Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cervical Spine Degeneration Reveal Frequent Cervicolumbar Tandem Spinal Stenosis in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Limited literature exists regarding the differences in demographics, causes, comorbidities, presentation, and structural changes associated with cervical spine degeneration in patients from distinct geographic regions. The authors aimed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with cervical spine degeneration admitted to a single center in Mexico. METHODS: This study enrolled patients with degenerative disease of the cervical spine. Clinical data were retrieved from medical records and retrospectively characterized. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients with cervical spine degeneration were included in the analysis. Of these, 26% were men with a median age of 54 years. Hypertension, depression, anxiety, obesity, and alcohol consumption were presented in about a quarter of the participants. In addition, we observed hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in 72% and 46% of participants, respectively. The median duration of symptoms was 11 months, including radicular arm/neck pain (80%), tingling (80%), reduced muscle strength (48%), and gait disturbances (48%). Forty percent of patients had 2 cervical segments radiologically involved, mainly at C5-C6, with changes such as disc herniation (88%), foraminal stenosis with nerve root compression (67%), reduced spinal canal-to-vertebral body ratio (38%), and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy (24%). Also, 22% of patients showed degenerative cervical myelopathy. Strikingly, 48% of enrolled individuals showed cervicolumbar tandem spinal stenosis, mainly in L4-L5 and L5-S1, who were generally older, had a longer duration of symptoms, and had a higher comorbidity burden, including hyperglycemia, hypertension, and depression. CONCLUSIONS: The demographic and clinical characteristics of degenerative cervical spine disease in Mexico differ with respect to other geographical regions by a younger age of diagnosis, a high frequency of cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health comorbidities, and an increased prevalence of concomitant lumbar spinal stenosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings reveal a considerably high burden of cervicolumbar tandem spinal stenosis as a distinctive feature of Mexican patients with cervical spine degeneration.

White cord syndrome: rara complicación luego de la cirugía de descompresión cervical / White cord syndrome: a rare complication after cervical decompressive surgery

RESUMEN Introducción: el white cord syndrome, conocido como una lesión por reperfusión de la médula espinal, es una rara complicación de la cirugía espinal para descompresión. Se define como un deterioro neurológico inmediato y súbito, luego de la cirugía de descompresión cervical. Objetivo: describir los elementos clínico-imagenológicos y estrategias de tratamiento del white cord syndrome. Métodos: se realizó la revisión de la literatura en bases de datos Pubmed y EMBASE, además en los servidores de preprints BioRxiv, MedRxiv y preprint.org, así como la plataforma ResearchGate. Se seleccionaron todos los artículos en inglés y español, con texto completo disponible. Se usaron los siguientes descriptores white cord syndrome AND cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Se excluyeron artículos editoriales, libros, revisiones, meta-análisis y aquellos sin carácter open-access. Luego de excluir artículos que no cumplían nuestros criterios, fueron seleccionadas 17 publicaciones para su revisión. Resultados: Se analizaron 17 artículos, con una muestra total de 24 pacientes reportados. Todos los pacientes mostraron afectación mielopática con defecto motor variable e hiperreflexia osteotendinosa. En diez artículos, la técnica quirúrgica empleada fue la descompresión posterior, con o sin fusión. Fue muy variable el empleo de dosis de esteroides, terapia física y las re-intervenciones quirúrgicas. Solo dos casos no mostraron recuperación neurológica al término del período de observación. Conclusiones: el reconocimiento de esta rara complicación es vital, ya que constituye una causa de defecto neurológico posterior a la cirugía. El diagnóstico se realiza luego de la exclusión de complicaciones trans-operatorias, y al observar hiperintensidad del cordón medular ponderado en T2 en las imágenes de resonancia magnética. El manejo radica en adecuada descompresión, uso de esteroides y rehabilitación.

ABSTRACT Introduction: white cord syndrome, known as spinal cord reperfusion injury, is a rare complication of spinal decompressive surgery. It is defined as an immediate and sudden neurological deterioration after cervical decompression surgery. Objective: to describe the clinical-imaging elements and treatment strategies of white cord syndrome. Methods: a literature review was performed in Pubmed and EMBASE databases, as well as in the preprint servers BioRxiv, MedRxiv and preprint.org, and the ResearchGate platform. All articles in English and Spanish, with full text available, were chosen. The following descriptors were used: White cord syndrome AND cervical spondyloticmyelopathy. The editorial articles, books, reviews, meta-analyses and those without open-access characteristics were excluded. After excluding articles that did not meet the criteria established, 17 publications were chosen to be reviewed. Results: seventeen articles were analyzed, with a total sample of 24 patients reported. All patients showed myelopathic involvement with variable motor defect and osteotendinous hyperreflexia. In ten articles, the surgical technique used was posterior decompression, with or without fusion. The use of steroid doses, physical therapy and surgical re-interventions was highly variable. Only two cases did not show neurological recovery at the end of the observation period. Conclusions: recognition of this rare complication is vital, since it constitutes a cause of neurological defect after surgery. The diagnosis is made after exclusion of trans-operative complications, and after observing T2-weighted spinal cord hyper-intensity in magnetic resonance images. Management is based on adequate decompression, application of steroid treatment and rehabilitation.

