Comparison of labetalol and lidocaine in induction of controlled hypotension in tympanoplasty: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of labetalol and lidocaine in tympanoplasty surgery, specifically evaluating their impact on hemodynamic changes and perioperative outcomes. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 64 patients scheduled for tympanoplasty. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 0.5-2 mg/min labetalol or 1.5 mg/kg/h lidocaine 1% to achieve controlled hypotension during surgery. The efficacy of the drugs was assessed by comparing the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), surgeon's satisfaction, time to target MAP, bleeding volume, postoperative pain scores, the need for analgesic medication in recovery, sedation, and other additional parameters. RESULTS: The hemodynamic parameters showed a similar trend over time in both the labetalol and lidocaine groups. The median bleeding volume in the labetalol group (10 cc) was lower than that in the lidocaine group (30 cc), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.11). Similarly, surgeon's satisfaction level, pain intensity, and sedation level in the recovery room did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). The duration of surgery, recovery stay, and extubation time also did not significantly differ between the groups. Both medications took approximately the same time (20 min) to reach the target MAP and exhibited comparable hemodynamic responses (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both labetalol and lidocaine effectively achieved controlled hypotension during tympanoplasty surgery, thereby improving surgical conditions. The choice of medication should be based on individual patient characteristics and the anesthesiologist's judgment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Comparison of labetalol and lidocaine in induction of controlled hypotension in tympanoplasty: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare the efficacy of labetalol and lidocaine in tympanoplasty surgery, specifically evaluating their impact on hemodynamic changes and perioperative outcomes. Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 64 patients scheduled for tympanoplasty. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 0.5-2 mg/min labetalol or 1.5 mg/kg/h lidocaine 1% to achieve controlled hypotension during surgery. The efficacy of the drugs was assessed by comparing the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), surgeon's satisfaction, time to target MAP, bleeding volume, postoperative pain scores, the need for analgesic medication in recovery, sedation, and other additional parameters. Results The hemodynamic parameters showed a similar trend over time in both the labetalol and lidocaine groups. The median bleeding volume in the labetalol group (10 cc) was lower than that in the lidocaine group (30 cc), although this difference was not statistically significant (p= 0.11). Similarly, surgeon's satisfaction level, pain intensity, and sedation level in the recovery room did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups (p> 0.05). The duration of surgery, recovery stay, and extubation time also did not significantly differ between the groups. Both medications took approximately the same time (20 min) to reach the target MAP and exhibited comparable hemodynamic responses (p> 0.05). Conclusion Both labetalol and lidocaine effectively achieved controlled hypotension during tympanoplasty surgery, thereby improving surgical conditions. The choice of medication should be based on individual patient characteristics and the anesthesiologist's judgment. Level of evidence: II.

The efficacy of esmolol, remifentanil and nitroglycerin in controlled hypotension for functional endoscopic sinus surgery / Eficácia do esmolol, remifentanil e nitroglicerina na hipotensão controlada para cirurgia sinusal endoscópica funcional

Abstract Introduction Controlled hypotension is a reversible procedure in which the patient's baseline mean arterial blood pressure is reduced by 30% and sustained at 60-70 mmHg during the procedure. It decreases blood loss and provides clear surgical field during the procedures. Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of controlled hypotension agents esmolol, remifentanil, and nitroglycerin in functional endoscopic sinus surgery, in terms of hemodynamic changes and impact on the surgical efficiency. Methods The research was carried out as a cohort study. Patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were randomized into 3 groups. Controlled hypotension was achieved with remifentanil (Group R), esmolol (Group E) and nitroglycerin (Group N). The efficacy of the drugs was tested by comparing the length of time with the targeted mean arterial pressure, the amount of anesthetics used, surgical field bleeding score and surgeon's satisfaction. Results Between May to December 2015, 60 patients were included and randomized equally into 3 different study groups. The median of the length of time with the targeted mean arterial pressure was shorter in the Group R when compared with Group E (p = 0.01) and Group N (p = 0.14). The amount of volatile anesthetics used was 25.0 mL (15-51), 43.0 mL (21-105) and 40.0 mL (26-97) in Groups R, E and N, respectively (p < 0.001). While there was more bleeding with nitroglycerin, surgical field bleeding scores were lower in Group R when compared with esmolol (p = 0.001) and nitroglycerin (p < 0.001). The analysis of surgeon's satisfaction scores concluded that surgeons were more satisfied with the group R (100%), when compared with group E (60%) and group N (30%) (p < 0.001). Conclusion Less volatile agent, short time to achieve controlled hypotension, stable blood pressure, lower surgical field bleeding scores and larger length of time with the targeted mean arterial pressure were found as the advantages of Remifentanil. Less costly, efficiency of achieving the targeted median arterial pressure and less postoperative complications were the advantages of nitroglycerin. In functional endoscopic sinus surgery procedures, appropriate controlled hypotensive agents should be selected according to the patients' characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of the drugs.

