ADAM12 Silencing Mediated by FOXC2 Represses Meningioma Progression Through Inactivating the JAK1/STAT3/VEGFA Pathway.

Meningioma is a prevalently intracranial tumor, and the malignant type is aggressive with high recurrence. A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12) is a common oncogene and differentially expressed in meningioma. However, its roles and mechanisms in meningioma development remain obscure. The differentially expressed genes in meningioma were analyzed by GEO (GSE77259 and GSE43290) datasets and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on GSE16581. ADAM12 expression was measured via qRT-PCR and western blot. The correlation between ADAM12 and FOXC2 was predicted through JASPER tool and identified via luciferase reporter analysis. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were investigated using CCK-8, EdU, transwell assays. The JAK1/STAT3/VEGFA signaling was activated by IL-6, and analyzed via western blot. The differentially expressed ADAM12 in meningioma was screened by WGCNA and GEO analyses. ADAM12 silencing repressed meningioma cell proliferation, and decreased migration and invasion. The transcription factor FOXC2 expression was enhanced in meningioma based on GSE77259 and GSE43290 datasets, and positively induced ADAM12 transcription. The JAK1/STAT3/VEGFA signaling was inactivated due to ADAM12 silencing and activated via IL-6. Upregulation of FOXC2 promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and these effects were reversed by silencing ADAM12. ADAM12 knockdown mediated via FOXC2 silencing restrained proliferation, migration and invasion of meningioma cells through inactivating the JAK1/STAT3/VEGFA pathway.

The Emerging Role of ADAM 12 Regulates Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition by Activating the Wnt/ß-catenin Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to investigate the expression and regulatory mechanisms of A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12 (ADAM12) in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and cells. METHODS: Download and analyze the expression levels of ADAM12 in the TCGA and GSE68468 datasets. Collect paraffin-preserved specimens from the Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital from April 2017 to December 2019 and detect the expression of ADAM12 through immunohistochemistry. Cell experiments were conducted using colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480, HCT116), and cells with high expression of ADAM12 were selected for silencing experiments, and cell proliferation ability using CCK-8, and migration ability of cells in each group using scratch assay and Transwell invasion assay. The EMT markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Twist) and the Wnt/ß-catenin markers (ß-catenin, GSK-3ß, p-GSK-3ß, C-MYC, MMP-7) were detected using western blot. We construct a nude mouse CRC tumor model and validate the effect of ADAM12 on EMT and Wnt/ß-catenin through immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: Bioinformatics showed that increased expression of ADAM12 was strongly correlated with patient prognosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that elevated ADAM12 was associated with vascular invasion (p < 0.05), neurological invasion (p < 0.01), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01), and TNM staging (p < 0.001). Experiments on cell function revealed that the ADAM12 overexpression group augmented CRC cells' proliferation and migration. After overexpression of ADAM12, the expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Twist increased, while the expression of E-cadherin decreased (p < 0.01). The expression of Proteins related to Wnt/ß-catenin: ß-catenin, p-GSK-3 ß, C-MYC and MMP-7 increased (p < 0.01), and Wnt/ß-catenin inhibitor MSAB can counteract the effect of ADAM12 on EMT in CRC cells. The subcutaneous tumor formation experiment results in nude mice showed that ADAM12 promoted tumor growth and induced EMT compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: ADAM12 overexpression through the Wnt/ß-catenin signal axis controls the EMT of CRC to promote invasion and metastasis.

Exploring the ADAM12 Expression in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Radiogenomic Analysis on CT Imaging.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Radiogenomics of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been developed thanks to the availability of genomic data, both gene expressions and gene mutations, obtained through the sequencing of ccRCC genome. These data are collected in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network-work. Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 12 (ADAM12) gene belongs to the family of genes coding for multidomain and multifunctional type I transmembrane proteins ADAMs. These proteins are fundamental for regulating cell adhesion and mediating proteolysis of a series of cell surface receptors and signal molecules extracellular domains. Recently, a correlation was detected between ADAM12 expression in ccRCC and tumor aggressiveness in terms of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor progression, metastases, and poor prognosis, suggesting ADAM12 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in ccRCC. The computed tomography (CT) imaging phenotype of ADAM12 expression in ccRCC has never been studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the CT imaging phenotype of ADAM12 expression in ccRCC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we enrolled 202 ccRCC patients divided into two groups: ccRCC patients with ADAM12 expression (n = 35) and ccRCC patients without ADAM12 expression (n = 167). Different imaging features were evaluated on CT scan at first diagnosis. The statistical significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: A statistically significant correlation was found with larger primary tumor size (p = 0.020), ill-defined tumor margins (p = 0.044), tumor necrosis (p = 0.011), and collecting system invasion (p = 0.014). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates CT imaging features associated to ADAM12 expression in ccRCC. These results could help delve into ADAM12 gene status through CT approach and to further investigate towards the development of targeted therapies in ccRCC.

