Five years of advances in electrochemical analysis of protein biomarkers in lung cancer: a systematic review.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It represents a public health problem that must be addressed through the early detection of specific biomarkers and effective treatment. To address this critical issue, it is imperative to implement effective methodologies for specific biomarker detection of lung cancer in real clinical samples. Electrochemical methods, including microfluidic devices and biosensors, can obtain robust results that reduce time, cost, and assay complexity. This comprehensive review will explore specific studies, methodologies, and detection limits and contribute to the depth of the discussion, making it a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in lung cancer diagnosis.

Establishing hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for the endangered Lear's macaw (Anodorhynchus leari).

BACKGROUND: The Lear's macaw, Anodorhynchus leari (Psittaciformes, Psittacidae), is an endemic species of the Caatinga region in Brazil. With only a few free-living individuals that are constantly under threat from agricultural clearance, hunting, and trapping, A. leari is classified as "endangered" by the Red Book of Endangered Brazilian Fauna and by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. At the same time, the number of individuals in captivity has been growing due to the efforts of biologists and veterinarians in zoological parks to reproduce this species. Thus, having species-specific reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical measurands is essential to assess the health status of these captive and wild birds and guarantee their reproductive success. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical measurands for A. leari kept in captivity in São Paulo Zoo, Brazil. METHODS: Blood samples from 32 individuals were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only samples from adults and healthy individuals were included in this study. All statistical analyses were performed according to the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and available literature. RESULTS: Reference values and reference intervals were determined for the captive population of Anodorhynchus leari. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to establish reference intervals for A. leari, which can aid the veterinarian in the interpretation of laboratory test results, helping in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases of this endangered species of Brazilian fauna.

Advancement in Paper-Based Electrochemical Biosensing and Emerging Diagnostic Methods.

The utilization of electrochemical detection techniques in paper-based analytical devices (PADs) has revolutionized point-of-care (POC) testing, enabling the precise and discerning measurement of a diverse array of (bio)chemical analytes. The application of electrochemical sensing and paper as a suitable substrate for point-of-care testing platforms has led to the emergence of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs). The inherent advantages of these modified paper-based analytical devices have gained significant recognition in the POC field. In response, electrochemical biosensors assembled from paper-based materials have shown great promise for enhancing sensitivity and improving their range of use. In addition, paper-based platforms have numerous advantageous characteristics, including the self-sufficient conveyance of liquids, reduced resistance, minimal fabrication cost, and environmental friendliness. This study seeks to provide a concise summary of the present state and uses of ePADs with insightful commentary on their practicality in the field. Future developments in ePADs biosensors include developing novel paper-based systems, improving system performance with a novel biocatalyst, and combining the biosensor system with other cutting-edge tools such as machine learning and 3D printing.

Clinical characteristics of liver injury in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant- and Omicron subvariant-infected patients.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Liver injury in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant- and Omicron subvariant-infected patients is unknown at present, and the aim of this study is to summarize liver injury in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, 460 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients were enrolled. Five severe or critical patients were excluded, and 34 patients were also excluded because liver injury was not considered to be related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Liver injury was compared between Omicron and non-Omicron variants- and between Omicron subvariant-infected patients; additionally, the clinical data related to liver injury were also analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 421 patients enrolled for analysis, liver injury was detected in 76 (18.1%) patients, including 46 Omicron and 30 non-Omicron variant-infected patients. The ratios did not differ between Omicron and non-Omicron variant-, Omicron BA.1, BA.2 and BA.5 subvariant-infected patients (P>0.05). The majority of abnormal parameters of liver function tests were mildly elevated (1-3 × ULN), the most frequently elevated parameter of liver function test was γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT, 9.5%, 40/421), and patients with cholangiocyte or biliary duct injury markers were higher than with hepatocellular injury markers. Multivariate analysis showed that age (>40 years old, OR=1.898, 95% CI=1.058-3.402, P=0.032), sex (male gender, OR=2.031, 95% CI=1.211-3.408, P=0.007), serum amyloid A (SAA) level (>10 mg/ml, OR=3.595, 95% CI=1.840-7.026, P<0.001) and vaccination status (No, OR=2.131, 95% CI=1.089-4.173, P=0.027) were independent factors related to liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: Liver injury does not differ between Omicron and non-Omicron variants or between Omicron subvariant-infected patients. The elevations of cholangiocyte or biliary duct injury biomarkers are dominant in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.

Molecular surveillance of Trypanosoma spp. reveals different clinical and epidemiological characteristics associated with the infection in three creole cattle breeds from Colombia.

