Effectiveness of Helmet-CPAP in mild to moderate coronavirus type 2 hypoxemia: An observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative effectiveness of Helmet-CPAP (H_CPAP) with respect to high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNO) in avoiding greater need for intubation or mortality in a medium complexity hospital in Chile during the year 2021. DESIGN: Cohort analytical study, single center. SETTING: Units other than intensive care units. PATIENTS: Records of adults with mild to moderate hypoxemia due to coronavirus type 2. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Need for intubation or mortality. RESULTS: 159 patients were included in the study, with a ratio by support of 2:10 (H_CPAP:HFNO). The 46.5% were women, with no significant differences by sex according to support (p = 0.99, Fisher test). The APACHE II score, for HFNO, had a median of 10.5, 3.5 units higher than H_CPAP (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon rank sum). The risk of intubation in HFNO was 42.1% and in H_CPAP 3.8%, with a significant risk reduction of 91% (95% CI: 36.9%-98.7%; p < 0.01). APACHE II does not modify or confound the support and intubation relationship (p > 0.2, binomial regression); however, it does confound the support and mortality relationship (p = 0.82, RR homogeneity test). Despite a 79.1% reduction in mortality risk with H_CPAP, this reduction was not statistically significant (p = 0.11, binomial regression). CONCLUSIONS: The use of Helmet CPAP, when compared to HFNO, was an effective therapeutic ventilatory support strategy to reduce the risk of intubation in patients with mild to moderate hypoxemia caused by coronavirus type 2 in inpatient units other than intensive care. The limitations associated with the difference in size, age and severity between the arms could generate bias.

Puntaje APP como predictor de mortalidad en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo grave por COVID-19 en un hospital referencial del norte del Perú / APP score as a predictor of mortality in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19 in a reference hospital in northern of Peru

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mortalidad por pacientes por COVID-19 grave que desarrollaban neumonía grave y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo (SDRA) grave ha sido significativa a pesar del tratamiento oportuno. Es importante determinar predictores tempranos de enfermedad que nos ayuden a estratificar aquellos pacientes con mayor riesgo de fallecer. Se pretende estudiar el comportamiento del puntaje APP (APPS) como predictor de ello, basados en algunos reportes de uso y utilidad en el SDRA. no COVID-19. OBJETIVO: Determinar si el APPS es útil como predictor de mortalidad en SDRA. por COVID-19 grave. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio tipo cohorte retrospectivo, incluyendo pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), con SDRA. por COVID-19 grave, que ingresaron a la UCI del Hospital Regional Docente de Trujillo (HRDT) en el período abril 2020- abril 2021. Se evalúo la utilidad del APPS como predictor de mortalidad em dicha población. RESULTADOS: El APPS demostró ser un factor asociado a mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA. y COVID-19 grave (RPa 1,34; IC 95% 1,16 a 1,56; p < 0,001). Además, encontramos que, al realizar un modelo de predicción ajustado por edad, sexo, SOFA, APPS, shock, Indice de Charlson (ICh), se comportan como factores asociados a mortalidad el APPS, el sexo masculino (RPa: 1,48; IC 95% 1,09 a 2,049; p < 0,05) y el ICh (RPa: 1,11; IC 95% 1,02 a 1,21; p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: El APPS, el sexo masculino y el ICh son predictores de mortalidad en SDRA. por COVID-19 grave.

