Causal effects of gut microbiota on chalazion: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Purpose: To investigate the causal relationship between gut microbiota (GM) and chalazion through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: GM-related genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were obtained from the International Consortium MiBioGen. Genetic data for chalazion were sourced from the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) Open GWAS database. Five MR methods, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), were employed to estimate causal relationships. Cochran's Q test was used to detect heterogeneity, the MR-Egger intercept test and MR-PRESSO regression were utilized to detect horizontal pleiotropy, and the leave-one-out method was employed to validate data stability. Results: We identified 1,509 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 119 genera as instrumental variables (IVs) (p < 1 × 10-5). According to the inverse variance weighted (IVW) estimate, the Family XIII AD3011 group (OR = 1.0018, 95% CI 1.0002-1.0035, p = 0.030) and Catenibacterium (OR = 1.0013, 95% CI 1.0002-1.0025, p = 0.022) were potentially associated with increased risk of chalazion. Conversely, Veillonella (OR = 0.9986, 95% CI 0.9974-0.9999, p = 0.036) appeared to provide protection against chalazion. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy. Conclusion: This study uncovered the causal relationship between GM and chalazion, pinpointing Catenibacterium and Family XIII AD3011 group as potential risk contributors, while highlighting Veillonella as a protective factor. In-depth investigation into the potential mechanisms of specific bacteria in chalazion was essential for providing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies in the future.

Ocular rosacea without facial erythema involvement manifesting as bilateral multiple recurrent chalazions: A case report.

BACKGROUND: In addition to the non-specific symptomatology of ocular rosacea, currently, there are no reliable diagnostic tests for the disease, which may lead to its misdiagnosis. Here, we report a case of ocular rosacea presenting with multiple recurrent chalazion on both eyelids. CASE SUMMARY: A 63-year-old female patient presented with multiple chalazion and dry eyes in both eyes, with no facial erythema. Initial management done were application of steroid eye ointment on both eyelids, hot compresses, and eyelid margin cleaning; noting that there was no relief of symptoms. Surgical excision of the chalazion was done on both eyes, however, bilateral recurrence occurred post-operatively. The pathological studies showed infiltration of a small amount of fibrous tissue with many chronic inflammatory cells. Immunohistochemistry studies were positive for LL-37. Resolution of the chalazion occurred after oral administration of doxycycline and azithromycin. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that ophthalmologists should recognize the ocular manifestations of skin diseases.

Age and number of lesions predict chalazion recurrence.

PURPOSE: Periocular lesions in pediatric patients usually require general anesthesia for surgical intervention. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns against multiple exposures to anesthesia in children younger than 3 years due to the increased risk of learning disabilities in this population. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors associated with chalazion recurrence after surgery. METHODS: A retrospective chart review over a five-year period identified 649 patients at our institution undergoing surgical intervention for chalazion. The primary outcomes examined were as follows: (1) return to the operating room for additional surgical intervention and (2) recurrence of chalazion during convalescence from surgery and follow-up. RESULTS: Fewer than one-third of patients suffered a recurrence after surgery. Multivariate logistic regression found younger age (p = 0.01), female sex (p = 0.01), and a greater number of chalazia drained (p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with recurrence of chalazia after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting at a younger age and with a greater number of chalazion were statistically more likely to have a recurrence of chalazion after surgery. Given recurrence is more likely in younger children, reconciling this with the risk-benefit ratio with regard to FDA guidelines on anesthesia in children under three years is a critical consideration for ophthalmologists.

Bloody tears: Ocular pyogenic granuloma inducing hemolacria during pregnancy.

Hemolacria, or bloody tears, is a symptom caused by several ocular disorders ranging from trauma to hormonal changes. We describe a case in which a 21-year-old, 28-week pregnant patient presented to the emergency department (ED) following her second occurrence of nocturnal left eye bleeding in a week. During her examination in the ED, a small abrasion to the lateral edge of the upper left lid was noted. No other injuries, traumatic mechanisms, or relevant past medical history were noted. Due to her pregnancy, the nascent pyogenic granuloma responsible for her hemolacria was managed conservatively. Despite management, the pyogenic granuloma rapidly grew within a few weeks causing ocular irritation and conjunctival injection. Due to concerns about ocular irritation, inability to close the affected eyelid, and decreasing visual acuity, the pyogenic granuloma was removed surgically. This case highlights the difficulty in managing pregnant patients with ocular complaints who initially present to the ED. In this case, the patient's pregnancy complicated her initial treatment plan, requiring more conservative initial management strategies. While conservative first-line treatment options for pregnant patients are recommended, they should be paired with constant risk-benefit assessment for the patient and her fetus.

