The Population Census in Austria / Os censos de população na Áustria / Los censos de población en Austria

Based on the Constitution, the Population Census in Austria is a matter of the central state, serving many political-administrative, planning, research, and other purposes. After its start as a systematic operation in the middle of the 18th century, it developed further by a modern legal basis in 1857 and advances in statistical technology in 1890 (punch cards) and 1971 (machine-readable questionnaires). In the second half of the 20th century, the Population Census became a comprehensive operation, including dwellings, buildings, and workplaces. The communes organized the classical method of on the spot household data collection on behalf of the state. The register-based Census replaced the household collection in 2011. Following a government decision of 2000, which aimed at the sole use of available micro-data, the first steps for creating the necessary administrative and statistical registers took place in conjunction with the last traditional census of 2001. With new provisions for linking the records, the Register Census Act of 2006, and a full test census in the same year, the new methodology was established and evaluated in a short period. The first regular Register Census "took place" with reference date 31 October 2011. It is described in the central part of this communication, featuring the advantages, strengths, and weaknesses, the backbone registers, the "comparison registers," and the redundancy principle, which help to ensure high data quality and the fit of the census into the international framework. Current developments include the annual update of results, changes and improvements in the data sources, and a short outlook on the next census of 2021.

Baseado na Constituição, o Censo Populacional na Áustria é uma questão do governo central e serve a muitos propósitos político-administrativos, de planejamento e pesquisa, entre outros. Após seu início, como uma operação sistemática, em meados do século XVIII, ele foi aperfeiçoado devido a uma nova base legal, em 1857, e aos avanços na tecnologia estatística, em 1890 (cartões perfurados) e 1971 (questionários lidos por máquinas). Na segunda metade do século XX, o censo populacional tornou-se uma operação abrangente, incluindo habitações, domicílios e locais de trabalho. O método clássico de coleta de dados no próprio domicílio, organizado pelos municípios em nome do Estado, foi substituído pelo censo baseado em registros, em 2011. Seguindo uma decisão governamental de 2000, cujo objetivo era o uso exclusivo dos microdados disponíveis, os primeiros passos para a criação dos registros administrativos e estatísticos necessários ocorreu conjuntamente com o último censo tradicional, de 2001. Com novas disposições para parear os registros, a Lei do Censo de Registros de 2006 e um censo- -teste completo no mesmo ano, a nova metodologia foi definida e avaliada em um curto período. O primeiro censo de registro teve como referência 31 de outubro de 2011. Sua descrição, na parte principal deste texto, apresenta as vantagens, os pontos fortes e fracos, os registros mais relevantes ("espinha dorsal"), os registros de comparação e o princípio da redundância, que ajudam a manter a qualidade dos dados e adequação do censo ao arcabouço internacional. Desenvolvimentos atuais incluem atualizações anuais dos resultados, mudanças e melhorias nas fontes de dados. É apresentado, também, um breve panorama do próximo censo, em 2021.

Sobre la base de la Constitución el censo de población es un asunto estatal central en Austria, con arreglo a diversos fines politicoadministrativos, de planificación e investigación, entre otros. Luego de haber comenzado como operación sistemática a mediados del siglo XVIII, se desarrolló luego como sobre bases legales modernas en 1857 y avanzó en tecnología estadística en 1890 (tarjetas perforadas) y en 1971 (cuestionarios legibles por máquinas). En la segunda mitad del siglo XX el censo de población se convirtió en una operación integral que incluyó vivienda, edificios y lugares de trabajo. El método clásico de recolección de datos en el punto en los hogares, organizado por las comunas a expensas del Estado, fue reemplazado por el censo basado en registro de 2011. A consecuencia de una decisión de gobierno del año 2000, que tenía como objetivo el uso exclusivo de los microdatos disponibles, el primer paso para la creación de los registros administrativos y estadísticos necesarios se llevó a cabo junto con el último censo de tipo tradicional de 2001. Con nuevas provisiones para vincular los registros, el Acto de Registro del Censo de 3006 y una prueba completa de censo en el mismo año, la nueva metodología se estableció y evaluó en un período muy corto. El primer censo de registro regular «tuvo lugar¼ con datos de referencia el 31 de octubre de 2011. Es descripto en la parte principal de su comunicación, donde se presentan sus ventajas, fortalezas y debilidades, así como sus registros principales, los registros «de comparación¼ y el principio de redundancia, que ayudan a asegurar datos de alta calidad y el ajuste del censo al marco de referencia internacional. Hoy, los desarrollos incluyen la actualización anual de los resultados, los cambios y mejoras en las fuentes de datos y una breve mirada hacia el nuevo censo de 2021.

