Teacher Emotion Inventory: validación en una muestra de profesorado español / Teacher Emotion Inventory: validation in a sample of Spanish teachers

Antecedentes: La escala Teacher Emotion Inventory (TEI) es un instrumento que evalúa emociones discretas experimentadas por el profesorado en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión breve española de la escala Teacher Emotion Inventory (TEI-BSV) en una muestra de 567 profesores (65.5% son mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 25 y 65 años (M = 46.04; DT = 9.09). Método: Tras su adaptación mediante traducción inversa, el profesorado completó una batería que incluía el TEI-BSV, un cuestionario de inteligencia emocional, dos escalas de bienestar subjetivo, una escala sobre burnout y una escala sobre engagement. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una consistencia interna adecuada de las subescalas del TEI-BSV. Los análisis factoriales (exploratorio y confirmatorio) proporcionaron pruebas de que el TEI-BSV tiene una estructura de cuatro factores con un buen ajuste, frente a la estructura de cinco factores original. Se han hallado evidencias de validez convergente, así como de validez criterial e incremental del TEI-BSV. Conclusiones: el TEI-BSV podría ser una herramienta útil para la evaluación ecológica de las emociones discretas del profesorado en su contexto laboral.(AU)

Background: The Teacher Emotion Inventory (TEI) scale is an instrument that evaluates discrete emotions experienced by teachers in the teaching-learning process. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the brief Spanish version of the Teacher Emotion Inventory scale (TEI-BSV) using a sample of 567 teachers (65.5% women), aged between 25 and 65 years (M= 46.04; SD= 9.09). Methods: After adaptation through back-translation, the teachers com-pleted a battery of tests included in the TEI-BSV: an emotional intelli-gence questionnaire, two subjective well-being scales, a burnout scale and a scale on engagement. Results: The data revealed adequate internal consistency of the TEI-BSV subscales, and exploratory and confirma-tory factor analyses provided evidence that the TEI-BSV has a four-factor structure with good adjustment, as opposed to the original five-factor structure proposed. There was evidence of convergent validity of the TEI-BSV, as well as criterion and incremental validity. Conclusions: The TEI-BSV could be a useful instrument for the ecological assess-ment of teachers' discrete emotions in the context of their workplace.(AU)

Feeling good mother/father and other regimes.LGBT people’s emotions and parenthoods / Sentirse buena madre/buen padre y otros regímenes. Emociones y parentalidades de personas LGBT

En el presente artículo analizamos y discutimos la dimension emocional que las personas LGBT asocian al ejercicio de la maternidad/paternidad. Basadas en las teorías feministas y las contribuciones de la subalternidad y la interseccionalidad, aplicamos el método biográfico, en un proceso de investigación dialógico-recursivo. Las personas participantes fueron 21 personas LGBT e informantes clave, pertenecientes a la academia, la psicoterapia, la política, y el activismo de la diversidad, de Chile (16), Mexico (4), y Colombia (1); entre 21 y 57 años, con una media de edad de 37.19 y una desviación estándar de 10.03. Encontramos emociones relacionadas al mandato social de “ser una buena madre/un buen padre”; emociones resultantes de la situación de desprotección social y legal; y emociones devenidas de la experiencia de parentalidad. Concluimos que las dinámicas de represión/resistencia atraviesan los cuerpos y las emociones son un aspecto fundamental de esta encarnación; dado ello, el desarrollo de investigaciones enfocadas en emociones puede abrir caminos para alcanzar sociedades más justas a través del cultivo de la sentimentalidad como elemento base de las relaciones que nos mantienen como miembros dignos de la sociedad y considerando el efecto performativo de las demandas emocionales.(AU)

