her mosaic sSMC(15) mother and a literature review.

OBJECTIVE: We characterized a maternally inherited small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 15 according to prenatal detection and made a review on the prenatal sSMC(15) cases with mosaic maternal inheritance. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 19 weeks of gestation due to the high risk of Down syndrome in maternal serum screening. No abnormalities were observed in prenatal ultrasound findings. G-banding analysis revealed a karyotype of 47,XX,+mar. Subsequently, we recalled the couple back for chromosomal analysis. The father's karyotype was normal while the mother's karyotype was 47,XX,+mar[15]/46,XX[35]. Molecular genetic analysis was utilized to identify the marker chromosome. The chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) results of the mother showed there existed microduplications in the locus of 14q32.33, 15q21.1, 19p12 and Xq26.2, respectively. Then Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes for chromosomes 13/21, 14/22, and 15 was applied on the mother and the fetus. And the marker chromosomes for the mother and the fetus were all finally identified as inv dup(15) (D15Z1++, SNRPN-, PML-), which illustrated that the fetus inherited the sSMC(15) from her mother. Finally, a healthy female infant was delivered with no phenotypic abnormalities at 39 weeks. CONCLUSION: The combined utilization of the molecular genetic technologies, such as FISH and CMA, plays a critical role in the identification of the origins and genetic constitutions of sSMC, which would make a significant contribution to genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.

Indigenization of the median of markers for Down syndrome screening based on statistical analysis of medical big data.

OBJECTIVE: To indigenize the median of Down syndrome (DS) screening markers for first and second trimester, and compare the impact of the indigenized and built-in median data on the efficiency of DS screening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data derived from first and Second-trimester screening (FTS and STS) for DS, composed of selected pregnancies deemed to be normal, were examined in a retrospective study. Indigenization regression analysis was calculated by using five models to fit statistical the raw data. Multiple of median (MoM) values estimated by using indigenized medians were compared with those calculated by using built-in. RESULTS: This study established a regression equation which is more suitable for the median of each screening marker in the local pregnant women. The changes of median MoM of screening markers were statistically significant after indigenization. For FTS, the detection rate was 100% when the false positive rate was 5%, and the cut-off value was 1/262. On the other hand, for STS, the detection rate of the model with indigenized parameters was 77.42%, which is 16.13% higher than that of built-in parameters. CONCLUSION: For the individual specific risk of pregnancy, when the indigenized parameters was used to calculate, is more accurately and screening effectiveness has been improved. This is a great reference significance for the current prenatal screening whether indigenized data should be used.

Intervention effect of health education combined with aerobic exercise on adolescent depression / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the intervention effect of health education combined with aerobic exercise on adolescent depression,and to provide a reference for depression prevention of adolescents.@*Methods@#A total of 84 adolescent patients with depression in Wuhan Mental Health Center were selected by convenient sampling method. They were divided into two groups according to the order of patients visits (n=42). The control group received routine health education. The experimental group received group health education of emotional intelligence, and cooperated with moderate intensity aerobic exercise. The changes of depression, emotional intelligence and serotonin (5-HT), cortisol and norepinephrine (NE) levels before and after intervention were compared between the two groups.@*Results@#Before intervention, there was no significant difference in scores of Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and Social Disability Screening Schedule (SDSS) between the two groups (t=0.62，1.02，P>0.05). The scores of HAMD and SDSS in the experimental group were significantly lower than those before intervention (t=9.62, 10.05, P<0.05). The scores of HAMD and SDSS in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (t=-6.95，-7.32，P<0.05). The scores and total scores of emotional perception, self-management and other management in the experimental group after intervention were significantly higher than those before intervention (t=6.54, 7.21, 5.33 ，6.60, P<0.05). The scores of emotion perception, self-management, others’ management and total scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05). compared with before intervention, the levels of 5-HT and NE in the experimental group after intervention were significantly higher, the levels of cortisol were significantly lower (t=4.62, 5.36，-16.54, P<0.05)，and the level of 5-HT and NE in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the level of cortisol was significantly lower than that in the control group (t=15.25，8.74，-26.54，P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The implementation of emotional intelligence group health education and aerobic exercise can effectively reduce the level of 5-HT, improve the level of cortisol, enhance the emotional intelligence of adolescents with depression, and alleviate their depressive mood.