Genetic correlation between circulating metabolites and chalazion: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Lipid metabolism disorders were observationally associated with chalazion, but the causality of the related circulating metabolites on chalazion remained unknown. Here, we investigated the potential causal relationship between circulating metabolites and chalazion using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Methods: For the primary analysis, 249 metabolic biomarkers were obtained from the UK Biobank, and 123 circulating metabolites were obtained from the publication by Kuttunen et al. for the secondary analysis. Chalazion summary data were obtained from the FinnGen database. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) is the main MR analysis method, and the MR assumptions were evaluated in sensitivity and colocalization analyses. Results: Two MR analyses results showed that the common metabolite, alanine, exhibited a genetic protective effect against chalazion (primary analysis: odds ratio [OR] = 0.680; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.507-0.912; p = 0.010; secondary analysis: OR = 0.578; 95% CI, 0.439-0.759; p = 0.00008). The robustness of the findings was supported by heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy analysis. Two colocalization analyses showed that alanine did not share a region of genetic variation with chalazion (primary analysis: PPH4 = 1.95%; secondary analysis: PPH4 = 25.3%). Moreover, previous studies have suggested that an increase in the degree of unsaturation is associated with an elevated risk of chalazion (OR = 1.216; 95% CI, 1.055-1.401; p = 0.007), with omega-3 fatty acids (OR = 1.204; 95% CI, 1.054-1.377; p = 0.006) appearing to be the major contributing factor, as opposed to omega-6 fatty acids (OR = 0.850; 95% CI, 0.735-0.982; p = 0.027). Conclusion: This study suggests that alanine and several unsaturated fatty acids are candidate molecules for mechanistic exploration and drug target selection in chalazion.

Masqueraded sebaceous gland carcinoma of the lower eyelid in a young pregnant patient.

The purpose of this case report is to present misdiagnosed sebaceous gland carcinoma of the lower eyelid with rapid growth in a young woman during pregnancy. Eyelid sebaceous gland carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor and a disease primarily of older patients. It occurs more commonly in oriental populations and with a predilection for the upper eyelid. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment may help improve disease control and patient survival.

COVID-19 pandemic and impact of universal face mask wear on ocular surface health and risk of infection.

Universal mask wear is an effective public health intervention to reduce SARS-Cov-2 transmission, especially in enclosed public spaces and healthcare environments. Concerns have been raised about possible transmission of the SARS-Cov-2 through ocular secretions, leading to enhanced protective measures during ophthalmic procedures. However, there is some evidence for air jets from the upper edge of the surgical mask to the ocular surface, especially when the mask is not well fit. Prolonged airflow towards the ocular surface during expiration may alter tear-film stability, leading to hyperosmolarity and ocular surface inflammation. This also raises the question of whether the ocular surface is contaminated with oral flora from airflow directed toward the eyes, thus increasing the risk of ocular infection. Herein we review the impact of patient face mask wear on the ocular surface, eyelids and risk of ocular infection, particularly during ocular surgery. There is some evidence for increased incidence of dry eye or eyelid disease during periods of mandatory face mask wear. While high daily exposure is consistent with a direct association, this should be mitigated by various cofounding factors which could also affect the ocular health during the COVID-19 pandemic. An increased risk of post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis, possibly due to face mask wear by the patient, including culture-positive endophthalmitis, has been reported in one retrospective study. Several measures have been shown to prevent or limit the risk of developing dry eye disease or exacerbation, eyelid cyst, and ocular infection during intravitreal injections.

Refractive changes associated with oculoplastic surgeries: A scoping review.

