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Deep lakes are critical for freshwater storage, yet they are struggling against major ecological issues from climate change and nutrient pollution. A comprehensive understanding of internal feedback mechanisms is crucial for regulating nutrients in these lakes. A five-year study was conducted on the diatom community and environment in Lake Fuxian, China's largest deep freshwater lake, which is becoming eutrophic. The results indicate a shift in the diatom community from a stable state dominated by a single species to a rapid seasonal fluctuation, and there is a significant increase in diatom biomass. Specifically, stable stratification and low nutrient concentrations are limiting the growth of diatom biomass and maintaining the dominance of Cyclotella. Nutrients in the hypolimnion were replenished in the epilimnion during the extreme cold of winter, triggering a shift in the diatom community. This shift may imply that future climate change will exacerbate the positive feedback of hypoxia-nutrient release of algal blooms, potentially triggering a regime shift in the ecosystem of the entire lake. This study underscores the fact that climate change alters the internal feedback mechanisms of deep lakes, reducing ecosystem stability, and provides a scientific basis for further clarification of protection measures for deep lakes.
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Rationale: Currently, there are occasional reports of health problems caused by sleep deprivation (SD). However, to date, there remains a lack of in-depth research regarding the effects of SD on the growth and development of oocytes in females. The present work aimed to investigate whether SD influences ovarian folliculogenesis in adolescent female mice. Methods: Using a dedicated device, SD conditions were established in 3-week old female mice (a critical stage of follicular development) for 6 weeks and gut microbiota and systemic metabolomics were analyzed. Analyses were related to parameters of folliculogenesis and reproductive performance of SD females. Results: We found that the gut microbiota and systemic metabolomics were severely altered in SD females and that these were associated with parameters of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). These included increased granulosa cell apoptosis, reduced numbers of primordial follicles (PmFs), correlation with decreased AMH, E2, and increased LH in blood serum, and a parallel increased number of growing follicles and changes in protein expression compatible with PmF activation. SD also reduced oocyte maturation and reproductive performance. Notably, fecal microbial transplantation from SD females into normal females induced POI parameters in the latter while niacinamide (NAM) supplementation alleviated such symptoms in SD females. Conclusion: Gut microbiota and alterations in systemic metabolomics caused by SD induced POI features in juvenile females that could be counteracted with NAM supplementation.
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Dysbiose , Microbiome gastro-intestinal , Métabolomique , Insuffisance ovarienne primitive , Privation de sommeil , Animaux , Femelle , Insuffisance ovarienne primitive/métabolisme , Souris , Dysbiose/microbiologie , Dysbiose/métabolisme , Métabolomique/méthodes , Privation de sommeil/complications , Privation de sommeil/métabolisme , Follicule ovarique/métabolisme , Ovocytes/métabolisme , Transplantation de microbiote fécal , Modèles animaux de maladie humaine , ApoptoseRÉSUMÉ
Actin remodeling is spatiotemporally regulated by surface topographical cues on the membrane for signaling across diverse biological processes. Yet, the mechanism dynamic membrane curvature prompts quick actin cytoskeletal changes in signaling remain elusive. Leveraging the precision of nanolithography to control membrane curvature, we reconstructed catalytic reactions from the detection of nano-scale curvature by sensing molecules to the initiation of actin polymerization, which is challenging to study quantitatively in living cells. We show that this process occurs via topographical signal-triggered condensation and activation of the actin nucleation-promoting factor (NPF), Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (N-WASP), which is orchestrated by curvature-sensing BAR-domain protein FBP17. Such N-WASP activation is fine-tuned by optimizing FBP17 to N-WASP stoichiometry over different curvature radii, allowing a curvature-guided macromolecular assembly pattern for polymerizing actin network locally. Our findings shed light on the intricate relationship between changes in curvature and actin remodeling via spatiotemporal regulation of NPF/BAR complex condensation.