BACKGROUND: Mortality in patients with severe COVID-19 who developed severe pneumonia and severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has been significant despite timely treatment. It is important to determine early predictors of disease that help us to stratify those patients with a higher risk of death. It is intended to study the behavior of the APPS score as a predictor of this, based on some reports of use and usefulness in non-COVID-19 ARDS. AIM: To determine if the APP score is useful as a predictor of mortality in ARDS due to severe COVID-19. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study was carried out, including patients from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with ARDS due to severe COVID-19 who were admitted to the ICU of the Trujillo Regional Teaching Hospital (HRDT) in the period March 2020 to March 2021. The usefulness of the APP score as a predictor of mortality in mentioned population was evaluated. RESULTS: The APP score proved to be a factor associated with mortality in patients with ARDS and severe COVID-19 (APR 1.34; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.56; p < 0.001). We also found that when performing a prediction model adjusted for age, sex, SOFA, APP score, shock and Charlson Index (ICh) we found that the APP score, male sex (APR: 1.48; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.049; p < 0.05) and the ICh behave as factors associated with mortality (RPa: 1.11; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The APP score, male sex, and ICh are predictors of mortality in ARDS due to severe COVID-19.

Monitorización de la ventilación mecánica en el enfermo obeso: una tarea de peso / Monitoring of mechanical ventilation in obese patients: a weighty task / Monitorização da ventilação mecânica em pacientes obesos: uma tarefa de peso

Resumen: El número de pacientes con obesidad que ingresa a una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos cada día aumenta, la mayoría de ellos requieren apoyo de ventilación mecánica. Para observar las consecuencias que tiene la programación de la ventilación mecánica sobre el enfermo, requerimos diferentes herramientas que permitan la monitorización de los cambios esperados en el paciente crítico, tanto por historia natural de la enfermedad como por acción del manejo médico. El presente trabajo mencionará detalles importantes de las modificaciones en la fisiología respiratoria en el obeso, pautas de programación en la ventilación en estos pacientes y la monitorización que se debe llevar a cabo en ellos.

Abstract: The number of obese patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit is increasing every day, most of them requiring mechanical ventilation support. In order to watch out for the consequences that mechanical ventilation builds upon them, we need several tools to allow us monitoring the expected changes in the critically ill patient, due to either natural history of disease or as a result of medical management. The next work will show in detail the modifications of respiratory physiology in the obese patient, several cues when programming mechanical ventilation support and the monitoring that must be carried out.

Resumo: O número de pacientes obesos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva aumenta a cada dia, a maioria deles necessitam suporte ventilatório mecânico. Para observar as consequências que a programação da ventilação mecânica tem sobre o paciente, precisamos de diferentes ferramentas que permitam monitorar as mudanças esperadas no paciente em estado crítico, tanto pela história natural da doença quanto pela ação do manejo médico. Este trabalho mencionará detalhes importantes sobre as alterações da fisiologia respiratória nos pacientes obesos, orientações de programação ventilatória nesses pacientes e o monitoramento que deve ser realizado neles.

The clinical efficacy of low-dose whole-lung irradiation in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia: RTMX-20 trial.

This is a paired prospective comparative cohort study with 58 patients, in order to analyze the clinical LD-WLI in patients with moderate or severe COVID19 pneumonia. The results of this study show that the Radiotherapy could be an option to improve the clinical response for patients with COVID-19.

A Closer Look at Dexamethasone and the SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cytokine Storm: In Silico Insights of the First Life-Saving COVID-19 Drug.

The term cytokine storm refers to an uncontrolled overproduction of soluble inflammatory markers known as cytokines and chemokines. Autoimmune destruction of the lungs triggered by the release of these inflammatory markers often induces acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is an emergency condition with a high mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Dexamethasone is the first repurposed corticosteroid with life-saving efficacy in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dexamethasone has traditionally been known to suppress the production of inflammatory markers at the transcriptional level, but its role as a direct therapeutic to neutralize cytokines, chemokines, their receptors, and functionally critical SARS-CoV-2 proteins has not yet been explored. Herein, we demonstrated that dexamethasone binds with high affinity to interlukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-21, INF2, TGFß-1, INF-γ, CXCL8, some of the receptors, IL-1R, IL-21R, IFNGR, INFAR, IL-6αR-gp130, ST2 and the SARS-CoV-2 protein NSP macro X, and 3CLpro, forming stable drug-protein complexes. Our work implied that dexamethasone has the potential to directly neutralize inflammatory markers, further supporting its life-saving potential in patients with severe manifestations of COVID-19.