PURPOSE: To carry out a comprehensive critical review of the peer-reviewed literature on the refractive changes associated with oculoplastic surgeries. METHODS: This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement recommendations. Following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 articles were selected for the current scoping review. Each of them was analyzed carefully and their risk of bias was assessed with the Quality Assessment Tool for case Series Studies from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. RESULTS: Data of 1428 eyes from 1051 patients were analyzed. All studies were case series. Regarding the oculoplastic pathologies, five articles focused on dermatochalasis, four on chalazion, five on ptosis and six on congenital ptosis. Most articles did not report changes in the spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism changes of less than 0.5 diopters (D), changes in astigmatism axis of less than 11 degrees and changes in uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of less than 0.06 logMAR. Out of the 20 articles reviewed, 6 achieved a risk of bias score between 6 and 8, representing a low level of evidence and highlighting the limitations in the study design. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of this study, there is no evidence to suggest clinically significant refractive changes following oculoplastic surgeries. The most notable changes may occur after surgery for severe ptosis; however, further research is needed to confirm this observation.

Intratarsal Keratinous Cyst Clinically Misdiagnosed as a Chalazion.

The intratarsal keratinous cyst (IKC) is a recently described entity, often clinically misdiagnosed as a chalazion. We report a case of a 61-year-old male patient with a chief complaint of a small lesion on the upper eyelid that evolved over six months. On physical examination, an asymptomatic, firm nodule was identified on the left upper eyelid. The patient reported no history of trauma. A provisional diagnosis of chalazion was established, and an excisional biopsy was performed. Histopathologically, the lesion was lined with a stratified squamous epithelium, with a corrugated epithelial surface showing abrupt keratinization without keratohyalin granules, and compact keratinous-appearing material in the cystic lumen. The diagnosis was IKC. No signs of recurrence were observed after one year of follow-up. It is essential to accurately diagnose IKC and distinguish it from chalazion and epidermal inclusion cysts, because IKC requires complete surgical excision and can exhibit multiple recurrences if not properly removed.

Modified Chalazion Clamp: Novel Applications in Dermatologic Surgery.

Biopsies and excisions of mucosal surfaces can be challenging due to poor visualization and bleeding control. Surgeons have utilized chalazion clamps to overcome these challenges. However, its original design incorporates a locking mechanism which restricts its use to more proximal mucosal surfaces, does not allow for flexible exertional pressure control by the operator, and it is only available in one size. We designed a modified chalazion clamp without a locking mechanism and in two different sizes and ring diameters to overcome these challenges. In this report, we demonstrate the enhanced utility and effectiveness of the modified chalazion clamp in dermatological procedures through different cases.

Therapeutic effect of intense pulsed light on different types of chalazion in children.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) therapy for chalazion treatment while also exploring potential variations in sensitivity among different types of chalazion. A total of 149 patients were selected to receive tobramycin combined with IPL treatment and tobramycin combined with hot compress. The treatment groups were divided into cystic type and granulomatous type according to different clinical manifestations. The course of treatment was 3 weeks. The improvement was based on the ultrasound measurement of the masses reduction of more than 50% or disappearance. In the IPL group, 17 (22.67%) cases were cured, 39 (52.00%) were effective, and 19 (25.33%) were ineffective. This includes: cystic type was cured in 3 (15.79%), effective in 5 (26.32%) cases, ineffective in 11 (57.89%) cases; granulomatous type was cured in 14 (25.00%) cases, effective in 34 (60.71%) cases, ineffective in 8 (14.29%) cases. In the hot compress group, 5 (6.76%) cases were cured, 16 (21.62%) cases were effective and 53 (71.62%) cases were ineffective. The cystic type was cured in 2 (8.00%) cases, effective in 3 (12.00%) cases and ineffective in 20 (80.00%) cases; the granulomatous type was cured in 3 (6.12%) cases, effective in 13 (26.53%) cases and ineffective in 33 (67.35%) cases. The cure rate and efficacy rate of IPL treatment is higher than that of hot compress treatment, the treatment effect of IPL treatment on granulomatous chalazion is better than that on cystic type.