Novel Rickettsia raoultii strain isolated and propagated from Austrian Dermacentor reticulatus ticks

Continuous culture of tick cell lines has proven a valuable asset in isolating and propagating several different vector-borne pathogens, making it possible to study these microorganisms under laboratory conditions and develop serological tests to benefit public health. We describe a method for effective, cost- and labor-efficient isolation and propagation of Rickettsia raoultii using generally available laboratory equipment and Rhipicephalus microplus cells, further demonstrating the usefulness of continuous tick cell lines. R. raoultii is one of the causative agents of tick-borne lymphadenopathy (TIBOLA) and is, together with its vector Dermacentor reticulatus, emergingin novel regions of Europe, giving rise to an increased threat to general public health...

Singapore in international comparisons of birthweight and perinatal mortality.

The position of Singapore as regards birthweight distribution and perinatal mortality has been compared with six countries in the 1973 WHO study namely, Austria, Cuba, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand and Sweden. Birthweight distribution and perinatal mortality reflect both the social and health conditions of a population and the standards of obstetric and paediatric care, and seeing where a country ranks in the international comparison of them may play a role in the formulation of health policy for that country. Singapore was well placed for the proportion of very low birthweight babies (less than 1,500 grams), ranking 2nd for both live births (0.5%) and total births (0.7%). It was however not so well placed for proportion of low birthweight babies (less than 2,500 grams), ranking 5th for both live births (8.8%) and total births (9.2%). With regard to perinatal mortality Singapore at 20.0 per 1,000 total births ranked 4th and this improved to 3rd after standardizing for birthweight and in fact was little different from Hungary (1st) and Sweden (2nd). Given that standardization for birthweight largely removes the effect of "socioeconomic and demographic factors" so that remaining differences to a large extent reflect medical care, this indicates a relatively high standard of perinatal care in Singapore. The problems of interpretation, the implications of the findings and suggestions for improving birth statistics in Singapore are discussed.

PIP: The situation in Singapore with regard to birthweight disbribution and perinatal mortality has been compared with 6 other countries in the 1973 WHO study. Those countries are: Austria, Cuba, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, and Sweden. Birthweight distribution and perinatal mortality reflect both the social and health conditions of a population and the standards of obstetric and pediatric care. By evaluating where a country ranks in an international comparison, it is then possible for that country to formulate an appropriate health policy. Singapore ranked well in the proportion of very low birthweight babies (less than 1500 grams), ranked 2nd for livebirths (0.5%) and total births (0.7%), but did not rank as well in proportion of low birthweight babies (less than 2500 grams). Furthermore, Singapore ranked 5th for both live births (8.8%) and total births (9.2%). In the category of perinatal mortality, Singapore, with a rate of 20.0/1000 total births, ranked 4th and then moved into 3rd place after standardizing for birthweight. There was in fact little difference between Singapore and the 1st ranked (Hungary) and 2nd place (Sweden) countries. Given that standardization for birthweight removes for the most part the socioeconomic and demographic factors and leaves those factors reflecting medical care, this indicates a relatively high standard of perinatal care in Singapore. This article also examines problems of interpretation, the implications of the findings, and suggestions for improving birth statistics in Singapore.

News, views, trends: a world-wide survey of recent developments, fresh ideas and production plans.