Amplifying T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses in nonsmall cell lung cancer through photodynamic therapy and anti-PD1.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is nowadays widely employed in cancer treatment. We sought to assess the efficacy of combining PDT with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and to investigate the associated mechanisms in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We established a xenograft tumor model in C57BL/6J mice using Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, recorded tumor growth, and quantified reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels using a ROS detection kit. Pathological changes were assessed through H&E staining, while immunofluorescence (IF) was used to determine the expression of CD8 and Foxp3. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted, analyzing differential expressed genes (DEGs) among control, PDT, and PDT combined with anti-PD1 (PDT+anti-PD1) groups. Functional enrichment analysis via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was utilized to analyze the expression of aminolevulinate synthase gene (ALAS2), integrin alpha10 (ITGA10), ATP1A2, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12), and Lox1 in lung adenocarcinoma and adjacent tissues, with concurrent immune infiltration analysis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were employed to measure mRNA and protein expression levels. Treatment with PDT combined with anti-PD1 significantly inhibited tumor growth and increased the number of CD8+ cells while decreasing Foxp3+ cells. Immune infiltration results presented ALAS2, ADAM12, and ITGA10 were associated with various types of T cells or macrophages. Additionally, the expression levels of EGFR, ERK, and PI3K/Akt were suppressed after PDT with anti-PD1 treatment. Our findings collectively suggest that PDT combined with anti-PD1 treatment could enhance the infiltration of CD8+ T cells, suppressing tumor growth, and this effect was associated with ALAS2, ITGA10, and ADAM12. The underlying mechanism might be linked to EGFR, ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the application of PDT combined with anti-PD1 treatment in NSCLC.

Polymorphism of ADAM12, DPP6 and PRKN genes and their associations with milk production traits in Holstein.

Milk production traits as the most important economic traits of dairy cows, they directly reflect the benefits of breeding and the economic benefits of pasture. In this study, A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-12 (ADAM12), Parkinson's disease gene 2 (PRKN) and dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein subtype 6 (DPP6) polymorphism in 384 Chinese Holstein cows were detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry and through statistical analysis using software such as Popgene 32, SAS 9.4 and Origin 2022, the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three genes with four milk production traits such as daily milk yield (DMY), milk fat percentage (MFP), milk protein percentage (MPP) and somatic cell score (SCS) was verified at molecular level. The results showed that four polymorphic loci (116,467,133, 116,604,487, 116,618,268 and 116,835,111) of DPP6 gene, two polymorphic loci (97,665,052 and 97,159,837) of PRKN gene and two polymorphic loci (45,542,714 and 45,553,888) of ADAM12 gene were detected. PRKN-97665052, DPP6-116467133, ADAM12-45553888, DPP6-116604487 and DPP6-116835111 were all in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state (p > .05). ADAM12-45542714, PRKN-97159837 and PRKN-97665052 were moderately polymorphic (0.25 ≤ PIC <0.50) in Holstein. It is evident that the selection potential and genetic variation of these five loci are relatively large, and the genetic richness is relatively high. The correlation analysis of different genotypes between these eight loci and milk production traits of Holstein showed that ADAM12-45542714 and DPP6-116835111 (p < .01) had an extremely significant effects on the DMY of Chinese Holstein in Ningxia, while PRKN-97665052 had an extremely significant effect on MFP (p < .01). The effect of PRKN-97665052 and DPP6-116467133 on MPP of Holstein were extremely significant (p < .01). DPP6-116618268 had an extremely significant effect on the SCS of Holstein in Ningxia (p < .01), and AA genotype individuals showed a higher SCS than GG genotype individuals; the other two loci (ADAM12-45553888 and DPP6-116604487) had no significant effects on milk production traits of Holstein (p > .05). In addition, through the joint analysis of DPP6, PRKN and ADAM12 gene loci, it was found that the interaction effect between the three gene loci could significantly affect the DMY, SCS (p < .01) and MPP (p < .05). In conclusion, several different loci of DPP6, PRKN and ADAM12 genes can affect the milk production traits of Holstein to different degrees. PRKN, DPP6 and ADAM12 genes can be used as potential candidate genes for milk production traits of Holstein for marker-assisted selection, providing theoretical basis for breeding of Holstein.