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BACKGROUND: Alopecia significantly affects the mental health and social relationship of women since childbearing age, highlighting the need for a safe, effective, and convenient treatment. METHODS: The authors have conducted a prospective self-controlled trial involving 15 female patients at childbearing age with alopecia. These patients received a subcutaneous scalp injection of platelet-rich plasma once every 4 weeks for 3 treatments in total. Outcome measurements were included below: changes in hair density (hair/cm2), hair follicle density (hair follicle/cm2), and overall photographic assessment (improved or not) at 4, 12, and 24 weeks right after the first treatment. RESULTS: Comparing the photographs taken before and after the intervention, 67% of patients' hair density increased from 151 ± 39.82 hairs/cm2 (preintervention) to 170.96 ± 37.14 hairs/cm2 (at 24-week follow-up), representing an approximate increase of 19 hairs/cm2. Meanwhile, hair follicle density increased by approximately 15 follicles/cm2 after 24 weeks since the first treatment, rising from 151.04 ± 41.99 follicles/cm2 to 166.72 ± 37.13 follicles/cm2. The primary adverse reactions observed were local swelling and pain due to injections. CONCLUSION: Local injection of nonactivated platelet-rich plasma with low leukocytes concentration could be an effective strategy to alleviate alopecia symptoms in female patients.
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Cordyceps cicadae, as a new food ingredient, is a valuable edible and medicinal fungi. However, its resources are severely depleted due to environmental limitations and excessive harvesting practices. N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (HEA), as an important product of Cordyceps cicadae, has the potential to be used in medical industry due to its diverse disease curing potential. However, the disclosure of HEA synthesis still severely limited its application until now. In this study, the kinetic curves for adenosine and HEA under shaker fermentation were explored. The kinetics of HEA and adenosine production exhibited a competitive pattern, implicating a possibility of sharing a same step during their synthesis. Due to HEA as a derivative of nitrogen metabolism, the effect of different nitrogen sources (peptone, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate, diammonium oxalate monohydrate, ammonium citrate dibasic, and ammonium citrate tribasic) on HEA production in Cordyceps cicadae strain AH 10-4 had been explored under different incubation conditions (shaker fermentation, stationary fermentation, and submerged fermentation). Our results indicated that the complex organic nitrogen sources were found to improve the accumulation of HEA content under shaker fermentation. In contrast, the optimal nitrogen source for the accumulation of HEA under stationary fermentation and submerged fermentation was ammonium citrate tribasic. But submerged fermentation obviously shortened the incubation time and had a comparable capacity of HEA accumulation by 2.578 mg/g compared with stationary fermentation of 2.535 mg/g, implicating a possibility of scaled-up production of HEA in industry by submerged fermentation. Based on the dramatic HEA production by ammonium sulfate as nitrogen resources between stationary and shaker fermentations, alanine, aspartate and glutamate as well as arginine metabolic pathway were related to the production of HEA by comparative transcriptome. Further investigation indicated that glutamic acid, which is an analog of Asp, showed an optimum production of HEA in comparison with other amino acids.
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Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), recognized as a potent greenhouse gas with significant contributions to climate change, presents challenges in understanding its degradation processes. Molecular dynamics simulations are valuable tools for understanding modes of decomposition while the traditional approaches face limitations in time scale and require unrealistically high temperatures. The collective variable-driven hyperdynamics (CVHD) approach has been introduced to directly depict the pyrolysis process for SF6 gas at practical application temperatures, as low as 1600 K for the first time. Achieving an unprecedented acceleration factor of up to 107, the method extends the simulation time scale to milliseconds and beyond while maintaining consistency with experimental and theoretical models. The differences in the reaction process between simulations conducted at actual and elevated temperatures have been noted, providing insights into SF6 degradation pathways. The work provides a basis for the further studies on the thermal degradation of pollutants.