In this article, we analyze and discuss the emotional dimension that LGBT people associate with the exercise of motherhood/fatherhood. Based on feminist theory and subalternity and intersectionality theory con-tributions, we applied the biographical method to a dialogical-recursive in-vestigative process. Participants were 21 LGBT people and key informants, belonging to academia, psychotherapy, politics, and diversity activism, over 18 years old, from Chile (16), Mexico (4), and Colombia (1); the partici-pantswere people between 21 and 57 years of age, with a mean age of 37.19 and a standard deviation of 10.03. We found emotions related to the social mandate to "be a good mother/father"; emotions resulting from so-cial situations such as discrimination and legal lack of protection, and emo-tions derived from the parenting experience. We conclude that repres-sion/resistance dynamics go through the bodies, and emotions are funda-mental to this incarnation. Given this, the development of research fo-cused on emotion can open ways to achieve more just societies through cultivated sentimentality, societies aware of the type of bonds that keep us as worthy members of a society and the performative effect of our emo-tional demands.(AU)

Influence of humanistic care on negative emotions, nursing quality, and patient satisfaction in outpatient gynecological surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of humanistic care on negative emotions, nursing quality and patient satisfaction among women undergoing outpatient gynecological surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 108 patients who underwent outpatient gynecological surgery at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between August 2022 and August 2023. The patients were divided into two groups: 51 patients received routine care (control group) and 57 received humanistic care (experimental group). Data collected included vital signs (heart rate [HR] and systolic/diastolic blood pressure [SBP/DBP]), pain levels (Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] scores at 12 and 24 hours postoperative), negative emotions (Self-rating Anxiety/Depression Scale [SAS/SDS]), comfort (Kolcaba's General Comfort Questionnaire [GCQ]), sexual functioning (Brief Index of Sexual Functioning for Women), nursing quality (errors, defects, and complaints) and patient satisfaction. RESULTS: Intraoperative SBP, DBP, along with HR, were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group (all P<0.05). Postoperative pain levels at both 12 and 24 hours were also significantly reduced in the experimental group (both P<0.01). Furthermore, the experimental group demonstrated significant reductions in SAS and SDS scores and higher GCQ scores across physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural dimensions (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of sexual desire, activity, and satisfaction (all P>0.05). Nursing quality was significantly better (P=0.029) and patient satisfaction with nursing care was higher (P=0.015) in the experimental group. CONCLUSIONS: Humanistic care significantly reduces negative emotions and enhances comfort, nursing quality, and patient satisfaction in women undergoing outpatient gynecological surgery. This approach does not affect sexual functioning indicators but offers substantial improvements in overall patient care and outcomes. Its high value for clinical promotion underscores its potential as a transformative approach in outpatient gynecological settings.

"Cultural and conceptual knowledge": Reformulation and conceptual analysis of a key component of the health literacy model.

Extensive evidence of health disparities and systemic racism has prompted scholars to examine constructs that may account for differences in the burden of disease. One such construct is health literacy, which has been posited to have four components: print literacy, oral literacy, numeracy, and cultural and conceptual knowledge. Consistent with historical trends related to culturally based constructs, the latter component has garnered the least attention in the published literature, despite its pervasive influence on health care outcomes. We engage in a reformulation and conceptual analysis of cultural and conceptual knowledge, defined as the filter through which individuals obtain, process, and understand health information and options for diagnosis and treatment. We propose the construct of cultural schema, and operationalize the construct as having cognitive (knowledge, beliefs) and affective (attitudes, emotions) components. As we strive to achieve a more complex understanding of influences on behavioral outcomes, a greater focus on these culturally based factors is essential. In this article, we present a conceptual analysis that seeks to advance the field by: (a) providing distinct definitions for each component that can be applied across fields of study and theoretical frameworks, (b) offering measurement considerations consistent with their conceptualizations, and (c) making recommendations for future theory, research, and practice. We hope that with greater conceptual and measurement clarity of cultural schema, more consistent results will be obtained, constructs and processes that affect health outcomes will be identified, and more personalized intervention will be possible, optimizing the limited resources available for health promotion efforts.