Idiopathic aseptic facial granuloma: A retrospective study of 43 cases.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic aseptic facial granuloma (IAFG) is an underrecognized pediatric skin disease, currently considered within the spectrum of rosacea. It usually manifests as a solitary, reddish, asymptomatic nodule on the cheek that resolves spontaneously. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive observational study of 43 pediatric patients with a clinical diagnosis of IAFG, followed between 2004 and 2022, at two general hospitals in Argentina. RESULTS: IAFG predominated in girls (65%) and the average age of onset was about 6 years. A single asymptomatic nodule was seen in 79% of patients. The most common localization was the cheek (58%) followed by lower eyelids (41%). Family history of rosacea was present in 16% of patients. A concomitant diagnosis of rosacea and periorificial dermatitis was made in 14% and 9% of our population, respectively. Past or present history of chalazia was detected in 42% of the children. IAFG diagnosis was mainly clinical (88% of cases). Oral antibiotics were the most common indicated treatment (84%). Complete healing was achieved by the majority, but 18% of those with eyelid compromise healed with scars. CONCLUSIONS: IAFG is a benign pediatric condition that physicians should recognize in order to manage correctly. We herein refer to a particular morphologic aspect of IAFG lesions affecting the lower eyelids, where nodules adopt a linear distribution and have a higher probability of involute leaving a scar. Also, we consider that the concomitant findings of rosacea, periorificial dermatitis and chalazia in our patients, reinforce the consideration of IAFG within the spectrum of rosacea.

Correlación entre especies del género Demodex en chalaziones primarios y recurrentes / Correlation between Demodex species in primary and recurrent chalazia

Objetivo: Determinar la correlación entre la infestación por especies de Demodex y la ocurrencia de chalaziones primarios y recurrentes. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo y observacional. Se incluyeron pacientes con chalaziones primarios o recurrentes. Se tomó muestra de pestañas para determinar la presencia microscópica de Demodex spp. Se determinó la correlación entre la recurrencia del chalazión y la infestación por ácaros Demodex spp. mediante la prueba del coeficiente de correlación de rangos de Spearman. Resultados: Se incluyeron 68 pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de chalazión. En 63,2% del total de los casos se documentó la presencia de uno o más parásitos del género Demodex spp. En el estudio parasitológico cuantitativo se encontró que el 25% de todos los casos presentó infestación por Demodex spp. definida por un índice superior o igual a 0,5 parásitos por pestaña. La especie más frecuentemente encontrada fue Demodex folliculorum. De los 14 pacientes con chalazión recurrente el 50% presentó infestación por Demodex spp. y en el 91,7% de los casos la infestación fue por Demodex folliculorum. Existe una correlación positiva y directamente proporcional de (rø=+0,665; p<0,05) entre estos factores. De los pacientes con chalazión primario, solo 18,5% presentaron infestación por Demodex spp., y en el 81,6% de ellos fue causada por Demodex folliculorum. No existe una correlación significativa entre estos factores. Conclusión: Existe una correlación directa, alta y estadísticamente significativa entre la recurrencia del chalazión y la infestación por Demodex spp., no existe una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre los chalaziones primarios y la presencia de Demodex spp.(AU)

Objective: To determine the correlation between the infestation by species of Demodex spp. and the occurrence of primary and recurrent chalazia. Methods: Prospective and observational study. Patients with primary or recurrent chalazia were included. Eyelash samples were taken to determine the microscopic presence of Demodex spp. The correlation between the recurrence of the chalazia and the infestation by Demodex spp. mites was determined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. Results: Sixty-eight adult patients diagnosed with chalazia were included. In 63.2% of the total cases, the presence of one or more parasites of the genus Demodex spp. was documented. In the quantitative parasitological study, it was found that 25% of all cases presented infestation by Demodex spp. defined by an index greater than or equal to 0.5 parasites per eyelash. The most frequently found species was Demodex folliculorum. Of the 14 patients with recurrent chalazia, 50% presented infestation by Demodex spp. and in 91.7% of the cases the infestation was by D. folliculorum. There is a positive, directly proportional correlation between these factors (rθ=+0.665, P<.05). In the group of patients with primary chalazion, only 18.5% presented infestation by Demodex spp., and in 81.6% of these cases it was caused by D. folliculorum. There is a non-statistically significant correlation between these two factors. Conclusion: There is a direct, high and statistically significant correlation between the recurrence of the chalazion and the infestation by Demodex spp., there is no statistically significant correlation between the primary chalazia and the presence of Demodex spp.(AU)