Effect of spontaneous breathing on ventilator-free days in critically ill patients-an analysis of patients in a large observational cohort.

BACKGROUND: Mechanical ventilation can injure lung tissue and respiratory muscles. The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of the amount of spontaneous breathing during mechanical ventilation on patient outcomes. METHODS: This is an analysis of the database of the 'Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)'-III, considering intensive care units (ICUs) of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA. Adult patients who received invasive ventilation for at least 48 hours were included. Patients were categorized according to the amount of spontaneous breathing, i.e., ≥50% ('high spontaneous breathing') and <50% ('low spontaneous breathing') of time during first 48 hours of ventilation. The primary outcome was the number of ventilator-free days. RESULTS: In total, the analysis included 3,380 patients; 70.2% were classified as 'high spontaneous breathing', and 29.8% as 'low spontaneous breathing'. Patients in the 'high spontaneous breathing' group were older, had more comorbidities, and lower severity scores. In adjusted analysis, the amount of spontaneous breathing was not associated with the number of ventilator-free days [20.0 (0.0-24.2) vs. 19.0 (0.0-23.7) in high vs. low; absolute difference, 0.54 (95% CI, -0.10 to 1.19); P=0.101]. However, 'high spontaneous breathing' was associated with shorter duration of ventilation in survivors [6.5 (3.6 to 12.2) vs. 7.6 (4.1 to 13.9); absolute difference, -0.91 (95% CI, -1.80 to -0.02); P=0.046]. CONCLUSIONS: In patients surviving and receiving ventilation for at least 48 hours, the amount of spontaneous breathing during this period was not associated with an increased number of ventilator-free days.

Encephalopathy responsive to thiamine in severe COVID-19 patients.

Encephalopathy is one of the most frequent neurological complications of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Cytokine storm and sepsis, hypercatabolic states, the use of furosemide and dialytic therapy represent risk factors for thiamine deficiency and are also found in patients with severe COVID-19. In this retrospective case series, we report clinical and neurological findings of fifteen patients with COVID-19-associated Wernicke Encephalopathy (WE) and their response to treatment with intravenous thiamine. All patients had encephalopathy, with 67% displaying at least one additional sign of classic WE triad (ophthalmoparesis and ataxia). Two patients (13%) had the classic triad. All COVID-19 patients had significant improvement of the neurological manifestations between two to five days after intravenous thiamine administration. Eleven patients (73%) had good neurological outcome at hospital discharge and only two patients (13%) died. This case series suggests that thiamine deficiency may be an etiology of encephalopathy in severe COVID-19 patients and its treatment may represent a safety and low-cost response to reduce the neurological burden.

Enfermedad cardiovascular, oncológica y reumatológica, su comportamiento en pacientes COVID-19: Factores pronósticos, complicaciones y tratamiento

La infección por SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) puede presentar manifestaciones propias, pero también, puede exacerbar las de enfermedades preexistentes o provocar manifestaciones que simulen dichas patologías. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares, neoplásicas o reumatológicas son ejemplos de ello. Este tipo de patologías comparten factores de riesgo de mal pronóstico y de muerte por la infección, la posibilidad de desarrollar complicaciones a largo plazo, e implican un desafío al momento de instaurar medidas de seguimiento y tratamiento con requerimiento de valoración multidisciplinaria. Por ello, nuestro objetivo fue plantear las dificultades en el seguimiento a corto y largo plazo de este tipo de pacientes y evaluar cómo la pandemia afecta su tratamiento. La pandemia ha cambiado la práctica médica habitual, promoviendo nuevas formas de seguimiento de los pacientes, como la telemedicina, imponiendo jerarquizar la necesidad de atención y procedimientos presenciales, obligando a reasignar las partidas presupuestarias para poder hacer frente a la misma, con consecuencias que probablemente habrá que analizar a largo plazo.