Resumo Introdução Hipotensão controlada é um procedimento reversível no qual a pressão arterial média basal do paciente é reduzida em 30% e mantida em 60-70 mmHg durante o procedimento. Isso diminui a perda de sangue e propicia um campo cirúrgico limpo durante os procedimentos. Objetivo Comparar agentes usados para hipotensão controlada: esmolol, remifentanil e nitroglicerina em cirurgia sinusal endoscópica funcional, em termos de alterações hemodinâmicas e impactos na eficácia cirúrgica. Método O estudo foi feito como de coorte. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia sinusal endoscópica funcional foram randomizados em 3 grupos. A hipotensão controlada foi feita com remifentanil (Grupo R), esmolol (Grupo E) e nitroglicerina (Grupo R). A eficácia dos medicamentos foi testada com a comparação do período de tempo com a pressão arterial média desejada, a quantidade de anestésicos usados, o escore de sangramento no campo cirúrgico e a satisfação do cirurgião. Resultados Entre maio e dezembro de 2015, 60 pacientes foram incluídos e randomizados igualmente nos três grupos de estudo. A mediana do período com a pressão arterial desejada foi menor no Grupo R quando comparado ao Grupo E (p = 0,01) e Grupo N (p = 0,14). A quantidade de anestésicos voláteis usados foi de 25,0 mL (15 ± 51), 43,0 mL (21 ± 105) e 40,0 mL (26 ± 97) nos Grupos R, E e N, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Houve mais sangramento com nitroglicerina e escores de sangramento no campo cirúrgico foram menores no Grupo R quando comparados com esmolol (p = 0,001) e nitroglicerina (p < 0,001). A análise dos escores da satisfação do cirurgião concluiu que os cirurgiões estavam mais satisfeitos com o grupo R (100%) quando comparados ao grupo E (60%) e o grupo N (30%) (p < 0,001). Conclusão Agente menos volátil, pouco tempo para obter a hipotensão controlada, pressão arterial estável, menor escore de sangramento no campo cirúrgico e período de pressão arterial desejada curto foram considerados como vantagens do remifentanil. Menor custo, eficácia de obtenção da pressão arterial média desejada e menos complicações pós-operatórias foram as vantagens da nitroglicerina. Nos procedimentos de cirurgia sinusal endoscópica funcional, os agentes apropriados para obtenção de hipotensão controlada devem ser selecionados de acordo com as características dos pacientes e as vantagens/desvantagens dos fármacos.

The efficacy of esmolol, remifentanil and nitroglycerin in controlled hypotension for functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Controlled hypotension is a reversible procedure in which the patient's baseline mean arterial blood pressure is reduced by 30% and sustained at 60-70 mmHg during the procedure. It decreases blood loss and provides clear surgical field during the procedures. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of controlled hypotension agents esmolol, remifentanil, and nitroglycerin in functional endoscopic sinus surgery, in terms of hemodynamic changes and impact on the surgical efficiency. METHODS: The research was carried out as a cohort study. Patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were randomized into 3 groups. Controlled hypotension was achieved with remifentanil (Group R), esmolol (Group E) and nitroglycerin (Group N). The efficacy of the drugs was tested by comparing the length of time with the targeted mean arterial pressure, the amount of anesthetics used, surgical field bleeding score and surgeon's satisfaction. RESULTS: Between May to December 2015, 60 patients were included and randomized equally into 3 different study groups. The median of the length of time with the targeted mean arterial pressure was shorter in the Group R when compared with Group E (p = 0.01) and Group N (p = 0.14). The amount of volatile anesthetics used was 25.0 mL (15-51), 43.0 mL (21-105) and 40.0 mL (26-97) in Groups R, E and N, respectively (p < 0.001). While there was more bleeding with nitroglycerin, surgical field bleeding scores were lower in Group R when compared with esmolol (p = 0.001) and nitroglycerin (p < 0.001). The analysis of surgeon's satisfaction scores concluded that surgeons were more satisfied with the group R (100%), when compared with group E (60%) and group N (30%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Less volatile agent, short time to achieve controlled hypotension, stable blood pressure, lower surgical field bleeding scores and larger length of time with the targeted mean arterial pressure were found as the advantages of Remifentanil. Less costly, efficiency of achieving the targeted median arterial pressure and less postoperative complications were the advantages of nitroglycerin. In functional endoscopic sinus surgery procedures, appropriate controlled hypotensive agents should be selected according to the patients' characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of the drugs.