Analysis of Myelomalacia and Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Ossification as Prognostic Factors in Patients with Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Submitted to Laminoplasty / Análise de mielomalácia e ossificação do ligamento longitudinal posterior como fatores prognósticos em pacientes com mielopatia espondilótica cervical submetidos a laminoplastia

Background Cervical spondylotic myelopathy is a degenerative disease of the intervertebral disc and the vertebral body of the spine that causes cervical spinal cord injury due to central vertebral canal stenosis. Its prevalence is higher in the elderly. Treatment is usually surgical when the spinal cord is affected either clinically with pyramidal release or radiologically with the altered spinal cord. Objective The goal of the present study is to analyze the myelomalacia and the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament as prognostic factors in the postoperative evolution of patients with cervical canal compression who underwent laminoplasty with the open- or French-door techniques. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 18 surgical cases of spondylotic cervical myelopathy of the same senior neurosurgeon, using the chi-squared test to analyze prognostic factors for patients' postoperative evolution in the Nurick scale, after open-door or French-door laminoplasty. Findings The comparison between the pre and postoperative showed an improvement of 71.43% in cases that did not have ligament ossification compared with 45.45% of cases that presented posterior longitudinal ligament ossification. Also, there was a better prognosis in patients without myelomalacia, as 71.43% of them improved their condition against only 45.45% of improvement in those with myelomalacia. Conclusion There is a need for further studies with larger samples to expressively prove that the presence of longitudinal ligament ossification and the previous presence of myelomalacia are factors that can lead to worse prognosis in the postoperative evolution of patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy submitted to laminoplasty.

Introdução A mielopatia espondilótica cervical é uma doença degenerativa do disco intervertebral e do corpo da coluna vertebral que causa lesão da medula espinhal cervical devido à estenose do canal vertebral central. Sua prevalência é maior em idosos. O tratamento geralmente é cirúrgico quando a medula espinhal é afetada clinicamente com a liberação piramidal ou radiologicamente com a medula espinhal alterada. Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a mielomalácia e a ossificação do ligamento longitudinal posterior como fatores prognósticos na evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com compressão do canal cervical submetidos à laminoplastia pelas técnicas de porta aberta ou porta francesa. Métodos Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de 18 casos cirúrgicos de mielopatia espondilótica cervical do mesmo neurocirurgião sênior, utilizando o teste do quiquadrado para analisar os fatores prognósticos da evolução pós-operatória dos pacientes na escala de Nurick, após laminoplastia aberta ou francesa. Resultados A comparação entre o pré e pós-operatório mostrou uma melhora de 71,43% nos casos que não apresentavam ossificação ligamentar em comparação com 45,45% nos casos que apresentavam ossificação do ligamento longitudinal posterior. Além disso, houve um melhor prognóstico em pacientes sem mielomalácia, pois 71,43% deles melhoraram sua condição contra apenas 45,45% de melhora naqueles com mielomalácia. Conclusão Há necessidade de mais estudos com amostras maiores para comprovar expressivamente que a presença de ossificação ligamentar longitudinal e a presença prévia de mielomalácia são fatores de pior prognóstico na evolução pós-operatória de pacientes com mielopatia espondilótica cervical submetidos à laminoplastia.