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection clinical course can present its own manifestations, but it can also exacerbate those of pre-existing diseases or cause manifestations that simulate said pathologies. Cardiovascular, cancer or rheumatological diseases are examples of this. These types of pathologies share risk factors for poor prognosis and death due to infection, the possibility of developing long-term complications, and they imply a challenge when establishing follow-up and treatment measures requiring multidisciplinary assessment. Therefore, our objective was to raise the difficulties in the short and long-term follow-up of this type of patients and to evaluate how the pandemic affects their treatment. The pandemic has changed the usual medical practice, promoting new forms of patient follow-up, such as telemedicine, imposing a hierarchy of the need for face-to-face care and procedures, forcing budget items to be reallocated to be able to deal with it, with consequences that are likely to it will have to be analyzed in the long term.

A infecção por SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pode apresentar manifestações próprias, mas também pode exacerbar aquelas de doenças pré-existentes ou causar manifestações que simulam essas patologias. Doenças cardiovasculares, neoplásicas ou reumatológicas são exemplos disso. Esses tipos de patologias compartilham fatores de risco para mau prognóstico e óbito por infecção, possibilidade de desenvolvimento de complicações em longo prazo, e representam um desafio no estabelecimento de medidas de acompanhamento e tratamento que requerem avaliação multidisciplinar. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi levantar as dificuldades no acompanhamento a curto e longo prazo desse tipo de paciente e avaliar como a pandemia afeta seu tratamento. A pandemia alterou a prática médica usual, promovendo novas formas de acompanhamento do paciente, como a telemedicina, impondo uma hierarquia da necessidade de atendimento e procedimentos presenciais, obrigando a realocação de itens orçamentários para poderem lidar com ela, com consequências que provavelmente terá que ser analisado a longo prazo.

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess)-Loaded Nanoemulsion, Orally Delivered, Modulates Inflammation in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice.

Pequi is a Brazilian fruit used in folk medicine for pulmonary diseases treatment, but its oil presents bioavailability limitations. The use of nanocarriers can overcome this limitation. We developed nanoemulsions containing pequi oil (pequi-NE) and evaluated their effects in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury model. Free pequi oil or pequi-NE (20 mg/kg) was orally administered to A/J mice 16 and 4 h prior to intranasal LPS exposure, and the analyses were performed 24 h after LPS provocation. The physicochemical results revealed that pequi-NE comprised particles with mean diameter of 174-223 nm, low polydispersity index (0.11 ± 0.01), zeta potential of -7.13 ± 0.08 mV, and pH of 5.83 ± 0.12. In vivo evaluation showed that free pequi oil pretreatment reduced the influx of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), while pequi-NE completely abolished leukocyte accumulation. Moreover, pequi-NE, but not free pequi oil, reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, MCP-1, and KC levels. Similar anti-inflammatory effects were observed when LPS-exposed animals were pre-treated with the nanoemulsion containing pequi or oleic acid. These results suggest that the use of nanoemulsions as carriers enhances the anti-inflammatory properties of oleic acid-containing pequi oil. Moreover, pequi's beneficial effect is likely due its high levels of oleic acid.

Síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo en paciente con COVID-19 / Acute respiratory distress syndrome in patient with COVID-19 / Síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo em um paciente com COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19 coronavirus disease por sus siglas en inglés) es una emergencia sanitaria, y una de las complicaciones más temidas es el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) dada su elevada mortalidad. Caso clínico: Paciente masculino de 59 años con antecedente de hipertensión y tabaquismo, que inicia síntomas posteriores a contacto con portador asintomático de COVID-19 proveniente del extranjero. La sintomatología que presentó fue mialgias, artralgias, febrícula de 37.7 grados, posteriormente fiebre de 38.4 grados, disnea, fatiga y odinofagia. Acude a consulta y se hospitaliza, otorgando tratamiento con cloroquina, azitromicina y oseltamivir por cuatro días; se tomó de muestra para COVID-19. El paciente mostró aumento de trabajo respiratorio, se tomó radiografía de tórax con opacidades heterogéneas periféricas de ambos pulmones y se corroboró por tomografía de tórax imagen de vidrio despulido. Presentó disnea progresiva e hipoxemia requiriendo manejo avanzado de la vía aérea y se trasladó a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Metabólicos donde se recibió con ventilación mecánica (VM), requiriendo sedación, analgesia, relajante muscular así como ventilación protectora. Se realizaron cambios de posición para evitar microatelectasias. Se obtuvo por cultivos Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli. El día 11 de estancia en la UCI se logró progresar ventilación mecánica hasta destete de ésta, y el paciente se egresó de dicho servicio 48 horas después. Conclusiones: El presente caso evidencia el progreso del daño pulmonar por COVID-19 causando falla respiratoria que requirió ventilación mecánica, el tratamiento crítico consistió en fortalecer la dinámica de calidad enfatizando monitoreo ventilatorio, hemodinámico y metabólico.

Abstract: Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a health emergency and one of the most feared complications is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to its high mortality. Clinical case: A 59-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and smoking, who begins to show symptoms after contact with an asymptomatic carrier of COVID-19 from abroad. The symptoms presented were myalgia, arthralgia, 37.7-degree fever, later 38.4-degree fever, dyspnea, fatigue and odynophagia. He went to the clinic and was hospitalized, being treated with chloroquine, azithromycin and oseltamivir for four days and a sample was taken for COVID-19. The patient presented increased respiratory work, chest radiography was taken with heterogeneous peripheral opacities of both lungs and was corroborated by chest tomography image of polished glass. He presented progressive dyspnea and hypoxemia requiring advanced airway management and was transferred to the metabolic intensive care unit where he was received with mechanical ventilation (MV), requiring sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxant, as well as protective ventilation. Changes of position were made to avoid micro atelectasis. It was obtained by culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. On the 11th day of the stay in ICU, mechanical ventilation was achieved until weaning, and the patient was discharged from ICU 48 hours later. Conclusions: The present case evidences the progress of lung damage by COVID-19 causing respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, where the critical treatment consisted in strengthening the quality dynamics emphasizing ventilatory, hemodynamic and metabolic monitoring.

Resumo: Introdução: A doença por coronavírus (COVID-19 coronavirus disease, por sus siglas en inglés) é uma emergência de saúde, e uma das complicações mais temidas é a síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA), dada sua alta mortalidade. Caso clínico: Paciente do sexo masculino, 59 anos, com história de hipertensão e tabagismo, que iniciou os sintomas após contato com portador de COVID-19 assintomático do exterior. Os sintomas que apresentou foram mialgias, artralgias, febrícula de 37.7 graus, posterioriormente febre de 38.4 graus, dispnéia, cansaço e odinofagia, assiste a consulta médica e é hospitalizado, iniciando tratamento com cloroquina, azitromicina e oseltamivir durante 4 dias e foi uma colhida amostra por COVID-19. O paciente apresentava aumento do esforço respiratório, radiografia de tórax com opacidades periféricas heterogêneas de ambos pulmões e imagem em vidro fosco corroborada pela tomografia de tórax. Apresentou dispnéia progressiva e hipoxemia com necessidade de manejo avançado das vias aéreas e foi encaminhado para unidade de terapia intensiva metabólica onde recebeu ventilação mecânica (VM), necessitando de sedação, analgesia, relaxante muscular, além de ventilação protetora. Mudanças de posição foram feitas para evitar micro atelectasia. No cultivo obtivemos Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli. No 11 dia de internação na UTI, a ventilação mecânica foi progredida até o desmame, sendo dispensado do referido serviço 48 horas depois. Conclusões: O presente caso mostra a evolução do dano pulmonar por COVID-19 causando insuficiência respiratória que requer ventilação mecânica, onde o tratamento crítico consistiu no fortalecimento da dinâmica de qualidade com ênfase na monitoração ventilatória, hemodinâmica e metabólica.