A new strategy to identify ADAM12 and PDGFRB as a novel prognostic biomarker for matrine regulates gastric cancer via high throughput chip mining and computational verification.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is a life-threatening disease that poses a serious risk to human health. Although there are numerous molecular targets for gastric cancer in clinical practice, they often exhibit low specificity and sensitivity. Consequently, this can result in a low early diagnosis rate, delayed treatment, and poor prognosis for patients with gastric cancer. Hence, it remains crucial to identify more precise diagnostic markers for this disease. METHODS: This study utilized ceRNA chips and bioinformatics methods to investigate the key genes and mechanisms involved in matrine intervention in gastric cancer cells. RESULTS: ADAM12 and PDGFRB are the key genes that are down-regulated after matrine intervention in gastric cancer cells. By conducting bioinformatics analysis, two ceRNA regulatory axes were identified, which are associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer. These axes are lncRNA DGCR5/hsa-miR-206/ADAM12 and circRNA ITGA3/hsa-miR-24-3p/PDGFRB. CONCLUSION: The low expression of ADAM12 may weaken the digestion of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, which can result in the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. This occurs without the catalysis of ECM proteases, thereby impacting the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells. Additionally, the analysis of immune infiltration suggests that ADAM12 and PDGFRB may influence changes in the tumor immune microenvironment, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of the matrine-related ceRNA network in gastric cancer, providing a reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. It holds significant importance in discovering new drug treatment targets.

MiR-135b-5p targets ADAM12 to suppress invasion and accelerate trophoblast apoptosis in preeclampsia.

INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia was a serious complication often leaded to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Abnormal placental miR-135b-5p expression in preeclampsia was observed in our preliminary investigation. However, the role of miR-135b-5p in preeclampsia was unclear. METHODS: We determined the miR-135b-5p expression pattern at the fetomaternal interface and levels in placental tissue and exosomes. MiR-135b-5p expression in the trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo was manipulated by transient agomir or antagomir transfection or establishment of HTR8/SVneo cell line stably overexpressing miR-135b or miR-135b-5p-sponger. Then the function of miR-135b-5p on the motility of HTR8/SVneo cells, and its effects on cell viability was determined. Finally, we confirmed the relationship between miR-135b-5p and ADAM12. RESULTS: MiR-135b-5p exclusively expressed in the villous cytotrophoblast, and extravillous trophoblast. Significant miR-135b-5p upregulation was observed in the placenta and peripheral plasma exosomes in preeclampsia, and could be a highly sensitive molecular marker for preeclampsia. Elevated miR-135b-5p expression significantly promoted apoptosis and inhibited HTR8/SVneo cell invasion and migration. Binding of miR-135b-5p to the ADAM12 mRNA 3'-untranslated region was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. High miR-135-5p levels inhibit the invasion and migration of trophoblastic cells, possibly by directly binding to the 3'-UTR of DADM12 and suppressing its translation efficiency, thereby nullifying the promotion of trophoblast invasion and migration via ADAM12. DISCUSSION: Abnormal upregulation of miR-135b-5p may be involved in preeclampsia through triggering trophoblast apoptosis and impeding trophoblast invasion and migration by targeting ADAM12.

ADAM12 promotes the resistance of lung adenocarcinoma cells to EGFR-TKI and regulates the immune microenvironment by activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS signaling pathways.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a malignant respiratory disease, resulting in a heavy social burden. Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) resistance and tumor immune microenvironment are important directions in the treatment of LUAD. In this study, we confirmed the role of ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (ADAM12) in LUAD development and progression. Our bioinformatic analysis was conducted to screen ADAM12 was correlated with EGFR-TKI and immune infiltration in LUAD patients. Our results showed that the transcription and post-transcription level of ADAM12 is significantly increased in tumor samples compared to normal samples, and ADAM12 correlated with poor prognosis in LUAD patients. High level of ADAM12 accelerated the LUAD progression via promoting proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis escaping, immune escaping, EGFR-TKI resistance, angiogenesis, invasion and migration based on experiment validation in vitro and in vivo, which could be attenuated by ADAM12 knockdown. Further mechanistic studies suggested that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS signaling pathways were activated after ADAM12 knockdown. Therefore, ADAM12 might be validated as a possible molecular therapy target and prognostic marker for patients with LUAD.