Buckling of the Ligamentum Flavum as a Rare Complication of Anterior Cervical Corpectomy and Fusion: A Case Report

Introduction and Importance Neurological deterioration due to buckling of the ligamentum flavum (LF) is an uncommon complication after anterior cervical corpectomy or discectomy with fusion. Case Presentation In this report, we present the case of a 66-year-old male who underwent anterior cervical partial corpectomy of C5 and discectomy of prolapsed C5- C6 with fusion. Postsurgery, the patient displayed signs of neurological deterioration. Upon immediate cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), posterior canal stenosis and severe compression with cord signal due to LF buckling were detected. A posterior laminectomy procedure and canal decompression at the C5-C6 level with bone fusion were performed. Clinical Discussion Patient presented with walking difficulty, then walking disability, followed by bilateral upper and lower limb paresthesia with burning sensation. Examination showed ⅘ muscle strength in both handgrips. Further investigation showed brisk deep tendon reflexes, positive Hoffman sign unilaterally, equivocal Babinski sign, and progressive quadriparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging showed mild and diffuse building of some cervical discs, with spinal cord progression. We performed an anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF); a titanium mesh with plates and screws was used for fusion, with removal of a calcified and herniated subligamentous disc. Postoperatively, upper and lower limb strength deteriorated; immediate cervical and thoracic MRI showed LF buckling, which caused canal stenosis and severe compression. Urgent posterior laminectomy and canal decompression with bone fusion was scheduled on the same day. The patient underwent physiotherapy and regained upper and lower limb strength and his ability to walk. Conclusion This indicates the possibility of neurological deterioration as a result of LF buckling, whichmay be a result of LF thickening accompanied by hyperextension in the cervical region. In this regard, immediate imaging following signs of neurological complications after anterior cervical corpectomy or discectomy warrants early detection, which results in a better prognosis.

Discectomía, artrodesis intersomática y estabilización en mielopatía espondilótica cervical. Presentación de un caso / Discectomy, artrodesis and stabilization in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Presentation of a case

RESUMEN Las alteraciones degenerativas de la columna se engloban en el término de espondilosis cervical. La mielopatía espondilótica cervical (MEC) es la forma más común de disfunción del cordón espinal en mayores de 55 años. Se considera la intervención quirúrgica en la mayoría de los casos de mielopatía cervical espondilótica evidente desde el punto de vista clínico, dado el riesgo de deterioro neurológico. En la mayoría de los casos de mielopatía cervical, la descompresión de la médula espinal genera estabilización o mejoría de la función de los haces largos medulares. La función es mejor cuando se restablecen bien las dimensiones del conducto vertebral después de la descompresión, cuando la descompresión es más precoz y cuando no hay comorbilidad considerable.

ABSTRACT The degenerative alterations of the column are included in the term of cervical espondilosis. The cervical spondylotic myelopathy it is the form more common of disfuntion of the spinal cord in bigger than 55 years. It is considered the surgical intervention in most of the cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy evident from the clinical, given point of view the risk of neurological deterioration. In most of the cases of cervical myelopathy, the decompression of the spinal marrow generates stabilization or improvement of the function of the medullary long sheaves. The function is better when they recover well the dimensions of the vertebral conduit after the decompression, when the decompression is more precocious and when there is not considerable comorbility.

Etiology and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: To date all researchers conclude that the etiology of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is not known. On the contrary, since August 2009, we believe that disease is of ischemic origin in the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We present our surgical experience into 45 patients with ALS (bulbar form in 36 cases and spinal form in 9). Preoperative MRI scans revealed microinfarcts in the medulla oblongata and/or cervical cord. During surgery we found: 1) poor quality of omentum in most cases; 2) degenerative changes in the cervical spine; 3) anatomical anomalies at the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries; 4) moderate to severe atherosclerosis at both V4 segments; 5) unilateral absence or stenosis in the anterior-ventral spinal arteries (AVSAs). All patients received omentum on the anterior, lateral and posterior surface of the medulla oblongata, and in 9 cases, an additional segment at the C5-C6 level. RESULTS: Neurological improvement was better during the first days or weeks after surgery than in the following months or years, in all patients. However, 13 patients suffered neurological impairment in about 4 months later, due to greater deterioration of the cervical spine, by contrast, 7 patients with mild ALS have experienced neurological improvement by 80 to 100% during a follow-up of 4 and 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that ALS is of ischemic origin in the intraparenchymal territory of the AVSAs and/or in anterior spinal artery caused by atherosclerosis and associated to anatomical variants in the V4 segments of the vertebral arteries. Because in contrast to this, its revascularization by means of omentum can cure (mild degree) or improve this disease.