Hipotensión controlada en cirugía espinal / Controlled Hypotension in Spinal Surgery

RESUMEN Introducción: La hipotensión controlada implica a cualquier técnica que, utilizada de forma única o combinada, disminuya intencionalmente los valores de tensión arterial durante el período intraoperatorio, con la finalidad de reducir el sangramiento y mejorar la visibilidad del campo quirúrgico. Objetivo: Describir los fundamentos fisiológicos, definiciones, técnicas y complicaciones de la hipotensión controlada aplicada en la cirugía espinal. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura, en bases de datos científicas como Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Pubmed/Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Ebsco Host, ScienceDirect, OVID y el buscador académico Google Scholar, en el mes de junio del 2020. Conclusiones: La hipotensión controlada aplicada en la cirugía espinal presenta limitados beneficios quirúrgicos. Sin embargo, no existe un consenso preciso sobre los umbrales hemodinámicos y límites de tiempo requeridos para su utilización, y se asocia a un elevado riesgo de potenciales complicaciones como el delirium, disfunción cognitiva posoperatoria, accidente cerebrovascular isquémico, pérdida visual posoperatoria, lesión renal aguda, lesión miocárdica, déficit neurológico posoperatorio tardío y dolor neuropático crónico; por lo cual no se recomienda su empleo rutinario durante el período intraoperatorio(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Controlled hypotension implies any technique that, used alone or in combination, intentionally lowers blood pressure values during the intraoperative period, in order to reduce bleeding and improve the visibility of the surgical field. Objective: To describe the physiological foundations, definitions, techniques and complications of controlled hypotension in spinal surgery. Methods: A literature review was carried out in scientific databases such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Pubmed/Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Ebsco Host, ScienceDirect, OVID and the academic search engine Google Scholar, in June 2020. Conclusion: Controlled hypotension in spinal surgery has limited surgical benefits. However, there is no precise consensus on the hemodynamic thresholds and time limits required for its use, and it is associated with a high risk of potential complications as delirium, postoperative cognitive dysfunction, ischemic stroke, postoperative visual loss, acute kidney injury, myocardial injury, late postoperative neurological deficit and chronic neuropathic pain; therefore, its routine use during the intraoperative period is not recommended(AU)

Comparison between magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine in controlled hypotension during functional endoscopic sinus surgery / Comparação entre dexmedetomidina e sulfato de magnésio em hipotensão controlada durante cirurgia funcional endoscópica dos seios paranasais / Comparación entre el sulfato de magnesio y la dexmedetomidina en hipotensión controlada durante cirugía funcional endoscópica de los senos paranasales