Change in Endogenous Pain Modulation Depending on Emotional States in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic pain is a public health issue, leading to substantial healthcare costs and diminished quality of life for sufferers. While the role of anxiety in pain modulation has been extensively studied, the effects of other emotional states on the body's pain control mechanisms remain less understood. This study sought to explore how different emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, and interest) affect conditioned pain modulation (CPM) and the wind-up phenomenon in healthy adults. METHODS: This randomized controlled, cross-over trial involved 28 healthy participants aged 18-60. Participants watched video clips designed to induce specific emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, and interest. Emotional states were assessed using a 7-point Likert scale. Pain modulation was measured using CPM and the wind-up phenomenon. CPM was assessed with a hot water bath as the conditioning stimulus and pressure pain tolerance as the test stimulus. Wind-up was measured using pinprick needle stimulators and a visual analog scale. Data were analyzed using paired t tests to compare pre- and post-emotion induction values. RESULTS: Significant changes in emotional self-assessment values were observed for all emotions. Happiness increased CPM (4.6 ± 11.4, p = 0.04277), while sadness - 9.9 ± 23.1, p = 0.03211) and anger - 9.1 ± 23.3, p = 0.04804) decreased it. Interest did not significantly alter CPM (- 5.1 ± 25.8, p = 0.31042). No significant effects were found for the wind-up phenomenon across any emotional states. CONCLUSION: This study shows that emotional states significantly affect the body's ability to modulate pain. Positive emotions like happiness enhance pain inhibition, while negative emotions such as sadness and anger impair it. These findings suggest that emotional modulation techniques could be integrated into pain management strategies to improve patient outcomes. Further research should explore a broader range of emotions and include objective measures to validate these results.

Chronic pain is a widespread problem that affects millions of people and leads to high healthcare costs and decreased quality of life. Understanding how emotions impact pain can help us find better ways to manage it. This study looked at how different emotions (happiness, anger, sadness, and interest) affect the ability of the body to naturally control pain in healthy adults. Participants experienced different tests in a random order, like flipping a coin to decide the order. Each participant took part in all the tests to compare how different conditions affected them. We measured changes in their pain perception using two methods: conditioned pain modulation, which reflects how well the body can suppress pain after experiencing another painful stimulus, and the wind-up phenomenon, which measures how pain intensity increases with repeated stimulation. We found that emotions affected the body's ability to control pain. Sadness and anger reduced the efficacy of conditioned pain modulation, making it harder for the body to reduce pain. Happiness improved CPM, enhancing the body's natural ability to stop pain. Interest did not significantly change how pain was felt. We also did not find any significant changes in the wind-up phenomenon for any of the emotions tested. The results suggest that positive emotions like happiness can help reduce pain, while negative emotions like sadness and anger can make pain worse. This could lead to new pain management approaches that include methods to boost positive emotions and reduce negative ones.

Mind-brain identity theory confirmed?

Presented here is a novel graphical, structural, and functional model of the embodied mind. Despite strictly adhering to a physicalistic and reductionist approach, this model successfully resolves the apparent contradiction between the thesis regarding the causal closure of the physical realm and the widely held common-sense belief that the mental realm can influence physical behavior. Furthermore, it substantiates the theory of mind-brain identity while shedding light on its neural foundation. Consciousness, viewed as an epiphenomenon in certain respects, simultaneously possesses causal potency. These two aspects operate concurrently through distinct brain processes. Within the paper, particular emphasis is placed on the significance of qualia and emotions, accompanied by an explanation of their phenomenal nature grounded in the perceptual theory of emotions. The proposed model elucidates how autonomous agents can deliberate on various action scenarios and consciously select the most optimal ones for themselves, considering their knowledge of the world, motivations, preferences, and emotions.