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The ELN gene encodes tropoelastin which is used to generate elastic fibers that insure proper tissue elasticity. Decreased amounts of elastic fibers and/or accumulation of bioactive products of their cleavage, named elastokines, are thought to contribute to aging. Cellular senescence, characterized by a stable proliferation arrest and by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), increases with aging, fostering the onset and progression of age-related diseases and overall aging, and has so far never been linked with elastin. Here, we identified that decrease in ELN either by siRNA in normal human fibroblasts or by knockout in mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in premature senescence. Surprisingly this effect is independent of elastic fiber degradation or elastokines production, but it relies on the rapid increase in HMOX1 after ELN downregulation. Moreover, the induction of HMOX1 depends on p53 and NRF2 transcription factors, and leads to an increase in iron, further mediating ELN downregulation-induced senescence. Screening of iron-dependent DNA and histones demethylases revealed a role for histone PHF8 demethylase in mediating ELN downregulation-induced senescence. Collectively, these results unveil a role for ELN in protecting cells from cellular senescence through a non-canonical mechanism involving a ROS/HMOX1/iron accumulation/PHF8 histone demethylase pathway reprogramming gene expression towards a senescence program.
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Vieillissement de la cellule , Fibroblastes , Régulation de l'expression des gènes , Heme oxygenase-1 , Fer , Tropoélastine , Animaux , Humains , Souris , Fibroblastes/métabolisme , Heme oxygenase-1/métabolisme , Heme oxygenase-1/génétique , Histone Demethylases/métabolisme , Histone Demethylases/génétique , Fer/métabolisme , Protéines membranaires/métabolisme , Protéines membranaires/génétique , Facteur-2 apparenté à NF-E2/métabolisme , Facteur-2 apparenté à NF-E2/génétique , Tropoélastine/métabolisme , Tropoélastine/génétique , Protéine p53 suppresseur de tumeur/métabolisme , Protéine p53 suppresseur de tumeur/génétiqueRÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND: Although many studies suggested the benefit of smoking cessation among pregnant women in reducing the risk of preterm birth (PTB), the timing of the effect of the cessation remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of trimester-specific smoking cessation behaviours with PTB risk. METHODS: We included 199,453 live births in Western New York between 2004 and 2018. Based on self-reported cigarette smoking during preconception and in each trimester, we created six mutually exclusive groups: non-smokers, quitters in each trimester, those who smoked throughout pregnancy, and inconsistent smokers. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Poisson regression to examine the association between smoking cessation and PTB. Effect modification by illegal drug use, maternal age, race and ethnicity and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was investigated multiplicatively by ratio of relative risk and additively by relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RESULTS: Overall, 6.7% of women had a PTB; 14.1% smoked throughout pregnancy and 3.4%, 1.8% and 0.8% reported quitting smoking during the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. Compared to non-smokers, third-trimester cessation (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01, 1.43) and smoking throughout pregnancy (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.21, 1.33) were associated with a higher PTB risk, while quitting smoking during the first or second trimester, or inconsistent smoking was not associated with PTB. A positive additive interaction was identified for maternal age and late smoking cessation or smoking throughout pregnancy on PTB risk (RERI 0.17, 95% CI 0.00, 0.36), and a negative interaction was observed for pre-pregnancy BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (ratio of relative risk 0.70, 95% CI 0.63, 0.78; RERI -0.42, 95% CI -0.56, -0.30). CONCLUSION: Compared to non-smokers, smoking throughout pregnancy and third-trimester smoking cessation are associated with an increased risk of PTB, while quitting before the third trimester may not increase PTB risk.
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Fumer des cigarettes , Trimestres de grossesse , Naissance prématurée , Arrêter de fumer , Humains , Femelle , Grossesse , Arrêter de fumer/statistiques et données numériques , Naissance prématurée/épidémiologie , Naissance prématurée/étiologie , Adulte , État de New York/épidémiologie , Jeune adulte , Fumer des cigarettes/effets indésirables , Fumer des cigarettes/épidémiologie , Facteurs de risque , Nouveau-néRÉSUMÉ
Filamentous fungi play a crucial role in environmental pollution control, protein secretion, and the production of active secondary metabolites. The evolution of gene editing technology has significantly improved the study of filamentous fungi, which in the past was laborious and time-consuming. But recently, CRISPR-Cas systems, which utilize small guide RNA (sgRNA) to mediate clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas), have demonstrated considerable promise in research and application for filamentous fungi. The principle, function, and classification of CRISPR-Cas, along with its application strategies and research progress in filamentous fungi, will all be covered in the review. Additionally, we will go over general matters to take into account when editing a genome with the CRISPR-Cas system, including the creation of vectors, different transformation methodologies, multiple editing approaches, CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation (CRISPRa) or interference (CRISPRi), base editors (BEs), and Prime editors (PEs).