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is crucial to decrease bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Our primary goal was to investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine used for controlled hypotension on the visibility of the surgical site. METHODS: 60 patients aged between 18 and 65 years were enrolled. In the magnesium sulfate group (Group M), patients were administered 40 mg/kg magnesium sulfate in 100 mL saline solution over 10 min as the intravenous loading dose 10 min before induction, with a subsequent 10-15 µg/kg/h infusion during surgery. In the dexmedetomidine group (Group D), patients were administered 1 µg/kg dexmedetomidine in 100 mL saline solution as the loading dose 10 min before surgery and 0.5-1 µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine during surgery. Deliberate hypotension was defined as a mean arterial pressure of 60-70 mmHg. RESULTS: Bleeding score was significantly decreased in Group D (p = 0.002). Mean arterial pressure values were significantly decreased in Group D compared to that in Group M, except for the initial stage, after induction and 5 min after intubation (p < 0.05). The number of patients who required nitroglycerine was significantly lower in Group D (p = 0.01) and surgeon satisfaction was significantly increased in the same group (p = 0.001). Aldrete recovery score ≥9 duration was significantly shorter in Group D (p = 0.001). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of recovery room verbal numerical rating scale. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine can provide more effective controlled hypotension and thus contribute to improved visibility of the surgical site. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Diminuir o sangramento durante a cirurgia funcional endoscópica dos seios paranasais é essencial. Nosso objetivo primário foi investigar os efeitos de dexmedetomidina e sulfato de magnésio, usados para o controle da hipotensão, sobre a visibilidade do sítio cirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 60 pacientes entre 18 e 65 anos. No grupo sulfato de magnésio (Grupo M), receberam 40 mg de sulfato de magnésio em 100 mL kg-1 de solução salina durante 10 minutos como dose de carga intravenosa 10 minutos antes da indução e infusão subsequente de 10-15 µg kg-1 h-1 durante a cirurgia. No grupo dexmedetomidina (Grupo D), receberam 1 µg kg-1 de dexmedetomidina em 100 mL de solução salina durante 10 minutos como dose de carga 10 minutos antes da cirurgia e 0,5-1 µg kg-1 h-1 de dexmedetomidina durante a cirurgia. Hipotensão controlada foi definida como pressão arterial média de 60-70 mmHg. RESULTADOS: O volume de sangramento diminuiu significativamente no grupo D (p = 0,002). Os valores da pressão arterial média foram significativamente menores no Grupo D, em comparação com o Grupo M, exceto no estágio inicial, pós-indução e cinco minutos pós-intubação (p < 0,05). No Grupo D, o número de pacientes que necessitou de nitroglicerina foi significativamente menor (p = 0,01) e o grau de satisfação do cirurgião foi significativamente maior (p = 0,001). O tempo de recuperação para atingir o escore de Aldrete ≥ 9 foi significativamente menor no grupo D (p = 0,001). Não houve diferença entre os dois grupos em relação aos escores da escala numérica de classificação verbal na sala de recuperação. CONCLUSÕES: Dexmedetomidina pode proporcionar um controle mais eficaz da hipotensão e contribuir, assim, para uma melhor visibilidade do sítio cirúrgico. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Disminuir el sangrado durante la cirugía funcional endoscópica de los senos paranasales es esencial. Nuestro objetivo primario fue investigar los efectos de la dexmedetomidina y del sulfato de magnesio, usados para el control de la hipotensión, sobre la visibilidad del campo quirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Fueron incluidos en el estudio 60 pacientes entre 18 y 65 años. En el grupo sulfato de magnesio (grupo M), recibieron 40 mg de sulfato de magnesio en 100 mL/kg-1 de solución salina durante 10 min como dosis de carga intravenosa 10 min antes de la inducción e infusión subsecuente de 10-15 µg/kg-1/h-1 durante la cirugía. En el grupo dexmedetomidina (grupo D), recibieron 1 µg/kg-1 de dexmedetomidina en 100 mL de solución salina durante 10 min como dosis de carga 10 min antes de la cirugía y 0,5-1 µg/kg-1/h-1 de dexmedetomidina durante la cirugía. La hipotensión controlada se definió como presión arterial media de 60-70 mmHg. RESULTADOS: El volumen de sangrado disminuyó significativamente en el grupo D (p = 0,002). Los valores de la presión arterial media fueron significativamente menores en el grupo D en comparación con el grupo M, excepto en el estadio inicial, postinducción y 5 min postintubación (p < 0,05). En el grupo D, el número de pacientes que necesitó nitroglicerina fue significativamente menor (p = 0,01) y el grado de satisfacción del cirujano fue significativamente mayor (p = 0,001). El tiempo de recuperación para alcanzar la puntuación de Aldrete ≥ 9 fue significativamente menor en el grupo D (p = 0,001). No hubo diferencia entre los 2 grupos con relación a las puntuaciones de la escala numérica de clasificación verbal en la sala de recuperación. CONCLUSIONES: La dexmedetomidina puede proporcionar un control más eficaz de la hipotensión y contribuir así a una mejor visibilidad del campo quirúrgico. .