In South America, Colombia is the third-largest livestock producer with approximately 28.8 million cattle, of which Colombian Creole cattle represent around 1% of the livestock population. Animal Trypanosomiasis (AT) is one of the most critical problems in the livestock industry, reducing its production by about 30 %. Considering the paucity of information to understand the epidemiological features of AT in Colombian Creole cattle, the present study reports the molecular prevalence and clinical traits associated with the infection of Trypanosoma spp. in three Colombian Creole breeds. From 2019 to 2020, cross-sectional surveillance in farms of central and west of Colombia was designed to evaluate the mentioned characteristics in Casanareño, Chino Santandereano, and Sanmartinero Creole breeds. Molecular analysis showed an AT prevalence of 60.2 % (95 % CI = 54.2 % - 66.2 %). The Chino Santandereano population presented the highest value (Trypanosoma spp., 75.2 %, T. theileri 59.6 % and T. evansi 15.6 %), followed by Casanareño (Trypanosoma spp., 65.3 %, T. theileri 38.6 %, T. evansi 24.0 %, and T. vivax 5.3 %) and Sanmartinero (Trypanosoma spp., 33.3 %, T. theileri 24.0 % and T. evansi 9.3 %). Features such as breeds, age, and feeding system were significantly associated with AT prevalence (P < 0.05). Additionally, a low level of serum total proteins was observed during T. evansi infection in Sanmartinero (P < 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first cross-sectional survey that evaluates using molecular methods the infection of Trypanosoma spp. in Colombian Creole breeds, showing significant variations in the prevalence and clinical signs associated with the infection. These results suggest different degrees of trypanotolerance in these breeds, as well as a possible effect of environmental variables on the prevalence and clinical characteristics associated with the infection. The epidemiological and economic implications of these findings are discussed here.

Programa de maestría para profesionales vinculados al análisis clínico / Master program for professionals linked to clinical analysis

RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación de la cual deriva el presente texto estuvo encaminado a elaborar una propuesta de programa de maestría para los profesionales de la salud vinculados al análisis clínico, desde las tecnologías del diagnóstico en laboratorio. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el Centro de Inmunología y Productos Biológicos de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, en el período comprendido de enero a marzo de 2019. De los métodos empíricos fueron empleados la técnica de discusión grupal y la encuesta aplicada a egresados y jefes de los servicios asistenciales. Se concluye que se elabora una propuesta de programa de maestría para los profesionales de la salud vinculados al análisis clínico como respuesta a la necesidad e interés por elevar los niveles de competencia y desempeño profesional e investigativo de estos desde las tecnologías del diagnóstico en laboratorio.

ABSTRACT The objective of the research was to develop a proposal for a master's program for health professionals linked to clinical analysis from laboratory diagnostic technologies. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Center for Immunology and Biological Products of the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey, in the period from January to March 2019. From the empirical methods, the group discussion technique was used, and the survey applied to graduates and heads of healthcare services. It is concluded that a master's program proposal is prepared for health professionals linked to clinical analysis in response to the need and interest in raising the levels of competence and professional and investigative performance of these from the technologies of laboratory diagnosis.

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Nonconformities in clinical laboratories in Macapá, Amapá, Brazil, based on the RDC no. 302/2005/Anvisa / Não conformidades em laboratórios clínicos de Macapá, Amapá, Brasil, com base na RDC nº 302/2005/Anvisa

ABSTRACT Introduction: Clinical analysis laboratories are health care facilities that provide resources for outpatient and/or emergency diagnoses; they are regulated in Brazil by the Resolution of the Collegiate Board of Directors (RDC) no. 302, of October 13, 2005, of the Brazilian National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance (Anvisa). Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a normative evaluation in clinical analysis laboratories, based on RDC no. 302, of October 13, 2005. Material and method: This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. Twelve clinical laboratories participated in the study. The data were obtained through a structured questionnaire and answered by the technical leaders of the participating laboratories, in the municipality of Macapá, Amapá, Brazil. Results: The average nonconformity found among the participants was 9.64%, which allowed an overall evaluation among them as satisfactory, in relation to the minimum requirements demanded by the standardization recommended by Anvisa. When the participants were analyzed individually, there was a variation from 4.82% to 21.69% of the nonconformities index. Other studies agree with the results, however there is disagreement in a research carried out in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, possibly due to the fact that the laboratories present in this study do not have a quality management system in their processes. Conclusion: Laboratories 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, and 12 were rated as satisfactory. Laboratories 1, 5, 7, 8 and 10 were rated as partially satisfactory. No laboratories were rated as unsatisfactory.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los laboratorios clínicos son establecimientos de salud que ofrecen recursos para diagnósticos ambulatorios y/o de emergencia; son regulados en Brasil por la resolución del Directorio Colegiado (RDC) nº 302, de 13 de octubre de 2005, de la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (Anvisa). Objetivo: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo efectuar una evaluación normativa en laboratorios clínicos, teniendo como base la RDC nº 302, de 13 de octubre de 2005. Material y método: Estudio transversal y descriptivo, con la participación de 12 laboratorios clínicos. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante cuestionario estructurado contestado por los responsables técnicos de los laboratorios participantes, en el municipio de Macapá, Amapá, Brasil. Resultados: La media de no conformidades entre los participantes fue de 9,64%, lo que permitió una evaluación general entre ellos como satisfactorios, con respecto a los requisitos mínimos exigidos por la Anvisa. Cuando los participantes fueron evaluados individualmente, hubo variación de 4,82% hasta 21,69% en el índice de no conformidades. Otros estudios presentaron resultados concordantes; sin embargo, hay desacuerdo en una investigación realizada en Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, posiblemente porque los laboratorios participantes en ese estudio no tienen un sistema de gestión de calidad en sus procesos. Conclusión: Los laboratorios 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11 y 12 fueron evaluados como satisfactorios; los laboratorios 1, 5, 7, 8 y 10, como parcialmente satisfactorios. Ningún laboratorio fue evaluado como insatisfactorio.