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and associated factors of initial and recurrent severe infections in hospitalized patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: SLE patients that first hospitalized between 2010 and 2021 were studied retrospectively and divided into SLE with and without baseline severe infection groups. The primary outcome was the occurrence of severe infection during follow-up. Cox regression models were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for initial and recurrent severe infections. RESULTS: Among 1051 first hospitalized SLE patients, 164 (15.6%) had severe infection on admission. During a median follow-up of 4.1 years, 113 (10.8%) patients reached severe infection outcomes, including 27 with reinfection and 86 with initial severe infection (16.5% vs. 9.7%, p = .010). Patients with baseline severe infection had a higher cumulative incidence of reinfection (p = .007). After adjusting for confounding factors, renal involvement, elevated serum creatinine, hypoalbuminemia, cyclophosphamide, and mycophenolate mofetil treatment were associated with an increased risk of severe infection, especially initial severe infection. Low immunoglobulin, anti-dsDNA antibody positivity, and cyclophosphamide use significantly increased the risk of recurrent severe infection, with adjusted HR (95% CI) of 3.15 (1.22, 8.14), 3.60 (1.56, 8.28), and 2.14 (1.01, 5.76), respectively. Moreover, baseline severe infection and low immunoglobulin had a multiplicative interaction on reinfection, with adjusted RHR (95% CI) of 3.91 (1.27, 12.09). CONCLUSION: In this cohort of SLE, patients with severe infection had a higher risk of reinfection, and low immunoglobulin, anti-dsDNA antibody positivity, and cyclophosphamide use were independent risk factors for recurrent severe infection.
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Lupus érythémateux disséminé , Réinfection , Humains , Études rétrospectives , Cyclophosphamide/effets indésirables , Lupus érythémateux disséminé/diagnostic , Lupus érythémateux disséminé/traitement médicamenteux , Lupus érythémateux disséminé/épidémiologie , Facteurs de risque , Immunoglobulines , Chine/épidémiologieRÉSUMÉ
Purpose: Excessive mechanical stress accumulates and causes knee injury. Meniscal extrusion is a key factor in detecting the reaction to cumulative mechanical stress. The accumulation of stress strongly depends on environmental conditions such as flat ground or uphill/downhill, and accumulates in knee compartments; only a few studies have reported the effects of different environments on lateral and medial meniscus extrusion. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cumulative uphill/downhill stress on the meniscal extrusion in each compartment. Methods: A total of 30 healthy volunteers with 30 affected knees were involved in this cohort study (mean age, 22.0 ± 1.1 years; men, n = 14). The participants were divided into flat-walking, uphill/downhill-walking, and uphill/downhill-jogging groups and their numbers of steps taken were recorded during the effort. Moreover, medial and lateral meniscal extrusions during walking were evaluated using ultrasound three times, before and after efforts (T1) and (T2), and one day after efforts (T3), respectively. Results: In the flat-walking group, no significant differences were observed between the follow-up periods. Conversely, in the uphill/downhill-walking and jogging groups, the medial meniscus extrusion at T2 was significantly higher than that at T1. Conversely, the medial meniscus extrusion at T3 was significantly lower than that at T2. By contrast, the lateral meniscus did not show any difference between the follow-up periods in any group. Conclusion: Temporary extrusion of the meniscus occurred after uphill/downhill tasks in healthy volunteers, and its reaction was observed only in the medial meniscus.