Bifurcation analysis of a wild and sterile mosquito model.

The bifurcation of an ordinary differential equation model describing interaction of the wild and the released sterile mosquitoes is analyzed. It is shown that the model undergoes a sequence of bifurcations including saddle-node bifurcation, supercritical Hopf bifurcation, subcritical Hopf bifurcation, homoclinic bifurcation and Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation. We also find that the model displays monostable, bistable or tristable dynamics. This analysis suggests that the densities of the initial wild mosquitoes and the released sterile ones determine the asymptotic states of both populations. This study may give an insight into the estimation number of the released sterile mosquitoes.

Natural Transmission of b2/b3 Subdeletion or Duplication to Expanded Y Chromosome Microdeletions.

BACKGROUND Y chromosome microdeletions are usually de novo mutations, but in several cases, transmission from fertile fathers to infertile sons has been reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS We report 3 cases of infertile patients who inherited expanded Y chromosome microdeletions from their fathers, who carried b2/b3 subdeletion or duplication. The karyotype was analyzed using G-banding. High-throughput sequencing was used to detect AZF region microdeletions. RESULTS Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal karyotype 46,XY in patient 1 (P1), patient 2 (P2), and their fathers (F1 and F2). Patient 3 (P3) and his father (F3) presented a karyotype of 46,XY,Yqh-. High-throughput sequencing for the AZF disclosed an identical b2/b3 subdeletion in the F1 and F2. P1 had an AZFc deletion that accounted for 3.5 Mb, and P2 had an AZFa+b+c microdeletion that accounted for 10.5 Mb. F3 had a b2/b3 duplication of 1.8Mb, but P3 had an AZFb+c deletion of 6.2 Mb. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that b2/b3 partial deletion or duplication can lead to structural instability in the Y chromosome and be a risk factor of complete deletion of AZFc or more expanded deletion during transmission.

Influence of the Ge distribution on the first order magnetic transition of the MnFe(P,Ge) magnetocaloric material.

MnFe(P,Ge) is a promising magnetocaloric material for potential refrigeration applications near room temperature. However, its relatively large hysteresis and large temperature/field range of two-phase [paramagnetic (PM) and ferromagnetic (FM)] coexistence displayed in the cyclic first order magnetic transition (FOMT) cause energy losses and reduce the energy conversion efficiency. In this work, we explore the underlying causes of phase coexistence, hysteresis and structural transformation based on determination of the Ge distribution in MnFeP1-xGex (0.10 < x < 0.50) materials. We find that all the samples crystallize in the Fe2P-type structure [P6[combining macron]2m (No. 189), Z = 3] and Ge displays a strong preference for the 2c site. First principles total energy calculations confirm this site preference of Ge, and Ge entering the 2c site changes the electronic structures and enhances the Fe and Mn 3d exchange splitting across the Fermi level as well as the FM exchange interactions, consequently leading to a linear increase in the transition temperature with increasing Ge content. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy reveal the inhomogeneous distribution of Ge in grains, which makes the grains with larger Ge content transform from the PM to the FM phase first when cooling and thus causes the phase coexistence. Maximum entropy method electron-densities show that weakening the coplanar Fe-P/Ge(2c) and Mn-P(1b) bonding strengths across the PM to FM phase transition can release some 3d-electrons to enhance the Fe-Mn FM exchange interaction and result in coupling between the magnetic and structural degrees of freedom. This provides first direct evidence for the dominant role of Fe-Mn exchange interaction in the ferromagnetic ordering and may provide a method to observe the exchange interaction. Diminishing the variances in covalent bonding strengths across the FOMT gives rise to an exponential decay in the heat hysteresis when increasing the Ge occupancy at the 2c site. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a relationship between the variances in covalent bonding strengths and hysteresis is proposed. This material thus provides an example of a FOMT and hysteresis driven by reversible weakening and strengthening of covalent bonds. Based on these, a strategy of designing better magnetocaloric materials is suggested.

A report of nine cases and review of the literature of infertile men carrying balanced translocations involving chromosome 5.