RESUMO Introdução: Os laboratórios de análises clínicas são estabelecimentos de saúde que oferecem recursos aos diagnósticos ambulatoriais e/ou emergenciais; são regulamentados no Brasil pela Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada (RDC) nº 302, de 13 de outubro de 2005, da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa). Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma avaliação normativa em laboratórios de análises clínicas, tendo como base a RDC nº 302, de 13 de outubro de 2005. Material e método: Estudo transversal e descritivo, com a participação de 12 laboratórios clínicos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário estruturado respondido pelos responsáveis técnicos dos laboratórios participantes, no município de Macapá, Amapá, Brasil. Resultados: A média de não conformidade encontrada entre os participantes foi de 9,64%, o que permitiu uma avaliação geral entre eles como satisfatórios, em relação aos requisitos mínimos exigidos pela normatização preconizada pela Anvisa. Quando os participantes foram avaliados individualmente, houve variação de 4,82% a 21,69% no índice de não conformidades. Outros estudos apresentam resultados concordantes; contudo, há discordância em uma pesquisa realizada em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, possivelmente pelo fato de os laboratórios presentes neste estudo não terem um sistema de gestão de qualidade nos seus processos. Conclusão: Os laboratórios 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11 e 12 foram avaliados como satisfatórios; os laboratórios 1, 5, 7, 8 e 10, como parcialmente satisfatórios. Nenhum laboratório foi avaliado como insatisfatório.

Oclusión en niños con dentición mixta, estudio de patrón facial y tipo de oclusión en Ecuador / Occlusion in children with mixed dentition, facial pattern study and type of occlusion in Ecuador

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la morfología facial y la asociación sagital interarcos en niños con dentición mixta. Materiales y método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal realizado en 100 escolares de 6 a 12 años de edad. La valoración clínica del perfil facial de la oclusión se realizó, mediante fotografías extraorales e intraorales y modelos de estudio por dos evaluadores examinadores con una confiabilidad en su criterio diagnóstico, considerando los criterios de Capelozza. Resultados: Se constató una relación estrecha entre el patrón facial con la clase molar y canina. Excepto el patrón II, en el cual sí existió correlación con la clase II molar, pero no con la clase II canina. Se evidenció mayor heterogeneidad en la distribución de las clases del patrón I. En el patrón II, las clases se presentaron más homogéneas con más del 70% de individuos con clase II, en su relación molar. La prueba Chi Cuadrado de Pearson determinó un p= 0,678 al considerar la relación canina de ambos lados. Conclusiones: El estudio reveló prevalencia de clase I canina decidua en ambos géneros. Clase I y II molar permanente en iguales proporciones en ambos géneros. Respecto a la edad, aquellos de entre 6 a 10 años fueron más tendientes a la clase II molar.

Abstract Objective: Define facial morphology and sagittal association in children with mixed dentition. Materials and methods: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study of 100 students aged 6 to 12 years. The clinical evaluation of the facial profile of the occlusion was made through extraoral and intraoral photographs and study models by two examining evaluators with a reliability in their diagnostic criteria, considering the Capelozza criteria. Results: A close relationship was found between the facial pattern with the molar and canine class. Except pattern II, in which there was correlation with class II molar, but not with canine class II. The heterogeneity in the distribution of the classes of pattern I was evidenced. In class II, the classes were more homogeneous with more than 70% of class II individuals in their molar relationship.The Pearson Chi Square test determined a p = 0.678 when considering the canine relationship on both sides. Conclusions: The study revealed prevalence of canine class I deciduous in both genders. Class I and II molar permanent in equal proportions in both genders. With regard to age, those between 6 and 10 years were more tending to class II molar.