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Introduction: Despite the clinical value of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), restricted comprehension of its toxicity limits the secure and efficacious application. Previous studies primarily focused on exploring specific toxicities within CHM, without providing an overview of CHM's toxicity. The absence of a quantitative assessment of focal points renders the future research trajectory ambiguous. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal research trends and areas of concern for the past decade. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on publications related to CHM and toxicity over the past decade from Web of Science Core Collection database. The characteristics of the publication included publication year, journal, institution, funding, keywords, and citation counts were recorded. Co-occurrence analysis and trend topic analysis based on bibliometric analysis were conducted on keywords and citations. Results: A total of 3,225 publications were analyzed. Number of annal publications increased over the years, with the highest number observed in 2022 (n = 475). The Journal of Ethnopharmacology published the most publications (n = 425). The most frequently used toxicity classifications in keywords were hepatotoxicity (n = 119) or drug-induced liver injury (n = 48), and nephrotoxicity (n = 40). Co-occurrence analysis revealed relatively loose connections between CHM and toxicity, and their derivatives. Keywords emerging from trend topic analysis for the past 3 years (2019-2022) included ferroptosis, NLRP3 inflammasome, machine learning, network pharmacology, traditional uses, and pharmacology. Conclusion: Concerns about the toxicity of CHM have increased in the past decade. However, there remains insufficient studies that directly explore the intersection of CHM and toxicity. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, as the most concerned toxicity classifications associated with CHM, warrant more in-depth investigations. Apoptosis was the most concerned toxicological mechanism. As a recent increase in attention, exploring the mechanisms of ferroptosis in nephrotoxicity and NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatotoxicity could provide valuable insights. Machine learning and network pharmacology are potential methods for future studies.
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BACKGROUND: The accurate assessment of T4 stage of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has consistently presented a considerable difficulty for radiologists. This study aimed to develop and validate an automated artificial intelligence (AI) pipeline for the prediction of T4 stage of PDAC using contrast-enhanced CT imaging. METHODS: The data were obtained retrospectively from consecutive patients with surgically resected and pathologically proved PDAC at two institutions between July 2017 and June 2022. Initially, a deep learning (DL) model was developed to segment PDAC. Subsequently, radiomics features were extracted from the automatically segmented region of interest (ROI), which encompassed both the tumor region and a 3 mm surrounding area, to construct a predictive model for determining T4 stage of PDAC. The assessment of the models' performance involved the calculation of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: The study encompassed a cohort of 509 PDAC patients, with a median age of 62 years (interquartile range: 55-67). The proportion of patients in T4 stage within the model was 16.9%. The model achieved an AUC of 0.849 (95% CI: 0.753-0.940), a sensitivity of 0.875, and a specificity of 0.728 in predicting T4 stage of PDAC. The performance of the model was determined to be comparable to that of two experienced abdominal radiologists (AUCs: 0.849 vs. 0.834 and 0.857). CONCLUSION: The automated AI pipeline utilizing tumor and peritumor-related radiomics features demonstrated comparable performance to that of senior abdominal radiologists in predicting T4 stage of PDAC.
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Carcinome du canal pancréatique , Tumeurs du pancréas , Humains , Adulte d'âge moyen , Intelligence artificielle , Études rétrospectives , Tomodensitométrie/méthodes , Tumeurs du pancréas/imagerie diagnostique , Tumeurs du pancréas/anatomopathologie , Carcinome du canal pancréatique/imagerie diagnostique , Carcinome du canal pancréatique/anatomopathologieRÉSUMÉ
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pharmacologic intervention do not always achieve benefits in the treatment of acute/subacute non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). We assessed efficacy and safety of acupuncture for acute/subacute NSLBP as alternative treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Epistemonikos, CNKI, Wan Fang Database, VIP database, CBMLD, CSTJ, clinical trials, EUCTR, World WHO ICTRP, and ChiCTR for randomized controlled trials, cross-over studies, and cohort studies of NSLBP treated by acupuncture versus oral medication from inception to 23th April 2022. A total of 6 784 records were identified, and 14 studies were included 1 263 participants in this review. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that acupuncture therapy was slightly more effective than oral medication in improving pain (P < 0.00001, I2 = 92%, MD = -1.17, 95% CI [-1.61, -0.72]). According to the results of the meta-analysis, acupuncture therapy exhibited a significant advantage over oral medication with a substantial effect (P < 0.00001, I2 = 90%, SMD = -1.42, 95% CI [-2.22, -0.62]). Based on the results of the meta-analysis, acupuncture therapy was associated with a 12% improvement rate compared to oral medication in patients with acute/subacute NSLBP (P < 0.0001, I2 = 54%, RR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.05, 1.18]). Acupuncture is more effective and safer than oral medication in treating acute/subacute NSLBP. This systematic review is poised to offer valuable guidance to clinicians treating acute/subacute NSLBP and potentially benefit the afflicted patients. REGISTRATION: This review was registered in PROSPERO ( http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero ) with registration number CRD42021278346.