A new expansive two-open-doors laminoplasty for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy: technical report and follow-up results / Nova tecnica de laminoplastia expansiva para tratamento de mielopatia espondilotica cervical: descricao tecnica e resultados de follow-up

The laminoplasty technique was devised by Hirabayashi in 1978 for patients diagnosed with multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Objective: To describe an easy modification of Hirabayashi’s method and present the clinical and radiological results from a five-year follow-up study. Method and Results: Eighty patients had 5 levels of decompression (C3-C7), 3 patients had 6 levels of decompression (C2-T1) and 3 patients had 4 levels of decompression (C3-C6). Foraminotomies were performed in 23 cases (27%). Following Nurick`s scale, 76 patients (88%) improved, 9 (11%) had the same Nurick grade, and one patient worsened and was advised to undergo another surgical procedure. No deaths were observed. The mean surgery time was 122 min. Radiographic evaluation showed an increase in the mean sagittal diameter from 11.2 mm at pretreatment to 17.3 mm post surgery. There was no significant difference between pretreatment and post-surgery C2-C7 angles. Conclusions: This two-open-doors laminoplasty technique is safe, easy and effective and can be used as an alternative treatment for cases of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy without instability. .

A laminoplastia é técnica clássica descrita por Hirabayashi em 1978 para descompressão do canal cervical sem utilizar prótese. A principal indicação é o tratamento da mielopatia espondilotica cervical sem instabilidade. Objetivo: Descrever modificação simples da técnica de laminoplastia clássica de Hirabayashi com resultados clínicos e radiográficos em 5 anos de acompanhamento. Resultados e Método: Foram acompanhados 86 pacientes. Em 80, foi feita descompressão por laminoplastia em 5 níveis (C3-C7); em 3, descompressão em 6 níveis (C2-T1); em 3, descompressao em 4 níveis (C3-C6). Em 23 casos (27%), foi realizada foraminotomia associada a descompressão medular. O acompanhamento dos pacientes foi feito utilizando a escala de Nurick. Em 76 pacientes (88%) houve melhora do grau de Nurick. Não houve mortalidade associada à técnica. O tempo médio do procedimento cirúrgico foi de 122 minutos. Em relação à avaliação radiográfica, houve aumento do diâmetro sagital médio do canal cervical de 11,2mm para 17,3mm. Não houve diferença estatística do ângulo C2-C7 nas avaliações antes e após o procedimento cirúrgico. Conclusão: A nova técnica de laminoplastia descrita no presente estudo foi segura, de fácil execução, efetiva, não utiliza protese e não há instabilidade do canal cervical. .

Evaluación neurofisiológica de la mielopatía espondilótica cervical / Neurophysiologic assessment on cervical spondylotic myelopathy

INTRODUCCIÓN. La mielopatía espondilótica es una enfermedad frecuente, que representa la cuarta parte de las paraparesias y tetraparesias no traumáticas. Su diagnóstico se sustenta en los datos clínicos, radiológicos y neurofisiológicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue demostrar las alteraciones de los parámetros electrofisiológicos evaluados mediante diferentes estudios y describir estas alteraciones, así como correlacionar las alteraciones de los estudios neurofisiológicos con la intensidad de la afectación radiológica. MÉTODOS. Se evaluaron 30 pacientes de uno y otro sexo, con diagnóstico clínico e imaginológico de mielopatía espondilótica cervical. A todos los pacientes se les realizó electromiografía, estudio de conducción nerviosa, onda F, potenciales evocados somatosensoriales y motores. Se aplicaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva a las variables neurofisiológicas y se correlacionaron éstas con el grado de compresión medular apreciable en la resonancia.RESULTADOS. En la mayoría de los casos los potenciales evocados estaban alterados. La electromiografía mostró resultados alterados en todos los casos: en el 72,7 % se observó un patrón neurógeno difuso, mientras que el resto mostró un patrón de irritación radicular. En el 52,1 % de los casos se demostraron alteraciones moderadas a graves en el estudio de conducción del nervio mediano. Existió una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la anormalidad de los parámetros electrofisiológicos y la intensidad de la compresión medular observada en las imágenes de resonancia. CONCLUSIONES. Los potenciales evocados resultan de gran utilidad para la evaluación neurofisiológica en la mielopatía espondilótica. En la mielopatía espondilótica existe gran asociación entre las alteraciones de los parámetros electrofisiológicos y las imágenes de resonancia

INTRODUCTION. Spondylotic myelopathy is a common disease representing the fourth part of non-traumatic paraparesis and tetraparesis. Its diagnosis is supported by clinical, radiological and neurophysiological data. The aim of present research was to demonstrate and to describe the alterations of electrophysiological parameters assessed by different studies, as well as to correlationate the neurophysiological studies according the intensity of radiolgical affection. METHODS. Thirty patients of both sexes were assessed by clinical and imaging diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. All of them underwent electromyography, nervous conduction study, F wave, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials. Techniques of descriptive statistics were applied to neurophysiological variables correlating them with the medullary compression degree according to resonance. RESULTS. In most of the cases the evoked potentials were altered. The electromyography demonstrated altered results in all the cases: in the 72,7 percent there was a diffuse neurogenic pattern, whereas remained showed a radicular irritation pattern. In the 52,1 percent of cases there were moderate to severe alterations in the study of medium nerve conduction. A significant statistical correlation was present between the abnormality of electrophysiological parameters and the medullary compression intensity observed in resonance images. CONCLUSIONS. The evoked potentials are very useful for the neurophysiological assessment in spondylotic myelopathy where is present a strong association among the alterations of electrophysiological parameters and the resonance images