Carcinoma adrenal em crianças: estudo longitudinal em minas gerais, brasil / Adrenal carcinoma in children: longitudinal study in minas gerais, brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as características clínicas, laboratoriais e histopatológicas e o percurso até o estabelecimento do diagnóstico e do tratamento de pacientes com carcinoma de suprarrenal (CSR). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com 13 pacientes tratados no serviço de oncologia pediátrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG) entre 2004 e 2015. Resultados: A idade ao diagnóstico variou de 1,0 a 14,8 anos (mediana: 2,0 anos). As manifestações de hipercortisolismo foram identificadas em todos os casos, e as de virilização, em todas as meninas. Todos os pacientes preencheram os critérios de Weiss para diagnóstico histopatológico de CSR. A imuno-histoquímica foi realizada em 61,5% dos casos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou doença em estádio I (76,9%). Todos foram submetidos à ressecção tumoral total. Dois pacientes (estádios III e IV) receberam quimioterapia associada ao mitotano. O único óbito observado foi do paciente com doença em estádio IV. A probabilidade de sobrevida global para todo o grupo aos 5,0 anos foi de 92,3±7,4%. A mediana de tempo entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico foi de 9,5 meses, e de 6,0 meses entre a primeira consulta e o início do tratamento. Conclusões: A baixa idade ao diagnóstico, o predomínio de casos com doença localizada e a ressecção tumoral completa - com apenas um caso de ruptura de cápsula tumoral - são possivelmente a explicação para a evolução favorável da população estudada. O longo percurso entre o início dos sintomas e o diagnóstico sugere a importância da capacitação dos pediatras para o reconhecimento precoce dos sinais e dos sintomas do CSR.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze clinical, laboratory and histopathological features and the path to diagnosis establishment and treatment of patients with adrenal carcinoma (AC). Methods: Retrospective study with 13 patients assisted at the pediatric oncology service of Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2004 and 2015. Results: Age at diagnosis ranged from 1.0 to 14.8 years (median: 2.0 years). Manifestations of hypercortisolism were identified in all cases and virilization in all girls. All patients met the Weiss criteria to AC histopathological diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 61.5% of the cases. Most patients had stage I disease (76.9%). All subjects were submitted to total tumor resection. Two patients (stages III and IV disease) received chemotherapy associated to mitotane. The only death case was that of a patient with stage IV disease. The probability of overall survival for the entire group up to 5.0 years was 92.3±7.4%. The median time between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 9.5 months, and 6.0 months between first visit and start of treatment. Conclusions: Low age at diagnosis, predominance of cases with localized disease and complete tumor resection - with only one case of tumor capsule rupture - can possibly explain the favorable evolution of the studied population. The long period between onset of symptoms and diagnosis highlights the importance of training pediatricians for early recognition of AC signs and symptoms.

An integrative review of the methods used for cortisol assessment in clinical studies investigating the association between Blood Pressure and Cortisol Hormone / Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e o Hormônio Cortisol: uma revisão integrativa sobre as associações e os métodos de análises clínicas / Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica y la Hormona Cortisol: una revisión integrativa sobre las asociaciones y los métodos de análisis clínicos

Justificativa e Objetivos: A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) é uma condição de saúde que representa um problema de saúde pública mundial e sua relação com o hormônio cortisol ainda não está amplamente esclarecida. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar na literatura, as circunstâncias de existência de associação entre a HAS com o hormônio cortisol e os métodos clínicos utilizados para esta relação. Métodos: Realizou-se revisão Integrativa da Literatura, a partir de 17 artigos científicos publicados entre 2013 e 2017 identificados nas bases de dados EMBASE e PubMed, com os descritores hypertension e hydrocortisone, no idioma inglês. Resultados: Verificou-se associação da HAS com o aumento do cortisol na idade a partir de 62 anos, aumento de sódio na dieta, o hábito não ingerir o desjejum, aumento do consumo de cafeína, síndrome metabólica, obesidade, excesso de catecolaminas e alguns tipos de hormônios e biomarcadores. Os métodos clínicos mais utilizados para esta relação foram os testes de associação, feitos com a função renal e/ou cardíaca, síndrome metabólica, estresse, doenças crônicas associados com a avaliação de exames laboratoriais. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram associação entre o cortisol e a Hipertensão no avançar da idade e estilo de vida, sendo os testes de associação os métodos mais utilizados.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is a health condition that represents a global public health problem and its relation with the hormone cortisol is not yet widely understood. Thus, the present study aimed to identify in the literature the association among the SAH, the hormone cortisol and the clinical methods used to evaluate this relationship. Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out, based on 17 scientific articles published between 2013 and 2017 identified in the databases EMBASE and PubMed, with the descriptors hypertension and hydrocortisone in English language. Results: There was an association of SAH with increased cortisol at the age of 62 years, increased sodium in the diet, not eating breakfast, increased caffeine consumption, metabolic syndrome, obesity, excess catecholamine's, some types of hormones, and biomarkers. The most commonly used clinical methods for this relationship were association tests, performed with renal and / or cardiac function, metabolic syndrome, stress, chronic diseases associated with the evaluation of laboratory tests. Conclusion: The results indicated an association between cortisol and SAH with advancing age and lifestyle. Moreover, the association tests were the most used methods.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica (HAS) es una afección de salud que representa un problema de salud pública mundial y su relación con la hormona cortisol aún no se conoce ampliamente. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar en la literatura la asociación entre la HAS, la hormona cortisol y los métodos clínicos utilizados para evaluar esta relación. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura, basada en 17 artículos científicos publicados entre 2013 y 2017 identificados en las bases de datos EMBASE y PubMed, con los descriptores hipertensión e hidrocortisona en idioma inglés. Resultados: Hubo una asociación de HAS con aumento de cortisol a la edad de 62 años, aumento de sodio en la dieta, falta de desayuno, aumento del consumo de cafeína, síndrome metabólico, obesidad, exceso de catecolaminas, algunos tipos de hormonas y biomarcadores. Los métodos clínicos más comúnmente utilizados para esta relación fueron las pruebas de asociación, realizadas con función renal y / o cardíaca, síndrome metabólico, estrés, enfermedades crónicas asociadas con la evaluación de pruebas de laboratorio. Conclusión: Los resultados indicaron una asociación entre el cortisol y la HAS con el avance de la edad y el estilo de vida. Además, las pruebas de asociación fueron los métodos más utilizados.(AU)