Exploring the effect of environmental sensitivity on emotional fluctuations among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a three-wave longitudinal study.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the emotional well-being of adolescents worldwide. Some studies suggested that individuals with high Environmental Sensitivity may have been more likely to experience poor psychological adjustment during the pandemic than those with lower sensitivity. However, there is still limited research on how emotional responses varied across different stages of the pandemic and whether Environmental Sensitivity increased adolescents' vulnerability to the psychological impact of prolonged pandemic restrictions. Methods: To address this gap, this study used a three-year longitudinal design (2020-2022) with a sample of 453 adolescents. They completed an online survey measuring their positive and negative emotions throughout the pandemic period, with Environmental Sensitivity considered a time-invariant covariate. Results: The results revealed that all participants, regardless of their level of Environmental Sensitivity, experienced a decrease in positive emotionality between the first and second years. However, this trend reversed, showing an increase between the second and third years. Regarding negative emotions, highly sensitive adolescents experienced a significant linear increase over time. In contrast, low-and medium-sensitive adolescents exhibited a quadratic trend, with a notable increase in negative emotions between the first and second years, followed by a slight decrease between the second and third years. Discussion: These findings provide further evidence of the negative impact of the pandemic on adolescents' emotional well-being. They also support the notion that Environmental Sensitivity is associated with individuals' ability to respond and adjust to adverse life events, with significant implications for future research and practice.

Subjective risk factors of severe pain at discharge from the emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk factors for severe pain upon discharge from the emergency department, assuming appropriate pharmacological treatment of pain, in order to improve pain relief in emergency departments and reduce the risk of potential chronic pain. METHODS: An analytic study was conducted utilizing data from a multicenter randomized controlled trial to evaluate patients' experiences upon admission and discharge from the emergency department (ED). Severe pain was defined by a score of six on a numerical rating scale of zero to ten. Stress and negative emotions (including anger, fear, sadness, and regret) were evaluated using numerical rating scales, respectively ranging from 0 to 10 and 1 to 5. The risk factors of severe pain at discharge (SPD) from ED were calculated using logistic regression considering patient characteristics evaluated at their admission to the ED. RESULTS: From the 1240 patients analyzed, 22.2% had SPD from the ED. Each increase of one point in the intensity of acute pain and anger was significantly associated with a higher risk of SPD from ED. In addition, woman, negative self-perceived health, and age under 65 years, are other significant factors associated with SPD from the ED. DISCUSSION: In addition to acute pain on admission, this study highlights new factors to consider when managing pain in emergency care, such as anger, and self-perceived health. Addressing these aspects can help reduce the likelihood of developing SPD from the ED, which in turn could potentially lead to the onset of chronic pain in future. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: SOFTER IV Project clinical identification number: NCT04916678.

Gender and circadian preferences influence emotions and motivation in secondary mathematics classrooms.

Many studies have reported poor school achievement in evening persons and general circadian fluctuations in cognition. The aim of this study was to analyze circadian fluctuations in a cross-sectional design and examine the effects of chronotype on situational emotions and intrinsic motivation. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in three Turkish secondary schools with a total sample of 599 students (283 females and 316 males). Data were collected at the end of specific math lessons of the same grade level and content, using a form combining three scales. We found no gender-related differences in intrinsic motivation, while there were some differences in situational motivation. In math classes, female students exhibited higher level of interest, while boys scored higher on boredom. In addition, students who scored high on morning affect reported higher levels of interest, well-being, and less boredom. Students with higher stability (and lower fluctuations in mood and cognition during the day) reported a higher degree of enjoyment, perceived competence, perceived choice, and less pressure/tension in their math lessons. A positive association was observed between distinctness, interest, and well-being, while negative correlations existed between distinctness and boredom. This suggests that students with higher diurnal stability reported a higher level of interest, well-being, and a lower level of boredom. Additionally, the results of the analyses showed that morningness, distinctness, and eveningness were significant predictors of intrinsic motivation. Conversely, gender, time of application, morningness, and distinctness emerged as predictors for situational emotions in mathematics classes.

Negative Emotions Are Associated With Older Self-perceived Age: A Cross-section Study From the UK Biobank.