Isolated eyelid neonatal Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a condition characterized by clonal proliferation of the phagocytic cells derived from the bone marrow. In this article, we present an exceedingly rare case of congenital/neonatal LCH in a 3-week-old girl who initially presented with an isolated swelling of the eyelid, initially misdiagnosed as a chalazion. Subsequently, a biopsy was performed, and histopathological evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of LCH. A staging work-up revealed no evidence of multisystem involvement, and thus, local steroid injection was performed as the initial treatment for the residual lesion. Cases of localized LCH that manifest as eyelid masses are rare, and most reported cases involve children over the age of one year. To the best of our knowledge, this case represents the first reported instance of neonatal LCH presenting as an eyelid mass. Although neonatal LCH is rare, ophthalmologists must be aware of this presentation and include it in the differential diagnosis for eyelid lesions in infants during the first month of life.

Chalazion-mimicked eyelid angiosarcoma in a young Asian with good prognosis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Angiosarcoma is an extremely rare malignant tumor. So far, only about 42 cases of angiosarcoma involving the eyelids have been reported. Eyelid angiosarcoma occurs more frequently in elderly Caucasian males and is prone to misdiagnosis. We present a case report in a young Asian male patient with eyelid angiosarcoma that was misdiagnosed as a chalazion. CASE PRESENTATION: A 46-year-old South Korean male with no underlying disease had a right lower lid mass. The lesion was initially misdiagnosed as a chalazion at a local clinic, but a diagnosis of eyelid angiosarcoma was made after the first biopsy trial. PET-CT was performed to ensure that there was no metastasis in the whole body. Surgical excision with enough surgical margin was used alone for treatment and reconstruction was performed with a tarsoconjunctival advancement flap (modified Hughes procedure), which helped ensure good cosmesis. No recurrence was observed 4 years and 5 months after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The current study presents the first case of chalazion-mimicked eyelid angiosarcoma in a young Asian male aged under 50 years. This case shows that even if a benign eyelid disease is suspected in a young patient, an incisional biopsy must be performed to confirm whether the lesion is malignant. Since the prognosis is good for the case of eyelid angiosarcoma, if there is no clear evidence of distal metastasis, surgical resection should be performed with an enough safety margin.

Chalazion Treatment: A Concise Review of Clinical Trials.

A chalazion is one of the most common eye conditions presenting as a mass lesion of the eyelids. It is seen in all age groups. Chalazion is a non-inflammatory process and develops due to retained secretion of the meibomian or Zeis glands. Treatment of choice differs among clinicians and may include application of warm compress onto eyelids, lid hygiene, using local antibiotic ointment with or without steroids, injecting steroid solution (triamcinolone acetonide) into the lesion and surgical removal of the lesion by incision and curettage. In addition, there are some other experimented methods such as injection of botulinum toxin A, tarsal trephination, removal of chalazion by application of CO2 laser or cryogenic action. However, there is currently no commonly agreed treatment of choice. In this review, we aimed to summarize findings from clinical trials and hopefully, identify a treatment of choice in chalazion.

Immunophenotypic profiles in chalazion and pyogenic granuloma associated with chalazion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate immunophenotypic profiles of infiltrating cells in surgically excised tissues of chalazion and pyogenic granuloma associated with chalazion. METHODS: Eighty-two surgical specimens from 74 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with chalazion or chalazion-associated pyogenic granuloma at Tokyo Medical University Hospital between 2016 and 2022 were studied. Sixty specimens were chalazion lesions and 22 specimens were pyogenic granuloma lesions (from 15 men and 7 women, mean age 36.6 ± 14.4 years). All patients were immunocompetent Asian Japanese adults. Specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was performed using the following antibodies: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD11b, CD11c, CD16, CD19, CD20, CD23, CD25, CD34, CD44, CD56, CD69, and CD138. RESULTS: In flow cytometric analysis, the proportion of cells expressing the T cell marker CD3 was significantly higher compared with other immune cells expressing specific markers (p < 0.0001), and the proportion of CD4-positive T cells was significantly higher than that of CD8-positive T cells (p < 0.0001), in both chalazion and pyogenic granuloma specimens. The chalazion and pyogenic granuloma lesions shared similar immunophenotypic profile characterized by predominant T cell infiltration, and CD4 T cells dominating over CD8 cells. The pattern of expression of CD4 and CD8 in the specimens was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates immunophenotypic features of chalazion and chalazion-associated pyogenic granuloma. Although various inflammatory cells are involved in the pathology of chalazion and pyogenic granuloma, a significantly higher proportion of CD4-positive T cells may be closely related to the pathological mechanisms of both lesions.