Evaluation of nonconformities related to sanitary regulations applied to clinical laboratories in public hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro-RJ from November 2016 to November 2017 / Avaliação de não conformidades às normas sanitárias aplicadas a laboratórios intra-hospitalares públicos de análises clínicas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (RJ) no período de novembro de 2016 a novembro de 2017

ABSTRACT The study presents the main nonconformities related to the sanitary regulations found in clinical laboratory analysis (CLA) attached to a public hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) from November 2016 to November 2017. The evaluation of the nonconformities related to sanitary conditions is fundamental to ensure the goals in improving quality control, increasing the reliability of the results generated and reducing health risks. Through the evaluation of 20 federal and municipal public health laboratories, it was possible to analyze the main sanitary nonconformities in the different laboratories phases (pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical), evaluating, through Fisher's exact test, the frequency and trend distribution of reported nonconformities. One hundred percent (100%) of the clinical analysis laboratories presented at least, one nonconformity. Among those with the highest frequencies of nonconformity related to sanitary conditions are those related to the lack of standard operating procedures (SOPs), presenting 45.5% in clinical analysis laboratories of federal hospitals and 66.7% in clinical analysis laboratories of municipal hospitals. Moreover flaws in the cleaning, disinfection and sterilization processes, in equipments and in the presence of the technical manager (TM) throughout the working hours. Sanitary surveillance actions seek to provide health services to the population that comply with established quality standards, even though the identification of nonconformities subsidizes the adoption of corrective actions by the health establishment.

RESUMO Este estudo apresenta as principais não conformidades às normas sanitárias encontradas em laboratórios de análises clínicas (LAC) intra-hospitalares públicos localizados no município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ) no período de novembro de 2016 a novembro de 2017. A avaliação de não conformidades sanitárias é fundamental para garantir metas na melhoria do controle da qualidade, aumento da confiabilidade dos resultados gerados e diminuição de riscos em saúde. Por meio da avaliação de 20 laboratórios públicos, federais e municipais, foi possível analisar as principais não conformidades sanitárias nas diferentes fases laboratoriais (pré-analítica, analítica e pós-analítica), avaliando a frequência e a tendência da distribuição através do teste exato de Fisher. Os resultados evidenciaram que 100% dos LAC analisados apresentaram ao menos uma não conformidade; entre aquelas com maiores frequências de não conformidades sanitárias estão as relacionadas com inexistência de procedimentos operacionais padrão (POPs), apresentando 45,5% em LAC de hospitais federais e 66,7% em LAC de hospitais municipais, além de falhas nos processos de limpeza, desinfecção e esterilização, nos equipamentos e na presença do responsável técnico (TM) durante todo o horário de trabalho. As ações de fiscalização sanitária buscam a prestação de serviços em saúde à população que esteja de acordo com padrões de qualidade estabelecidos, ainda que a identificação de não conformidades subsidie a adoção de ações corretivas pelo estabelecimento de saúde.

Pediatric pituitary adenomas in Northeast Mexico. A follow-up study.