BACKGROUND: Balanced translocations may cause the loss of genetic material at the breakpoints and may result in failure of spermatogenesis. However, carriers of reciprocal translocation may naturally conceive. Genetic counseling of male carriers of translocations remains challenging. This study explores the clinical features of carriers of chromosome 5 translocations, enabling informed genetic counseling of these patients. RESULTS: Of 82 translocation carriers, 9 (11%) were carriers of a chromosome 5 translocation. One case had azoospermia, while three cases had experienced recurrent spontaneous abortions, two cases had each experienced stillbirth, and three cases produced a phenotypically normal child confirmed by amniocentesis. A literature review identified 106 patients who carried chromosome 5 translocations. The most common chromosome 5 translocation was t(4,5), observed in 13 patients. Breakpoint at 5p15 was observed in 11 patients. All breakpoints at chromosome 5 were associated with gestational infertility. CONCLUSION: In genetic counseling, physicians should consider chromosome 5 and its breakpoints. Carriers of chromosome 5 translocations may continue with natural conception or use assisted reproductive technologies, such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Molecular microdeletion analysis of infertile men with karyotypic Y chromosome abnormalities.

Objectives To investigate azoospermic factor (AZF) microdeletions in infertile men from northeastern China with karyotypic Y chromosome abnormalities. Methods G-banding of metaphase chromosomes and karyotype analysis were performed in all infertile male patients. Genomic DNA was isolated and used to analyze classical AZF microdeletions by PCR. The regions and sequence-tagged sites of AZFa (SY86, SY84), AZFb (SY127, SY134, SY143), and AZFc (SY152, SY254, SY255, SY157) were sequenced by multiplex PCR. Results A total of 190 Y chromosome abnormality carriers were found, of whom 35 had AZF microdeletions. These were most common in 46,X,Yqh- patients, followed by 45,X/46,XY patients. Most microdeletions were detected in the AZFb + c region, including 48.57% of all AZF microdeletion cases. AZF partial deletions were also seen in these patients. Overall, AZF microdeletions were detected in 38.5% Y chromosome abnormality carriers, and most were observed in 46,X,Yqh- individuals. Loss of SY152 was seen in all 35 patients, with SY254/SY255 detected in 34 of 35 patients. Conclusions AZF microdeletions were detected in 38.5% of Y chromosome abnormality carriers. This indicates that AZF microdeletion screening is advisable for individuals with karyotypic Y chromosome abnormalities.

Placental mosaicism for Trisomy 13: a challenge in providing the cell-free fetal DNA testing.

PURPOSE: We investigated the disagreement between the positive cell-free fetal DNA test for trisomy 13 and the standard cytogenetic diagnosis of one case. METHODS: Cell-free fetal DNA testing was performed by massively parallel sequencing. We used conventional cytogenetic analysis to confirm the commercial cell-free fetal DNA testing. Additionally, postnatal fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) testing was performed on placental tissues. RESULTS: The cell-free fetal DNA testing result was positive for trisomy 13. G-banded analysis of amniotic fluid was normal, 46, XY. FISH testing of tissues from four quadrants of the placenta demonstrated mosaicism for trisomy 13. CONCLUSIONS: A positive cell-free fetal DNA testing result may not be representative of the fetal karyotype because of placental mosaicism. Cytogenetic analysis should be performed when abnormal cell-free fetal DNA test results are obtained.

Analysis of Y chromosome microdeletion in 1738 infertile men from northeastern China.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequencies and the characteristics of Y chromosome microdeletion in infertile men from northeastern China to perform appropriate therapeutic choices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 1738 infertile men. Sperm concentration was measured according to standard methods and karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes with standard G-banding. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification using 9 specific sequence-tagged sites were selected to detect Y chromosome microdeletions. RESULTS: The data showed that the frequency of Y chromosome microdeletion was 8.57%. The most common microdeletion, among the azoospermia factor (AZF) regions, was detected in the AZFc region, followed by AZFb+c, AZFb, AZFa+b+c, AZFa, and AZFa+c. One-hundred seven patients with Y chromosome microdeletion developed azoospermia, 39 developed severe oligozoospermia (sperm concentration ≤5 × 10(6)/mL), and 3 developed moderate oligozoospermia (sperm concentration >5 × 10(6)/mL and ≤10 × 10(6)/mL). Karyotype analysis was available for 130 patients with Y chromosome microdeletion and abnormal karyotypes were found in 19 patients (14.6%). The most frequent abnormal karyotype was 46,X,Yqh-(n = 7). CONCLUSION: In northeastern China, Y chromosome microdeletion diagnosis should be performed before the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in infertile men with sperm count ≤10 × 10(6)/mL, especially in men with azoospermia.