ADAM12 promotes gemcitabine resistance by activating EGFR signaling pathway and induces EMT in bladder cancer

Background Gemcitabine (GEM)-based chemotherapy regimens is widely used in bladder cancer (BC) patients. However, GEM resistance may occur and result in treatment failure and disease progression. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12) plays a critical role in many cancers. However, the role of ADAM12 in GEM resistance of BC remains unclear. Methods We analyzed the relationship between ADAM12 expression and tumor characteristics using the data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then, we established GEM resistant BC cell lines and used quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, cell counting kit-8, immunohistochemistry, and xenograft mouse model to investigate the role of ADAM12 in GEM resistance. Results In general, ADAM12 was found to be upregulated in GEM resistant BC cells. ADAM12 knockdown increased the chemosensitivity of BC cells. We further proved that ADAM12 could promote GEM resistance by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in BC. Furthermore, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype was observed in GEM resistant BC cells. ADAM12 induced EMT process and promotes tumor progression in BC. Conclusion Our findings suggested that ADAM12 was a key gene for GEM resistance and positively correlated with malignancy of BC. It might serve as a novel and valuable therapeutic target for BC (AU)

The association between ADAM12 gene polymorphisms and osteoarthritis: an updated meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis of the knee is an irreversible disease that causes great pain, and genetic factors play an important role in its occurrence and development. There have been many studies on the correlation between ADAM12 polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to osteoarthritis, but the results remain inconclusive. METHODS: Papers from PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, Springer, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and other databases were systematically retrieved with a cut-off of January 2022. All case-control studies on ADAM12 rs3740199, rs1871054, rs1044122, and rs1278279 polymorphisms and osteoarthritis were searched. Fixed or random effects models were used for pooled analysis with OR values and 95% confidence intervals (CI), and publication bias was assessed. In addition, the false-positive reporting probability test was used to assess the confidence of a statistically significant association. RESULTS: Eleven articles were included, which included 3332 patients with osteoarthritis and 5108 healthy controls. Meta-analysis showed that the rs1871054 polymorphism of ADAM12 was associated with osteoarthritis in dominant, recessive, allelic, and homozygote genetic models [C vs. T: OR = 1.34 95% CI (1.05, 1.71), P < 0.001]. Our subgroup analysis revealed an association between the ADAM12 polymorphism rs1871054 in Asians and osteoarthritis [C vs. T: OR = 1.61, 95% CI (1.25, 2.08), P < 0.001], albeit this was only for three studies. In addition, the ADAM12 polymorphism rs1871054 is associated with osteoarthritis in patients younger than 60 years of age [C vs. T: OR = 1.39, 95% CI (1.01, 1.92), P = 0.289]; however, the ADAM12 gene rs3740199, rs1044122, and rs1278279 site polymorphisms were not significantly. Furthermore, when assessing the confidence of the positive results, the positive results were found to be credible (except for Age < 60). CONCLUSION: Polymorphism at the rs1871054 site of ADAM12 is associated with genetic susceptibility to osteoarthritis, but rs3740199, rs1044122, and rs1278279 site polymorphisms are not.

Serum ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 as a promising diagnostic biomarker for breast and liver cancer

Background ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (ADAM12) is generally upregulated in tissues of various tumors, emerging as a prognostic biomarker. However, the clinical significance of serum ADAM12 in tumors still remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic value of serum ADAM12 in tumor patients. Materials and methods Serum samples were collected from healthy doners (HDs; n = 87) and patients (n = 238) with a clinical diagnosis of breast, liver, lung, stomach and esophageal (STES) and thyroid cancer. Serum ADAM12 protein and mRNA expression was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Receiver–operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to explored the prognostic value of serum ADAM12 expression. Results The expression of serum ADAM12 in breast and liver cancer patients was significantly upregulated compared with HDs. In patients with breast cancer, the levels of serum ADAM12 protein and mRNA were significantly higher in tumor stages than that in HDs (p < 0.05), with AUC value of 0.82. In liver cancer, elevated levels of serum ADAM12 protein were significantly correlated with clinical stage (r = 0.74; p = 6.9e−4) and T stage (r = 0.74, p = 7.6e−4), and attained AUC value of 1. However, the clinical significance of serum ADAM12 expression in lung, STES and thyroid cancer had not been found. Conclusions Serum ADAM12 expression showed high degree of tumor heterogeneity, and may be a valuable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for breast and liver cancer (AU)