PURPOSE: To review incidence, treatment and outcome of pediatric pituitary adenomas (PAs). METHODS: A follow-up study patients with the age of ≤19 years old who were treated from 1995 to 2015 in Mexico. RESULTS: Out of 1244 diagnosed PA, 43 patients were children (35 females, 8 males) with a mean age of 17.2 years. The majority were macroadenomas (70%) with prolactinomas (PRL) dominating (63%) followed by non-functioning adenomas (21%). In total, 40% were diagnosed as invasive. Growth hormone (GH) secreting adenomas, adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting and mixed GH-PRL secreting were rare. The treatment modalities were dopamine agonists and surgery. The average treatment time was 44 months with an average follow-up period of 104 months. Sixty-eight percent (27/40) of the patients had complete response after long time follow-up. Thirty-one percent did not respond to treatment whereof three patients died due to advanced disease and late intervention. The principal causes for treatment failure were treatment resistance, late intervention and poor patient compliance. CONCLUSIONS: Sixty eight percent had complete treatment response without any sign of disease, while ~31% did not respond to treatment or did not comply to follow up/treatment. Optimized early diagnose, treatment methods with early intervention, long time follow-up and with better measures for patient compliance should improve outcomes.

Comparative analysis for strength serum sodium and potassium in three different methods: Flame photometry, ion-selective electrode (ISE) and colorimetric enzymatic.

BACKGROUND: Hydroelectrolytic disorders are common in clinical situations and may be harmful to the patient, especially those involving plasma sodium and potassium dosages. Among the possible methods for the dosages are flame photometry, ion-selective electrode (ISE) and colorimetric enzymatic method. METHODS: We analyzed 175 samples in the three different methods cited from patients attending the laboratory of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. The values obtained were statistically treated using SPSS 19.0 software. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of the use of these different methods in the determination of plasma sodium and potassium. RESULTS: The averages obtained for sodium and potassium measurements by flame photometry were similar (P > .05) to the means obtained for the two electrolytes by ISE. The averages obtained by the colorimetric enzymatic method presented statistical difference in relation to ISE, both for sodium and potassium. In the correlation analysis, both flame photometry and colorimetric enzymatic showed a strong correlation with the ISE method for both dosages. CONCLUSION: At the first time in the same work sodium and potassium were analyzed by three different methods and the results allowed us to conclude that the methods showed a positive and strong correlation, and can be applied in the clinical routine.

Estudo comparativo das diferentes técnicas empregadas na contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite / Comparative study of distinct techniques to determine differential leukocyte counts in milk

A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) é um parâmetro amplamente utilizado para monitorar a saúde do úbere e a qualidade do leite, porém não diferencia as distintas populações leucocitárias. Portanto, a diferenciação das populações celulares no leite pode aprimorar o diagnóstico da mastite bovina. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes técnicas de contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite para diagnosticar precisamente a mastite. Para tal, foram utilizadas 31 vacas da raça holandesa preta e branca em lactação (124 quartos mamários). Foram empregadas a contagem automática de células somáticas, e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação, contagem diferencial de leucócitos por esfregaço direto, e citometria de fluxo com a utilização de anticorpos monoclonais específicos para identificação de cada população leucocitária. Os resultados demonstraram correlação positiva e significativa entre a proporção de leucócitos polimorfonucleares pelas diferentes técnicas e a contagem automática de células somáticas, sendo observada uma correlação discretamente mais forte com a citometria de fluxo. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os macrófagos são a população predominante no leite oriundo de glândula mamária com baixa CCS. Observaram-se também diferenças na proporção das distintas populações leucocitárias entre as distintas técnicas, resultado da possível subjetividade do examinador na contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação e contagem microscópica direta por esfregaços, o que reforça que a citometria de fluxo pode ser uma ferramenta confiável no controle e diagnóstico da mastite.(AU)

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is the basis of mastitis and milk quality control programs, however it not differentiate the distinct leukocyte populations which in turn can improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate different techniques used to measure the distinct leukocyte populations in milk in attempt to improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Here, milk samples from 31 dairy cows (124 quarter milk samples) were used. The differential leukocytes count was determined by cytocentrifugation, direct microscopy smears, and monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. The automatic SCC was also performed. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between the proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes determined by all techniques and automatic cell count; although a discrete higher correlation between flow cytometry and automatic SCC was found. Furthermore, the present study reinforces the idea that macrophages were the predominant cell type in mammary gland with low SCC. The proportion of each leukocyte population differ among techniques, probably due to the subjectivity of the examiner in the evaluation of the differential leukocyte counts by cytocentrifugation and direct microscopy smears, which emphasize that flow cytometry can be a useful and feasible tool in the diagnosis and control of mastitis.(AU)

Estudo comparativo das diferentes técnicas empregadas na contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite / Comparative study of distinct techniques to determine differential leukocyte counts in milk