COVID-19: relación entre enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2, sistema cardiovascular y respuesta inmune del huésped

La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) provoca el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), pudiendo ser particularmente perjudicial para los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) subyacente, y siendo una causa de morbilidad y mortalidad significativas en todo el mundo. El virus infecta las células huésped a través de los receptores de la enzima convertidora de la angiotensina 2 (ECA2) y su internalización del complejo en dicha célula. ACE2 es un componente enzimático clave del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), degradando angiotensina (Ang) II, un péptido con múltiples acciones que promueven ECV, y generando Ang-(1-7), que antagoniza los efectos de Ang II. Además, la evidencia experimental sugiere que el bloqueo de SRAA por los inhibidores de la ECA y los antagonistas de los receptores de tipo 1 de Ang II, aumentan la ECA2 que, en parte, contribuye al beneficio de estos pacientes. Este virus lleva a una neumopatía, al tiempo que causa lesiones agudas de miocardio y daño crónico al sistema cardiovascular. Esta lesión miocárdica se presenta en la fase más severa de COVID-19; pero aún, el mecanismo fisiopatológico de la lesión no fue esclarecido. Por lo tanto, se debe prestar especial atención a la protección cardiovascular durante el tratamiento para COVID-19. El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) es una enfermedad clínica de alta mortalidad, y ACE2 tiene un efecto protector sobre este tipo de lesión pulmonar aguda. La investigación actual muestra que el mal pronóstico de los pacientes con COVID-19 está relacionado con factores como género masculino, la edad >60 años, las enfermedades subyacentes: hipertensión, diabetes, ECV, SDRA secundario y otros factores relevantes. Si bien los datos son limitados, los posibles mecanismos de lesión miocárdica incluyen la entrada viral directa a través del receptor de membrana de la ECA2 y la toxicidad en las células huésped, la lesión de miocitos relacionada con la hipoxia y el síndrome de liberación de citoquinas mediado por el sistema inmune, necesitándose más estudios para esclarecer el mecanismo de cardiotoxicidad y su prevención. En este artículo se actualiza el conocimiento actual de la biología del SARS-CoV-2 y los posibles mecanismos de lesión miocárdica debido a toxicidades virales y respuestas inmunes del huésped.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes severe acute respiratory syndrome due to coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and can be particularly detrimental to patients with underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD), and is a cause of morbidity and mortality. significant worldwide. The virus infects host cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and their internalization of the complex into that cell. ACE2 is a key enzyme component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system, degrading angiotensin (Ang) II, a peptide with multiple actions that promote CVD, and generating Ang- (1-7), which antagonizes the effects of Ang II . Furthermore, experimental evidence suggests that blocking SRAA by ACE inhibitors and Ang II type 1 receptor antagonists increases ACE2, which in part contributes to the benefit of these patients. This virus leads to lung disease, while causing acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. This myocardial injury occurs in the most severe phase of COVID-19; but still, the pathophysiological mechanism of the injury was not clarified. Therefore, special attention should be paid to cardiovascular protection during treatment for COVID-19. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a highmortality clinical disease, and ACE2 has a protective effect on this type of acute lung injury. Current research shows that the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients is related to factors such as male gender, age> 60 years, underlying diseases: hypertension, diabetes and CVD, secondary ARDS, and other relevant factors. Although the data is limited, possible mechanisms of myocardial injury include direct viral entry through the ACE2 membrane receptor and host cell toxicity, hypoxia-related myocyte injury, and cytokine release syndrome. mediated by the immune system, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of cardiotoxicity and its prevention. This article updates current knowledge of the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the possible mechanisms of myocardial injury due to viral toxicities and host immune responses.