ADAM12 promotes clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression and triggers EMT via EGFR/ERK signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a major worldwide health problem due to its high prevalence and mortality rate. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM12) is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and plays an important role in tumor progression. However, its explicit effect and molecular mechanism in ccRCC remain unclear. METHODS: We investigated the dysregulation of ADAM12 in ccRCC through public databases and bioinformatics analyses. The expression of ADAM12 was further verified in ccRCC tissues by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationship between ADAM12 expression and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed statistically. The effects of ADAM12 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells were examined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS: ADAM12 was significantly upregulated in ccRCC tissues and associated with poor prognosis in ccRCC patients. ADAM12 promoted ccRCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and the growth of subcutaneous tumors in vivo. Knockdown of ADAM12 successfully suppressed its oncogenic function. Mechanistically, its overexpression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating E-cadherin and upregulating N-cadherin and Snail. Moreover, ADAM12 participated in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and activated the downstream signal ERK1/2 by shedding the EGFR ligand, thereby upregulating target genes including c-Myc, enhancing cell survival and invasion ability, and promoting tumor progression, metastasis and the induction of EMT. CONCLUSIONS: High expression of ADAM12 induced EMT and promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating the EGFR/ERK signaling pathway in ccRCC.

Serum ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 as a promising diagnostic biomarker for breast and liver cancer.

BACKGROUND: ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (ADAM12) is generally upregulated in tissues of various tumors, emerging as a prognostic biomarker. However, the clinical significance of serum ADAM12 in tumors still remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic value of serum ADAM12 in tumor patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples were collected from healthy doners (HDs; n = 87) and patients (n = 238) with a clinical diagnosis of breast, liver, lung, stomach and esophageal (STES) and thyroid cancer. Serum ADAM12 protein and mRNA expression was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to explored the prognostic value of serum ADAM12 expression. RESULTS: The expression of serum ADAM12 in breast and liver cancer patients was significantly upregulated compared with HDs. In patients with breast cancer, the levels of serum ADAM12 protein and mRNA were significantly higher in tumor stages than that in HDs (p < 0.05), with AUC value of 0.82. In liver cancer, elevated levels of serum ADAM12 protein were significantly correlated with clinical stage (r = 0.74; p = 6.9e-4) and T stage (r = 0.74, p = 7.6e-4), and attained AUC value of 1. However, the clinical significance of serum ADAM12 expression in lung, STES and thyroid cancer had not been found. CONCLUSIONS: Serum ADAM12 expression showed high degree of tumor heterogeneity, and may be a valuable noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for breast and liver cancer.

ADAM12 promotes gemcitabine resistance by activating EGFR signaling pathway and induces EMT in bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: Gemcitabine (GEM)-based chemotherapy regimens is widely used in bladder cancer (BC) patients. However, GEM resistance may occur and result in treatment failure and disease progression. A disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12) plays a critical role in many cancers. However, the role of ADAM12 in GEM resistance of BC remains unclear. METHODS: We analyzed the relationship between ADAM12 expression and tumor characteristics using the data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then, we established GEM resistant BC cell lines and used quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, cell counting kit-8, immunohistochemistry, and xenograft mouse model to investigate the role of ADAM12 in GEM resistance. RESULTS: In general, ADAM12 was found to be upregulated in GEM resistant BC cells. ADAM12 knockdown increased the chemosensitivity of BC cells. We further proved that ADAM12 could promote GEM resistance by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in BC. Furthermore, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype was observed in GEM resistant BC cells. ADAM12 induced EMT process and promotes tumor progression in BC. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that ADAM12 was a key gene for GEM resistance and positively correlated with malignancy of BC. It might serve as a novel and valuable therapeutic target for BC.

MicroRNA-149 Regulates Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Pituitary Adenoma Cells by Targeting ADAM12 and MMP14.