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Thérapie par acupuncture , Lombalgie , Humains , Lombalgie/traitement médicamenteux , Lombalgie/thérapie , Thérapie par acupuncture/méthodes , Administration par voie orale , Douleur aigüe/traitement médicamenteux , Douleur aigüe/thérapie , Résultat thérapeutique , Analgésiques/usage thérapeutique , Analgésiques/administration et posologieRÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND: Although many studies have examined the association between prenatal air pollution exposure and gestational diabetes (GDM), the relevant exposure windows remain inconclusive. We aim to examine the association between preconception and trimester-specific exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and GDM risk and explore modifying effects of maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking, exercise during pregnancy, race and ethnicity, and neighborhood disadvantage. METHODS: Analyses included 192,508 birth records of singletons born to women without pre-existing diabetes in Western New York, 2004-2016. Daily PM2.5 and NO2 at 1-km2 grids were estimated from ensemble-based models. We assigned each birth with exposures averaged in preconception and each trimester based on residential zip-codes. We used logistic regression to examine the associations and distributed lag models (DLMs) to explore the sensitive windows by month. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and multiplicative interaction terms were calculated. RESULTS: GDM was associated with PM2.5 averaged in the first two trimesters (per 2.5 µg/m3: OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.14) or from preconception to the second trimester (per 2.5 µg/m3: OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.18). NO2 exposure during each averaging period was associated with GDM risk (per 10 ppb, preconception: OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14; first trimester: OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.16; second trimester: OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.14). In DLMs, sensitive windows were identified in the 5th and 6th gestational months for PM2.5 and one month before and three months after conception for NO2. Evidence of interaction was identified for pre-pregnancy BMI with PM2.5 (P-for-interaction = 0.023; RERI = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.33) and with NO2 (P-for-interaction = 0.164; RERI = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.27). CONCLUSION: PM2.5 and NO2 exposure may increase GDM risk, and sensitive windows may be the late second trimester for PM2.5 and periconception for NO2. Women with higher pre-pregnancy BMI may be more susceptible to exposure effects.
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Polluants atmosphériques , Pollution de l'air , Diabète gestationnel , Effets différés de l'exposition prénatale à des facteurs de risque , Grossesse , Femelle , Humains , Diabète gestationnel/induit chimiquement , Diabète gestationnel/épidémiologie , Polluants atmosphériques/toxicité , Polluants atmosphériques/analyse , Dioxyde d'azote/toxicité , Dioxyde d'azote/analyse , Matière particulaire/toxicité , Matière particulaire/analyse , État de New York/épidémiologie , Exposition maternelle/effets indésirables , Pollution de l'air/effets indésirables , Pollution de l'air/analyseRÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND: Although gestational diabetes mellitus and delivering high-birthweight infants are known to predict a higher risk of future type 2 diabetes mellitus, the association of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and other adverse pregnancy outcomes with type 2 diabetes mellitus is not well established. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the associations between different types of adverse pregnancy outcomes and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus among postmenopausal women. STUDY DESIGN: The Women's Health Initiative, a nationwide cohort of postmenopausal women, collected self-reported history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preterm birth, and delivering low- birthweight (<2500 g) or high-birthweight (>4500 g) infants. Participants were followed up annually for self-reported incident type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with medication from baseline (1993-1998) to March 2021. This study used logistic regression to examine the associations of any and individual adverse pregnancy outcomes with diabetes mellitus. Stratified analyses were performed to assess effect modification by body mass index, race and ethnicity, education, parity, breastfeeding, and age at first birth. RESULTS: This analysis included 49,717 women without a history of diabetes mellitus at enrollment who had a least 1 pregnancy and responded to the questionnaire about adverse pregnancy outcomes. After adjusting for body mass index, demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors, gestational diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.94-2.63), high birthweight (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.44), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (odds ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.30) were independently associated with higher odds of type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas preterm birth and low birthweight were not associated with diabetes mellitus risk. A history of ≥2 adverse pregnancy outcomes was associated with higher odds of type 2 diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-1.88). This study further observed higher odds of type 2 diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 3.69; 95% confidence interval, 2.38-5.70) among women with a history of both gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy than those without any adverse pregnancy outcomes. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, those delivering high-birthweight infants, or those with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are at risk of future type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, women with ≥2 conditions had an augmented risk and might be prioritized for screening and prevention efforts for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Diabète de type 2 , Diabète gestationnel , Hypertension artérielle gravidique , Naissance prématurée , Grossesse , Nourrisson , Nouveau-né , Femelle , Humains , Issue de la grossesse , Diabète de type 2/épidémiologie , Diabète gestationnel/épidémiologie , Poids de naissance , Naissance prématurée/épidémiologie , Hypertension artérielle gravidique/épidémiologie , Post-ménopauseRÉSUMÉ
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Air pollution has been associated with coronary artery disease. The underlying mechanisms were understudied, especially in relation to coronary stenosis leading to myocardial ischemia. Advances in computed tomography (CT) allow for novel quantification of lesion ischemia. We aim to investigate associations between air pollution exposures and fractional flow reserve on CT (CT-FFR), a measure of coronary artery blood flow. METHODS: CT-FFR, which defines a ratio of maximal myocardial blood flow compared to its normal value (range: 0-100%), was characterized in 2017 patients with atherosclerosis between 2015 and 2017. Exposures to ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were estimated using high-resolution exposure models. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the association of each air pollutant with CT-FFR and with the prevalence of clinically relevant myocardial ischemia (CT-FFR <75%). RESULTS: Participants were on average 60.1 years old. Annual mean O3, NO2, PM2.5 were 61, 47 and 60 µg/m3, respectively. Mean CT-FFR value was 76.9%. In the main analysis, a higher level of O3 was associated with a lower CT-FFR value (-1.74%, 95% CI: -2.85, -0.63 per 8 µg/m3) and a higher prevalence of myocardial ischemia (odds ratio: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.05-1.65), adjusting for potential confounders such as risk factors and plaque phenotypes, independent of the effects of exposure to NO2 and PM2.5. No associations were observed for PM2.5 or NO2 with CT-FFR. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to O3 is associated with lower CT-FFR value in atherosclerotic patients, indicating higher risk of lesion ischemia.
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Pollution de l'air , Athérosclérose , Maladie des artères coronaires , Fraction du flux de réserve coronaire , Ischémie myocardique , Humains , Adulte d'âge moyen , Dioxyde d'azote/effets indésirables , Dioxyde d'azote/analyse , Fraction du flux de réserve coronaire/physiologie , Pollution de l'air/effets indésirables , Pollution de l'air/analyse , Athérosclérose/étiologie , Athérosclérose/induit chimiquement , Maladie des artères coronaires/imagerie diagnostique , Maladie des artères coronaires/épidémiologie , Maladie des artères coronaires/induit chimiquement , Matière particulaire/effets indésirables , Matière particulaire/analyse , Ischémie myocardique/imagerie diagnostique , Ischémie myocardique/épidémiologie , Ischémie myocardique/induit chimiquement , Ischémie , Exposition environnementale/effets indésirablesRÉSUMÉ
Tunable fiber lasers have the advantages of good beam quality, high integration, and adjustable output wavelength, and they are widely used in fields such as optical fiber communication and optical fiber sensing. The fiber filter is one of the key components of tunable fiber lasers. Among the various filters currently used, multimode interference filters have the advantages of simple structure, convenient implementation, flexible tuning methods, and convenient spectral range design. The structures of multimode interference filters based on multimode fibers, no-core fibers, multi-core fibers, tapered fibers, and other special fibers are introduced in this paper. The working principles and tuning methods are analyzed and the research progress of tunable fiber lasers based on these filters is summarized. Finally, the development trend of tunable fiber lasers based on multimode interference filters is discussed. The rapid development and applications of multimode interference filters can help improve the performance of continuous and pulse lasers as well as promote the practicality of tunable fiber lasers.