A doença de coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) causa síndrome respiratória aguda grave devido ao coronavírus 2 (SARSCoV-2) e pode ser particularmente prejudicial para pacientes com doença cardiovascular subjacente (DCV) e é uma causa de morbidade e mortalidade significativo em todo o mundo. O vírus infecta as células hospedeiras através dos receptores da enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2) e sua internalização do complexo nessa célula. O ACE2 é um componente enzimático chave do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA), degradando a angiotensina (Ang) II, um peptídeo com múltiplas ações que promovem DCV e gerando Ang- (1-7), que antagoniza os efeitos da Ang II . Além disso, evidências experimentais sugerem que o bloqueio do SRAA por inibidores da ECA e antagonistas dos receptores Ang II tipo 1 aumenta a ECA2, o que em parte contribui para o benefício desses pacientes. Este vírus leva a doenças pulmonares, causando lesão miocárdica aguda e danos crônicos ao sistema cardiovascular. Essa lesão do miocárdio ocorre na fase mais grave do COVID-19; mas ainda assim, o mecanismo fisiopatológico da lesão não foi esclarecido. Portanto, atenção especial deve ser dada à proteção cardiovascular durante o tratamento para COVID-19. A síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA) é uma doença clínica de alta mortalidade e a ECA2 tem um efeito protetor sobre esse tipo de lesão pulmonar aguda. Pesquisas atuais mostram que o mau prognóstico dos pacientes com COVID-19 está relacionado a fatores como sexo masculino, idade> 60 anos, doenças subjacentes: hipertensão, diabetes e DCV, SDRA secundária e outros fatores relevantes. Embora os dados sejam limitados, os possíveis mecanismos de lesão do miocárdio incluem entrada viral direta através do receptor da membrana ACE2 e toxicidade das células hospedeiras, lesão de miócitos relacionados à hipóxia e síndrome de liberação de citocinas.mediados pelo sistema imunológico, são necessários mais estudos para esclarecer o mecanismo da cardiotoxicidade e sua prevenção. Este artigo atualiza o conhecimento atual da biologia da SARS-CoV-2 e os possíveis mecanismos de lesão do miocárdio devido a toxicidades virais e respostas imunes do hospedeiro.

Steroids in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a complex entity with high potential for harm and healthcare resource utilization. Despite multiple clinical advances in its ventilatory management, ARDS continues to be one of the most challenging disease processes for intensivists. It continues to lack a direct, proven and desperately needed effective therapeutic intervention. Given their biologic rationale, corticosteroids have been widely used by clinicians and considered useful by many in the management of ARDS since its first description. Adult data is abundant, yet contradictory. Controversy remains regarding the routine use of corticosteroids in ARDS. Therefore, widespread evidence-based recommendations for this heterogeneous disease process have not been made. In this article, our aim was to provide a summary of available evidence for the role of steroids in the treatment of ARDS, while giving special focus on pediatric ARDS (PARDS).

Lung monitoring with electrical impedance tomography: technical considerations and clinical applications.

In recent years there has been substantial progress in the imaging evaluation of patients with lung disease requiring mechanical ventilatory assistance. This has been demonstrated by the inclusion of pulmonary ultrasound, positron emission tomography, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The EIT uses electric current to evaluate the distribution of alternating current conductivity within the thoracic cavity. The advantage of the latter is that it is non-invasive, bedside radiation-free functional imaging modality for continuous monitoring of lung ventilation and perfusion. EIT can detect recruitment or derecruitment, overdistension, variation of poorly ventilated lung units (silent spaces), and pendelluft phenomenon in spontaneously breathing patients. In addition, the regional expiratory time constants have been recently explored.

Respiratory parameters and acute kidney injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a causal inference study.