OBJECTIVE: Pituitary adenomas (PAs) can adapt an aggressive phenotype by invading adjacent brain structures with rapid cellular proliferation. Previous studies demonstrated that excessive expression of metalloproteases ADAM12 and MMP-14 is instrumental for the active proliferation and invasiveness of PA cells in vitro and of tumors in vivo. However, the mechanisms regulating ADAM12 and MMP-14 expression in PAs remain unclear. METHODS: Target gene prediction and transcriptomic profiling of invasive vs. noninvasive human PA samples were performed to identify miRNA species potentially involved in the regulation of ADAM12 and MMP14. For cellular analyses of miRNA functions, two mouse PA cell lines (AtT20 and TtT/GF) were transfected with miR-149-3p and miR-149-5p, respectively. The effects of miR-149 (3p and 5p) on expression levels of ADAM12 and MMP14 were determined by Western blotting followed by an analysis of proliferation and colony formation assays, scratch migration assays, and invasion assays. RESULTS: A significant downregulation of miRNA-149 was observed in invasive vs. noninvasive PA (0.32 vs. 0.09, P<0.0001). In AtT-20 and TtT/GF mouse PAs cells, transfection of mimic miRNA-149 (3p and 5p) caused a significantly reduced cell proliferation and matrigel invasion, whilst the effect on cell migration was less pronounced. Both strands of miRNA-149 (3p and 5p) markedly reduced protein levels of ADAM12 and MMP-14 by at least 40% in both cell lines. CONCLUSION: This study proved that the invasiveness of PA cells is, at least partly, regulated by miRNA-149-dependent expression of ADAM12 and MMP-14.

Expression of ADAM12 in Gastric Cancer and its Relation to Tumor Cell Behavior and Prognosis.

BACKGROUND/AIM: A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 12 expression has been found up-regulated in various cancer types. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether ADAM12 affects oncogenic behavior of gastric cancer (GC) cells and investigate its prognostic value. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of ADAM12 on tumor cell behavior was examined using the small interfering RNA and pcDNA6-myc vector in human GC cell lines. Expression of ADAM12 in GC tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis and proliferation were determined by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay and immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67. RESULTS: ADAM12 overexpression enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion in AGS and SNU638 cells. Down-regulation of caspase-3 and PARP activity due to ADAM12 overexpression enhanced tumor cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. The expression of Snail and Vimentin increased and that of E-cadherin decreased following ADAM12 overexpression. In contrast, ADAM12 knockdown reversed these effects. ADAM12 overexpression increased the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3ß. The mean Ki-67 labeling index value of ADAM12-positive tumors was significantly higher compared to that of ADAM12-negative tumors. ADAM12 expression was associated with age, tumor size, cancer stage, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor survival. CONCLUSION: ADAM12 enhances tumor progression by increasing cell mobility, enhancing cell proliferation, and inhibiting apoptosis in GC cells. Also, ADAM12 is associated with adverse clinicopathological features and poor survival. It may be used as a molecular marker for the prediction of clinical outcomes of patients with GC.

Proteomics and Biochemical Analyses of Secreted Proteins Revealed a Novel Mechanism by Which ADAM12S Regulates the Migration of Gastric Cancer Cells.

Gastric cancer is one of the cancers with the highest morbidity and mortality. Although several therapeutic approaches have been developed to treat this disease, the overall survival rate is still very low due to metastasis, drug resistance, and so forth. Therefore, it is necessary to discover new regulatory molecules and signaling pathways that modulate the metastasis of gastric cancer cells. A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12) was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and presented in the patient urine. However, it is unclear whether and how ADAM12 regulates the migration of gastric cancer cells. In this work, we used the secretome protein enrichment with click sugars (SPECS) method to purify the secreted glycosylated proteins and performed quantitative proteomics to identify the secreted proteins that were differentially regulated by ADAM12S, the short and secreted form of ADAM12. Our proteomic and biochemical analyses revealed that ADAM12S upregulated the cell surface glycoprotein CD146, a cell adhesion molecule and melanoma marker, which was dependent on the catalytic residue of ADAM12S. Furthermore, we discovered that the ADAM12S-enhanced migration of gastric cancer cells was, at least partially, mediated by CD146. This work may help to evaluate whether ADAM12 could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of gastric cancer patients.

microRNA-29a Regulates ADAM12 Through Direct Interaction With ADAM12 mRNA and Modulates Postischemic Perfusion Recovery.