45,X mosaicism in northeast China: a clinical report and review of the literature.

PURPOSE: To explore the prevalence and clinical features, especially the reproductive function, of 45,X mosaicism patients in northeast China. METHODS: GTG-banding was performed on a series of 2,250 patients from our genetic counseling clinic. Each of these patients underwent a physical examination and was interviewed about their medical history and reproductive problems. Literature on 45,X mosaicism was accessed using PubMed and reviewed. RESULTS: The prevalence of 45,X mosaicism in northeast China is 0.36 % (8/2250), and the mosaic karyotype of our study accounted for 61.54 % (8/13) of Turner syndrome cases. This is comparable with studies from Asia, Europe, South America and other regions. The affected patients showed genital abnormalities, abnormal pregnancy or infertility. CONCLUSION: 45,X mosaicism is commonly seen in the genetic counseling clinic. Extensive cytogenetic assessment may improve the detection rate in patients with congenital dysplasia, or history of abnormal pregnancy or infertility. Karyotyping plays a key role in prognosis and assisted reproduction or early surgical treatment.

Impact of chromosomal heteromorphisms on reproductive failure and analysis of 38 heteromorphic pedigrees in Northeast China.

PURPOSE: To compare the frequency of chromosomal heteromorphisms in reproductive failure and fertile control individuals in Northeast China, and investigate the impact on reproductive failure METHODS: 1751 males and 1424 couples with reproductive failure (n = 4599) and 777 fertile control individuals in Northeast China were enrolled. Chromosome karyotype analysis was performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes with standard G-banding. Additionally, C-banding was performed with heterochromatin heteromorphisms, and NORs-banding with satellites/stalks variations. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) adopted for the amplification using nine specific sequence tagged sites (STS) were used to detect Y-chromosome microdeletions with Y chromosome variations (Yqh±). At the same time, 38 heteromorphic probands' family members were recalled for performing karyotype analysis and to be surveyed for their detailed reproductive history. RESULTS: The frequency of chromosomal heteromorphisms in reproductive failure patients (2.74 %, 126/4599) was of no statistically significant difference as compared with fertile control individuals (2.06 %, 16/777) (P > 0.05). Eight cases of Y variation (Yqh±) probands with Y-chromosomal microdeletions were detected among 44 reproductive failure patients and 6 fertile control men. In the 38 recalled families, the probands of fathers or mothers, even some of their brothers or sisters, had the same heteromorphic karyotypes as probands' despite that they didn't have any adverse reproductive history. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference in frequency of chromosomal heteromorphisms between reproductive failure and fertile control individuals in Northeast China. Males with Y variations (Yqh±) should be ordered Y-chromosomal microdeletions detection. Through the analysis of 38 recalled families, we can also conclude that chromosomal heteromorphisms were not the impact factors for reproductive failure.

Decline of semen quality and increase of leukocytes with cigarette smoking in infertile men.

BACKGROUND: Previous researches about the effect of smoking on semen quality are contradictory, and the mechanism behind the harmful effect of smoking on semen quality still remains unclear until today. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are evaluation of the relationship between smoking and fertility, investigation of the effects of cigarette smoking on sperm parameters and detection of presence of leukocytes within the semen of idiopathic infertile men from Northeastern China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 1512 infertile patients who visited affiliated hospitals of Jilin University from 2007-2010 were enrolled in this study. Patients were assigned into one non-smoking and one smoking group which was divided into mild, moderate and heavy subgroups. Sperm parameters (including leukocytes) and sperm morphology analysis were performed using standard techniques. RESULTS: Compared with non-smokers, smokers had a significant decrease in semen volumes (p=0.006), rapid progressive motility (p=0.002) and sperm viability (p=0.019); moreover, smokers had a significant increase in the levels of immotile sperms (p=0.005) and semen leukocytes (p=0.002); pH and sperm concentration were not statistically significant (p=0.789 and p=0.297 respectively). Sperm motion parameters were all lower in the smokers except for beat-cross frequency (Hz) (BCF). Further, the percentage of normal morphology sperm was decreased significantly in smokers (p=0.003), the sperm morphology was worse with increasing degree of smoking. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that smoking leads to a significant decline in semen quality and higher levels of leukocytes, thus smoking may affects the fertilization efficiency.