A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) é um parâmetro amplamente utilizado para monitorar a saúde do úbere e a qualidade do leite, porém não diferencia as distintas populações leucocitárias. Portanto, a diferenciação das populações celulares no leite pode aprimorar o diagnóstico da mastite bovina. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes técnicas de contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite para diagnosticar precisamente a mastite. Para tal, foram utilizadas 31 vacas da raça holandesa preta e branca em lactação (124 quartos mamários). Foram empregadas a contagem automática de células somáticas, e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação, contagem diferencial de leucócitos por esfregaço direto, e citometria de fluxo com a utilização de anticorpos monoclonais específicos para identificação de cada população leucocitária. Os resultados demonstraram correlação positiva e significativa entre a proporção de leucócitos polimorfonucleares pelas diferentes técnicas e a contagem automática de células somáticas, sendo observada uma correlação discretamente mais forte com a citometria de fluxo. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os macrófagos são a população predominante no leite oriundo de glândula mamária com baixa CCS. Observaram-se também diferenças na proporção das distintas populações leucocitárias entre as distintas técnicas, resultado da possível subjetividade do examinador na contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação e contagem microscópica direta por esfregaços, o que reforça que a citometria de fluxo pode ser uma ferramenta confiável no controle e diagnóstico da mastite.(AU)

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is the basis of mastitis and milk quality control programs, however it not differentiate the distinct leukocyte populations which in turn can improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate different techniques used to measure the distinct leukocyte populations in milk in attempt to improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Here, milk samples from 31 dairy cows (124 quarter milk samples) were used. The differential leukocytes count was determined by cytocentrifugation, direct microscopy smears, and monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. The automatic SCC was also performed. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between the proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes determined by all techniques and automatic cell count; although a discrete higher correlation between flow cytometry and automatic SCC was found. Furthermore, the present study reinforces the idea that macrophages were the predominant cell type in mammary gland with low SCC. The proportion of each leukocyte population differ among techniques, probably due to the subjectivity of the examiner in the evaluation of the differential leukocyte counts by cytocentrifugation and direct microscopy smears, which emphasize that flow cytometry can be a useful and feasible tool in the diagnosis and control of mastitis.(AU)

Estudo comparativo das diferentes técnicas empregadas na contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite

ABSTRACT: Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is the basis of mastitis and milk quality control programs, however it not differentiate the distinct leukocyte populations which in turn can improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate different techniques used to measure the distinct leukocyte populations in milk in attempt to improve the diagnosis of mastitis. Here, milk samples from 31 dairy cows (124 quarter milk samples) were used. The differential leukocytes count was determined by cytocentrifugation, direct microscopy smears, and monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. The automatic SCC was also performed. The results showed a positive and significant correlation between the proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes determined by all techniques and automatic cell count; although a discrete higher correlation between flow cytometry and automatic SCC was found. Furthermore, the present study reinforces the idea that macrophages were the predominant cell type in mammary gland with low SCC. The proportion of each leukocyte population differ among techniques, probably due to the subjectivity of the examiner in the evaluation of the differential leukocyte counts by cytocentrifugation and direct microscopy smears, which emphasize that flow cytometry can be a useful and feasible tool in the diagnosis and control of mastitis.

RESUMO: A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) é um parâmetro amplamente utilizado para monitorar a saúde do úbere e a qualidade do leite, porém não diferencia as distintas populações leucocitárias. Portanto, a diferenciação das populações celulares no leite pode aprimorar o diagnóstico da mastite bovina. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as diferentes técnicas de contagem diferencial de leucócitos no leite para diagnosticar precisamente a mastite. Para tal, foram utilizadas 31 vacas da raça holandesa preta e branca em lactação (124 quartos mamários). Foram empregadas a contagem automática de células somáticas, e a contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação, contagem diferencial de leucócitos por esfregaço direto, e citometria de fluxo com a utilização de anticorpos monoclonais específicos para identificação de cada população leucocitária. Os resultados demonstraram correlação positiva e significativa entre a proporção de leucócitos polimorfonucleares pelas diferentes técnicas e a contagem automática de células somáticas, sendo observada uma correlação discretamente mais forte com a citometria de fluxo. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os macrófagos são a população predominante no leite oriundo de glândula mamária com baixa CCS. Observaram-se também diferenças na proporção das distintas populações leucocitárias entre as distintas técnicas, resultado da possível subjetividade do examinador na contagem diferencial de leucócitos pelas técnicas de citocentrifugação e contagem microscópica direta por esfregaços, o que reforça que a citometria de fluxo pode ser uma ferramenta confiável no controle e diagnóstico da mastite.