Correlation between Demodex species in primary and recurrent chalazia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between the infestation by species of Demodex spp. and the occurrence of primary and recurrent chalazia. METHODS: Prospective and observational study. Patients with primary or recurrent chalazia were included. Eyelash samples were taken to determine the microscopic presence of Demodex spp. The correlation between the recurrence of the chalazia and the infestation by Demodex spp. mites was determined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. RESULTS: Sixty-eight adult patients diagnosed with chalazia were included. In 63.2% of the total cases, the presence of one or more parasites of the genus Demodex spp. was documented. In the quantitative parasitological study, it was found that 25% of all cases presented infestation by Demodex spp. defined by an index greater than or equal to 0.5 parasites per eyelash. The most frequently found species was Demodex folliculorum. Of the 14 patients with recurrent chalazia, 50% presented infestation by Demodex spp. and in 91.7% of the cases the infestation was by D. folliculorum. There is a positive, directly proportional correlation between these factors (rθ=+0.665, P<.05). In the group of patients with primary chalazion, only 18.5% presented infestation by Demodex spp., and in 81.6% of these cases it was caused by D. folliculorum. There is a non-statistically significant correlation between these two factors. CONCLUSION: There is a direct, high and statistically significant correlation between the recurrence of the chalazion and the infestation by Demodex spp., there is no statistically significant correlation between the primary chalazia and the presence of Demodex spp.

Use of chalazion clamp for excision of the eyelid margin lesion.

PURPOSE: Reconstruction after eyelid lesion excision is very important. It calls for preserving normal eyelid function for the protection of the eye and restoring good cosmesis. It is important to precisely align the tarsal plate. However, the unique anatomy of eyelids often makes haemostasis difficult and surgical field obscured. We report an effective method to solve this problem. METHOD: This retrospective study included 25 patients who underwent eyelid margin lesion excision using the chalazion clamp between March 2020 and October 2021. The chalazion clamp is placed on the desired location and tightened, providing a bloodless field for eyelid lesion removal. Without bleeding, visibility of the cut edges is improved considerably. It facilitates anatomical anastomosis of the tarsal plate. RESULTS: All 25 patients maintained normal eyelid function and good cosmesis, with no recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The use of the chalazion clamp during excision of the eyelid margin lesion could stabilize the eyelid, protect the eyeball from accidental injury and, and provide a clear bloodless operative field. It can ensure the neatness of the cut edges and offer better incision alignment for suture. It also avoids wasting too much time on haemostasis, without additional expensive equipment.

Risk Factors for Chalazion Diagnosis and Subsequent Surgical Excision.

PURPOSE: To identify factors associated with chalazion diagnosis and surgical excision. METHODS: Patients with an incident chalazion diagnosis from 2002 to 2019 were compared 1:5 with matched controls. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with diagnosis and surgical excision. RESULTS: Chalazion patients (n = 134,959) and controls (678,160) were analyzed. Risk factors for diagnosis included female sex, non-white race, northeast location, conditions affecting periocular skin and tear film (blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, rosacea, pterygium), non-ocular inflammatory conditions (gastritis, inflammatory bowel disease, sarcoidosis, seborrheic dermatitis, Graves' disease), and smoking (p < .001 for all comparisons). Thirteen percent of patients with chalazion underwent subsequent surgical excision. Diabetes and systemic sclerosis diagnoses decreased odds of diagnosis (p < .001). Male sex, rosacea diagnosis, Black and Hispanic race, antibiotic use, and doxycycline use increased odds of surgery (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Female sex, non-white race, conditions affecting periocular skin and the tear film, several non-ocular inflammatory conditions, and smoking were risk factors for chalazion diagnosis. Male sex, rosacea diagnosis, Black and Hispanic race, antibiotic use, and doxycycline use were risk factors for surgical intervention for chalazion. Our results prompt further study of these variables and their relationship to chalazion diagnosis to understand physiology and improve clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest early recognition and treatment of concomitant rosacea may serve an important role in the management of chalazion and in the prevention of surgical intervention.