[Comparison between magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine in controlled hypotension during functional endoscopic sinus surgery]. / Comparação entre dexmedetomidina e sulfato de magnésio em hipotensão controlada durante cirurgia funcional endoscópica dos seios paranasais.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: It is crucial to decrease bleeding during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Our primary goal was to investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate and dexmedetomidine used for controlled hypotension on the visibility of the surgical site. METHODS: 60 patients aged between 18 and 65 years were enrolled. In the magnesium sulfate group (Group M), patients were administered 40mg/kg magnesium sulfate in 100mL saline solution over 10min as the intravenous loading dose 10min before induction, with a subsequent 10-15mg/kg/h infusion during surgery. In the dexmedetomidine group (Group D), patients were administered 1µg/kg dexmedetomidine in 100mL saline solution as the loading dose 10min before surgery and 0.5-1µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine during surgery. Deliberate hypotension was defined as a mean arterial pressure of 60-70mmHg. RESULTS: Bleeding score was significantly decreased in Group D (p=0.002). Mean arterial pressure values were significantly decreased in Group D compared to that in Group M, except for the initial stage, after induction and 5min after intubation (p<0.05). The number of patients who required nitroglycerine was significantly lower in Group D (p=0.01) and surgeon satisfaction was significantly increased in the same group (p=0.001). Aldrete recovery score ≥9 duration was significantly shorter in Group D (p=0.001). There was no difference between the two groups in terms of recovery room verbal numerical rating scale. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine can provide more effective controlled hypotension and thus contribute to improved visibility of the surgical site.

Orthognathic surgery with or without induced hypotension.

This study involved a retrospective evaluation of patients subjected to surgery for dentofacial deformities treated without induced controlled hypotension (group I, n=50) and a prospective evaluation of patients who were subjected to surgery under hypotensive general anaesthesia (group II, n=50). No statistical differences were found between the study groups with regard to the duration of surgery. However, there were statistically significant differences in the need for blood transfusion and the occurrence of bradycardia during the maxillary down-fracture. Hypotensive anaesthesia decreased the need for a blood transfusion and the occurrence of bradycardia, and is therefore considered highly beneficial for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.

Anestesia en artrodesis de columna secundaria a síndrome de Marfán / Anaesthesia in a spinal column arthodesis secondary to Marfan Syndrome

Introducción: el síndrome de Marfán es un trastorno hereditario del tejido conjuntivo que cursa con enfermedades valvulares, aneurisma de la aorta torácica y laxitud articular del esqueleto. Los pacientes pueden tener importantes problemas respiratorios como la restricción de la función pulmonar debido a alteraciones de la pared torácica y cifoescoliosis, que requieren corrección quirúrgica. Objetivos: exponer la conducta anestésica seguida en una paciente se presentó para una corrección quirúrgica de escoliosis secundaria a síndrome de Marfan. Métodos: después de una valoración preoperatoria adecuada se realizó anestesia general con la técnica total intravenosa con propofol, fentanil y vecuronio. Se utilizó la hipotensión controlada y antifibrinolíticos como técnicas de ahorro de sangre y se administró morfina intratecal, que además de proporcionar adecuada analgesia posoperatoria contribuyó con la técnica de hipotensión controlada. Resultados: la paciente no presentó complicaciones quirúrgicas ni anestésicas. El sangramiento fue de 1 000 mL. Se obtuvieron buenas condiciones de analgesia durante el posoperatorio. Conclusiones: En un paciente con síndrome de Marfán la evaluación preoperatoria se debe centrar en las alteraciones respiratorias y cardiovasculares. Se obtuvieron condiciones adecuadas de analgesia con la administración de morfina intratecal.

Background: Marfan Syndrome is a hereditary disorder of the conjunctive tissue that presents with valve diseases, aneurism of the thoracic aeorta and articular lax of the skeleton. Patients can present important respiratory problems such as the restraint of the pulmonary function due to both alterations in the thoracic wall and Kyphoscoliosis that require surgical correction. Objectives: To show an anaesthetic behaviour in a patient that presented to hospital for a surgical correction of scoliosis secondary to Marfan Syndrome. Methods: General anaesthesia with the total intravenous technique with Propofol, Fentanyl and Vecuronio was given after an adequate preoperative assessment. Controlled hypotension and antifibrinolitics were used as blood-saving techniques and intrathecal Morphine was administered which, apart from providing an adequate postoperative analgesia, contributed to the controlled hypotension technique. Results: The patient presented neither surgical complications nor anaesthetic ones. Bleeding was of 1 000 mL. Good analgesic conditions were obtained during the postoperative phase. Conclusions: In a patient suffering from Marfan Syndrome, the preoperative evaluation should be focused to both respiratory and cardiovascular alterations. Adequeate analgesic conditions were obtained with the administration of intrathecal Morphine.