PIP: Recent developments in the tobacco industry in several countries are described: 1) in the USSR the policy is not to encourage smoking but to produce pleasant cigarettes which are as harmless as possible; 2) in the US, a survey shows that in 1975 not more than 12.4% of men over age 21 smoked a pipe; 3) in Britain a new cigarette tax structure will cripple the cigarette industry's coupon scheme of which manufacturers make great use to secure brand loyalty; 4) in the Philippines a proposal to print a health warning on cigarette packets and in advertisements might affect cigarette and tobacco taxes, which contribute 47% of government income; 5) in the Netherlands health warnings will be printed on cigarette packs, 6) in Austria there has been an increase of 4.2% in cigarette smoking since late 1975; 7) in Poland anti-smoking officials have proposed that the name of the popular "Sport" cigarette be changed; 8) in Indonesia there has been a recovery in kretek sales; 9) in Denmark cigarette consumption increased 6% from 1974; and 10) in western Europe it has been shown that up to 99% of grocery stores in Ireland sell tobacco products, 91% in Britain, 30% in Austria, 17% in Spain, and 7% in Italy.^ieng

Family planning as public policy.

PIP: The inclusion of constitutional provisions and laws regarding family planning and the creation of the Population Commission in the Philippines are examples of the growing recognition in many developing countries that proper and humane control of population growth is a key factor in economic progress. Similar provisions have recently appeared in Thailand, Mexico, and the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Awareness of the need for adequate public education to ensure the success of family planning programs has resulted in the formation of commissions for that purpose in Australia, Belgium, Chile, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Guatemala, Italy, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal, and Sri Lanka. Voluntary sterilization is gradually gaining support. 3 South Asian nations (Pakistan, Singapore, and New Zealand) were among 12 to liberalize laws in 1974 and 1975. However, the prevailing opinion is that a massive public education program will have to be waged before acceptance becomes widespread in the region. Singapore's sterilization law can be used as a guideline for other nations in the area contemplating policy changes.^ieng

A hypothetical study of populations under constant mortality and fertility.

PIP: 28 countries with different characteristics have been selected in order to observe the amount of time it takes for these different countries to reach stable age distributions. The individual populations by sex and age were projected for 150 years in 5-year intervals with the present constant mortality and fertility schedules by component method. Observations have been made by considering the following characteristics of population when it has acquired stability: age distribution; the rate of growth, birthrate, and mortality rate; the population change; the intrinsic rate of growth, birthrate and mortality rate; and approximate time taken to stabilize the population. The initial age distribution has a significant part in the amount of time it takes for a population to acquire stability, and its intrinsic rate of growth is mostly dependent upon the existing age distribution of that population. The time taken for a country's population to become stable depends upon the age distribution, fertility and mortality schedules at the beginning. It has been observed that countries having a higher intrinsic rate of growth take comparatively less time in acquiring stability than the countries having a lower intrinsic rate of growth. The mortality and fertility schedules of a country is another important phenomenon. The populations of the different countries at the point of stability were growing according to their rates of growth. No specific trend of population growth could be found among the groups of countries. Time taken for stabilizing the population is completely based upon age distributions, fertility and mortality schedules a particular country was having at the beginning. The range of time taken for different countries to acquire stability generally ranged from 100 to 135 years. Among the different countries the relationship for the time it takes to acquire stability has not been established. This is a hypothetical approach in order to obtain some idea as to how a population with different characteristics acts in the long run when some of its characteristics are assumed to be constant.^ieng

[Family planning. A survey of United Nations around the world]. / Le planning familial. Une enquete des Nations Unies a travers le monde.

PIP: Responses to the second worldwide survey of 80 nations on their population policy can be divided into 3 categories. First are countries with large official programs of family planning in existence: Egypt, Kenya, Tunisia, Barbados, Colombia, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, China, India, Iran, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Viet-nam, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey, Denmark, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia, Canada, and Fiji. Madagascar and New Zealand are starting programs. The second category is countries that encourage private family planning programs: Tanzania, Mexico, Israel, Cambodia, Bahrain, Jordan, Laos, Syria, Austria, France, West Germany, Finland, and Norway. Third are listed countries that do not officially support, or that forbid contraception: Gabon, Malawi, Zambia, Greece, Italy, and Spain. Thus Asia and North Africa have the most ambitious programs, but Europe and North America practice contraception universally.^ieng