Perfil bioquímico sérico de equinos clinicamente sadios da raça Campeiro / Serum biochemical profile from clinically healthy Campeiro horses

Blood samples were obtained from 138 equines of the Campeiro breed with mean ages of 9.7±5.4 years, including 14 males (10.15%) and 124 mares (89.85%). Mean values of serum of GGT: 13.73 ± 4.08U/L; AST: 246.34±72.87U/L; ALT 5.13±1.18U/L; FA: 284.32±53.33IU/L; CK: 132.54±72.25U/L; LDH: 511.38±143.65U/L; and serum urea: 38.65±12.62mg/dL and creatinine: 1.24±0.24mg/dL were observed. The mean values of AST, FA, ALT, urea and creatinine were similar to those proposed in the literature for other breeds. The CK values, GGT, and LDH were higher than those commonly used as references. There was no difference in the concentrations of any of the serum components evaluated at different ages analyzed. Further average values in the lower urea concentrations and creatinine were observed in females compared to males, as well as the higher serum activity of FA in pregnant mares in relation to non-pregnant. Serum biochemical profile of healthy horses of the Campeiro breed presents peculiar variations that must be taken into consideration in the interpretation of laboratory tests.(AU)

Amostras de sangue foram obtidas de 138 equinos registrados da raça Campeiro, com idade média de 9,7±5,4 anos, sendo 14 machos (10,15%) e 124 fêmeas (89,85%). Observaram-se valores médios da atividade sérica de GGT: 13,73±4,08 U/L; AST: 246,34±72,87U/L; ALT: 5,13±1,18U/L; FA: 284,32±53,33UI/L; CK: 132,54±72,25U/L; LDH: 511,38±143,65U/L; e das concentrações séricas de ureia: 38,65±12,62mg/dL e de creatinina: 1,24±0,24mg/dL. Os valores médios de AST, FA, ALT, ureia e creatinina foram semelhantes aos propostos na literatura para outras raças. Os valores de CK, GGT e LDH foram superiores aos comumente utilizados como referências. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de nenhum dos componentes séricos avaliados nas diferentes idades analisadas. Maiores valores médios nas concentrações de ureia e menores de creatinina foram observados nas fêmeas em relação aos machos, assim como a maior atividade sérica de FA em fêmeas gestantes em relação às éguas vazias. O perfil bioquímico sérico de equinos sadios da raça Campeiro apresenta variações peculiares que devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação de exames laboratoriais.(AU)

Perfil bioquímico sérico de equinos clinicamente sadios da raça Campeiro / Serum biochemical profile from clinically healthy Campeiro horses

Amostras de sangue foram obtidas de 138 equinos registrados da raça Campeiro, com idade média de 9,7±5,4 anos, sendo 14 machos (10,15%) e 124 fêmeas (89,85%). Observaram-se valores médios da atividade sérica de GGT: 13,73±4,08 U/L; AST: 246,34±72,87U/L; ALT: 5,13±1,18U/L; FA: 284,32±53,33UI/L; CK: 132,54±72,25U/L; LDH: 511,38±143,65U/L; e das concentrações séricas de ureia: 38,65±12,62mg/dL e de creatinina: 1,24±0,24mg/dL. Os valores médios de AST, FA, ALT, ureia e creatinina foram semelhantes aos propostos na literatura para outras raças. Os valores de CK, GGT e LDH foram superiores aos comumente utilizados como referências. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de nenhum dos componentes séricos avaliados nas diferentes idades analisadas. Maiores valores médios nas concentrações de ureia e menores de creatinina foram observados nas fêmeas em relação aos machos, assim como a maior atividade sérica de FA em fêmeas gestantes em relação às éguas vazias. O perfil bioquímico sérico de equinos sadios da raça Campeiro apresenta variações peculiares que devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação de exames laboratoriais.(AU)

Blood samples were obtained from 138 equines of the Campeiro breed with mean ages of 9.7±5.4 years, including 14 males (10.15%) and 124 mares (89.85%). Mean values of serum of GGT: 13.73 ± 4.08U/L; AST: 246.34±72.87U/L; ALT 5.13±1.18U/L; FA: 284.32±53.33IU/L; CK: 132.54±72.25U/L; LDH: 511.38±143.65U/L; and serum urea: 38.65±12.62mg/dL and creatinine: 1.24±0.24mg/dL were observed. The mean values of AST, FA, ALT, urea and creatinine were similar to those proposed in the literature for other breeds. The CK values, GGT, and LDH were higher than those commonly used as references. There was no difference in the concentrations of any of the serum components evaluated at different ages analyzed. Further average values in the lower urea concentrations and creatinine were observed in females compared to males, as well as the higher serum activity of FA in pregnant mares in relation to non-pregnant. Serum biochemical profile of healthy horses of the Campeiro breed presents peculiar variations that must be taken into consideration in the interpretation of laboratory tests.(AU)