Background Peripheral artery disease is caused by atherosclerotic occlusion of vessels outside the heart and most commonly affects vessels of the lower extremities. Angiogenesis is a part of the postischemic adaptation involved in restoring blood flow in peripheral artery disease. Previously, in a murine hind limb ischemia model of peripheral artery disease, we identified ADAM12 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase gene 12) as a key genetic modifier of postischemic perfusion recovery. However, less is known about ADAM12 regulation in ischemia. MicroRNAs are a class of small, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression primarily through transcriptional repression of messenger RNA (mRNA). We showed microRNA-29a (miR-29a) modulates ADAM12 expression in the setting of diabetes and ischemia. However, how miR-29a modulates ADAM12 is not known. Moreover, the physiological effects of miR-29a modulation in a nondiabetic setting is not known. Methods and Results We overexpressed or inhibited miR-29a in ischemic mouse gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles, and quantified the effect on perfusion recovery, ADAM12 expression, angiogenesis, and skeletal muscle regeneration. In addition, using RNA immunoprecipitation-based anti-miR competitive assay, we investigated the interaction of miR-29a and ADAM12 mRNA in mouse microvascular endothelial cell, skeletal muscle, and human endothelial cell lysates. Ectopic expression of miR-29a in ischemic mouse hind limbs decreased ADAM12 mRNA expression, increased skeletal muscle injury, decreased skeletal muscle function, and decreased angiogenesis and perfusion recovery, with no effect on skeletal muscle regeneration and myofiber cross-sectional area following hind limb ischemia. RNA immunoprecipitation-based anti-miR competitive assay studies showed miR-29a antagomir displaced miR-29a and ADAM12 mRNA from the AGO-2 (Argonaut-2) complex in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions Taken together, the data show miR-29a suppresses ADAM12 expression by directly binding to its mRNA, resulting in impaired skeletal muscle function, angiogenesis, and poor perfusion. Hence, elevated levels of miR-29a, as seen in diabetes and aging, likely contribute to vascular pathology, and modulation of miR-29a could be a therapeutic target.

ADAR2 Protein Is Associated with Overall Survival in GBM Patients and Its Decrease Triggers the Anchorage-Independent Cell Growth Signature.

BACKGROUND: Epitranscriptomic mechanisms, such as A-to-I RNA editing mediated by ADAR deaminases, contribute to cancer heterogeneity and patients' stratification. ADAR enzymes can change the sequence, structure, and expression of several RNAs, affecting cancer cell behavior. In glioblastoma, an overall decrease in ADAR2 RNA level/activity has been reported. However, no data on ADAR2 protein levels in GBM patient tissues are available; and most data are based on ADARs overexpression experiments. METHODS: We performed IHC analysis on GBM tissues and correlated ADAR2 levels and patients' overall survival. We silenced ADAR2 in GBM cells, studied cell behavior, and performed a gene expression/editing analysis. RESULTS: GBM tissues do not all show a low/no ADAR2 level, as expected by previous studies. Although, different amounts of ADAR2 protein were observed in different patients, with a low level correlating with a poor patient outcome. Indeed, reducing the endogenous ADAR2 protein in GBM cells promotes cell proliferation and migration and changes the cell's program to an anchorage-independent growth mode. In addition, deep-seq data and bioinformatics analysis indicated multiple RNAs are differently expressed/edited upon siADAR2. CONCLUSION: ADAR2 protein is an important deaminase in GBM and its amount correlates with patient prognosis.

Longitudinal Proteomic Analysis of Plasma across Healthy Pregnancies Reveals Indicators of Gestational Age.

Longitudinal changes in the blood proteome during gestation relate to fetal development and maternal homeostasis. Charting the maternal blood proteome in normal pregnancies is critical for establishing a baseline reference when assessing complications and disease. Using mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics, we surveyed the maternal plasma proteome across uncomplicated pregnancies. Results indicate a significant rise in proteins that govern placentation and are vital to the development and health of the fetus. Importantly, we uncovered proteome signatures that strongly correlated with gestational age. Fold increases and correlations between the plasma concentrations of ADAM12 (ρ = 0.973), PSG1 (ρ = 0.936), and/or CSH1/2 (ρ = 0.928) with gestational age were validated with ELISA. Proteomic and validation analyses demonstrate that the maternal plasma concentration of ADAM12, either independently or in combination with either PSG1 or CSH1/2, correlates with gestational age within ±8 days throughout pregnancy. These findings suggest that the gestational age in healthy pregnancies may be determined by referencing the concentration of select plasma proteins.