BACKGROUND: Assess the respiratory-related parameters associated with subsequent severe acute kidney injury in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: Retrospective cohort, analyzing a large public database-Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care-III. Adult patients with at least 48 h of mechanical ventilation (MV), under volume controlled ventilation and an oxygenation index less than 300 mmHg were included. RESULTS: A total of 1,142 patients had complete data and were included in the final analyses. According to a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) that included respiratory system compliance (Crs), tidal volume (Vt), driving pressure (ΔP), plateau pressure (PPlat), PEEP, PaO2 and PaCO2 as possible exposures related to severe AKI, only Crs and PEEP levels had significant causal association with severe acute kidney injury (AKI) (OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84-0.94 for each 5-mL/cmH2O reduction in Crs; OR, 1.05 95% CI: 1.03-1.10 for each 1-cmH2O increase of PEEP). Using mediation analysis, we examined whether any mechanical ventilation, blood gas or hemodynamic parameters could explain the effects of Csr on AKI. Only PEEP mediated the significant but small effect (less than 5%) of Csr on severe AKI. The effects of PEEP, in turn, were not mediated by any other evaluated parameter. Several sensitivity analyses with (I) need of renal replacement therapy (RRT) as an alternative outcome and (II) only patients with Vt <8 mL/kg, confirmed our main findings. In trying to validate our DAG assumptions, we confirmed that only ΔP was associated with mortality but not with severe AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Crs and PEEP are the only respiratory-related variables with a direct causal association in severe AKI. No mechanical ventilator or blood gas parameter mediated the effects of Crs. Approaches reducing Vt and/or ΔP in ARDS can have limited effect on renal protection.

Effects of hypercapnia in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) hypercapnia is a marker of poor prognosis, however there is controversial information regarding the effect of hypercapnia on outcomes. Recently two studies in a large population of mechanical ventilation patients showed higher mortality associated independently to hypercapnia. Key roles responsible for the poor clinical outcomes observed in critically ill patients exposed to hypercapnia are not well known, two possible mechanisms involved are the effect of CO2 on the muscle and the alveolar epithelium. Hypercapnia frequently coexists with muscle atrophy and dysfunction, moreover patients surviving ARDS present reduced muscle strength and decreased physical quality of life. One of the possible mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities could be the effects of hypercapnia during the course of ARDS. More over controversy persists about the hypercapnia role in the alveolar space, in the last years there is abundant experimental information on its deleterious effects on essential functions of the alveolar epithelium.

Variable positive end-expiratory pressure can maintain oxygenation in experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by oleic acid in dogs

The use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or lung recruitment maneuvers (RM) to improve oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is used but it may reduce cardiac output (CO). Intermittent PEEP may avoid these complications. Our objective was to determine if variable PEEP compared with constant PEEP is capable of maintaining arterial oxygenation and minimizing hemodynamic alterations with or without RM. Eighteen dogs with ARDS induced by oleic acid were randomized into three equal groups: group 1, low variable PEEP; group 2, high variable PEEP, and group 3, RM + high variable PEEP. All groups were submitted to constant PEEP, followed by variable PEEP (PEEP was increased from 5 to 10 cmH2O in group 1, and from 5 to 18 cmH2O in the other two groups). PaO2 was higher in group 3 (356.2 ± 65.4 mmHg) than in group 1 (92.7 ± 29.7 mmHg) and group 2 (228.5 ± 72.4 mmHg), P < 0.05. PaO2 was maintained during variable PEEP except in group 2 (318.5 ± 82.9 at constant PEEP to 228.5 ± 72.4 at variable PEEP). There was a reduction in CO in group 3 after RM (3.9 ± 1.1 before to 2.7 ± 0.5 L·min-1·(m2)-1 after; P < 0.05), but there was not any difference between constant and variable PEEP periods (2.7 ± 0.5 and 2.4 ± 0.7 L·min-1·(m2)-1; P > 0.05. Variable PEEP is able to maintain PaO2 when performed in combination with RM in dogs with ARDS. After RM, CO was reduced and there was no relevant difference between the variable and constant PEEP periods.