INTRODUCTION. La myÚlopathie spondylique, reprÚsentant la quatriÞme partie des paraparÚsies et des tÚtraparÚsies non-traumatiques, est une maladie frÚquente. Son diagnostic est basÚ sur des donnÚes cliniques, radiologiques et neurophysiologiques. Le but de cette Útude a ÚtÚ de dÚmontrer les altÚrations des paramÞtres Úlectro-physiologiques ÚvaluÚs dans plusieurs Útudes, et de dÚcrire ces altÚrations, ainsi que de mettre en corrÚlation les altÚrations des Útudes neurophysiologiques avec l'intensitÚ de l'affection radiologique. MÉTHODES. Trente patients (tous les deux sexes) ont ÚtÚ ÚvaluÚs et diagnostiquÚs de myÚlophatie spondylique cervicale en clinique et imagerie. Tous les patients ont subi une Úlectromyographie, une Útude de la conduction nerveuse, onde F, potentiels ÚvoquÚs somatosensoriels et moteurs. Des techniques de statistique descriptive ont ÚtÚ appliquÚes aux variables neurophysiologiques, et mises en corrÚlation avec un degrÚ de compression mÚdullaire apprÚciable en RM. RÉSULTATS. Dans la plupart des cas, les potentiels ÚvoquÚs Útaient altÚrÚs. L'Úlectromyographie a montrÚ des rÚsultats altÚrÚs dans tous les cas: Un patron neurogÞne diffus a ÚtÚ observÚ (72,7 percent), tandis que le reste a montrÚ un patron d'irritation radiculaire. Dans 52,1 percent des cas, on a rencontrÚ des altÚrations modÚrÚes Ó graves dans l'Útude de conduction du nerf moyen. Il a existÚ une corrÚlation statistiquement significative entre l'altÚration des paramÞtres Úlectro-physiologiques et l'intensitÚ de la compression mÚdullaire observÚe aux images de RM. CONCLUSIONS. Les potentiels ÚvoquÚs se sont rendus bien utiles pour l'Úvaluation neurophysiologique dans la myÚlopathie spondylique. Dans cette affection, il y a une grande association entre les altÚrations des paramÞtres Úlectro-physiologiques et les images de RM

Abordagem anterior no tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia cervical espondilótica / Anterior approach treatment for cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Objetivo: Relatar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico de pacientes com o diagnóstico de mielopatia cervical espondilótica tratados por meio da descompressão anterior. Métodos: Foram, retrospectivamente, avaliados 14 pacientes (13 do sexo masculino e um do sexo feminino) com idade entre 41 e 79 anos (54,21 ± 11,45), com o diagnóstico de mielopatia cervical espondilótica submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico por meio da descompressão anterior. A avaliação foi realizada por meio de parâmetros clínicos (os quais foram dor, parestesia dos membros superiores, fraqueza dos membros superiores, parestesia dos membros inferiores, dificuldade para a marcha, satisfação do paciente com o tratamento realizado, critérios de Odom e escore da JOA), radiológicos (medida da lordose cervical) e complicações (solturas e quebras dos implantes). Resultados: Os pacientes foram seguidos por um período que variou de 12 a 44 meses (24,28 ± 9,23). A melhora dos sintomas neurológicos foi em média 54,1% e a média de recuperação no escore de JOA foi de 56,37% ±22,46. Seis pacientes se apresentavam, respectivamente, muito satisfeitos (42,8%) e 5 pacientes satisfeitos (35,7%) e o critério de Odom se mostrou excelente em 4 pacientes (28,5%) e bom em outros 4 (28,5%). Nas radiografias em perfil da coluna vertebral cervical houve em média uma melhora de 2,7º entre as grafias pré-operatórias e do seguimento. Conclusão: O tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia cervical espondilótica por meio de abordagem cirúrgica resultou em melhora dos sintomas na maioria dos nossos casos, apresentando-se como boa forma de tratamento.