BACKGROUND: Prior research has indicated a potential connection between psychological stress and how individuals perceive their own age. Building on this foundation, the current study explores the relationship between negative emotions and self-perceived age. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the UK Biobank, a comprehensive cohort study representing the UK population. The analysis included 347 892 participants, aged between 39 and 73 years, of which 184 765 were women, accounting for 53.1% of the sample. Participants were categorized into three groups based on their self-perceived age: feeling younger than their chronological age (group Younger), feeling older than their chronological age (group Older), and feeling as old as their actual age (group Same). To investigate the relationship between negative emotions and self-perceived age, we utilized a multinomial logistic regression model with the Younger group serving as the reference category. RESULTS: Of 347 892 participants, after adjusted for covariates, the results showed that participants with irritability, nervous feelings, worrier/anxious feelings or fed-up feelings, worry too long and loneliness/isolation are more likely to be rated as "about your age" or "older than you are," with "younger than you are" as the reference group, indicating that negative emotions may influence one's self-perceived age. Among those negative emotions, irritability has the most significant impact self-perceived age, with the odds ratios (ORs) being 1.44 (95% CI: 1.35-1.54) and 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09-1.14). CONCLUSION: Negative emotions are associated with older self-perceived age, and irritability has the greatest impact. Further studies analyzing self-perceived age are needed to take psychological factors into consideration.

Trait-Anxious People Take Longer to Search for Happy Faces in the Presence of Neutral and Fearful Distractors.

A large body of evidence suggests that processing of affective information is typically disrupted in anxiety. It has also been hypothesized that anxious individuals are less able to evaluate contextual cues and to respond in an adaptive way to stress. In the present study, 25 participants (16 females; 9 males) scoring high (scores of 45 or above) and 26 participants (13 females; 13 males) scoring low (scores of 35 and below) on a standardized measure of trait anxiety performed an emotion search task to investigate attentional biases when the task provides an explicit emotional context. An emotional context was set in each block by asking participants to look as quickly as possible at a face expressing a specific emotion, while eye movements were being recorded. On each trial, two faces appeared, one of them expressing the target emotion and the other one expressing a distractor emotion. High trait-anxious participants showed slower response times (time to look at the instructed emotion), regardless of the affective context, compared to the control group. Additionally, we found slower responses to happy faces (positive context) in the anxious group in the presence of neutral and fearful distractors. Cognitive control may therefore be disrupted in anxiety, as anxious people take longer to process (search for) happy faces, presumably because attentional resources are drawn by neutral and fearful distractors. Those differences were not observed in a simple reaction times task, which suggests that attentional biases, and not differential processing of low-level facial features, are responsible for those differences.

"A mini home far away from home." The Thai temple and women's sense of safety in Finland.

Introduction: This article explores the significance of the Thai Buddhist temple for Thai women's sense of safety in Finland. Despite the growing popularity of Buddhism in the country, research literature and media have largely ignored the religiosity of Thai women, focusing instead on negative stereotypes. The article highlights the importance of Buddhism and the temple in the lives of Thai women who have migrated to European countries and challenges biased portrayals of Thai women in previous research. Methods: Based on ethnographic research at the Thai temples in Finland and life story interviews with twelve Thai women. Results: The article argues that the temple plays a crucial role in promoting a sense of safety among Thai women by providing a sense of home, belonging, and meaning. The temple's material and symbolic characteristics, in addition to its communality and relationality, work together to connect individuals with the temple's religious significance, contributing to the women's sense of security. Discussion: These findings speak for the fact that when facing the challenges of Thai women or other religious and ethical minorities, it is necessary to also look to their religion as a source of mental and spiritual well-being.

The relationship between attachment, primary emotions and positive/negative spirituality: a path analysis.

Objective: The present study investigates what may influence individuals to experience their religiosity/spirituality as either subjectively positive [religious or spiritual (r/s) wellbeing] or as negative (r/s struggles). Drawing on existing literature attachment insecurity and the seven primary emotions as outlined by Jaak Panksepp in Affective Neuroscience are identified as likely influences. Methods: The final sample consisted of 340 participants (age: M = 36, SD = 14.2; 68.5% = female), among which 65% self-identified as religious/spiritual. A path analysis was conducted to test a proposed mediation model in which the expected effects of primary emotions (B-ANPS) on r/s wellbeing (MI-RSWB) and r/s struggles (RSSS) were mediated through attachment insecurity (ECR-RD8). Results: The data indicated that attachment insecurity fully mediated the relationships between the primary emotions SADNESS and LUST with r/s struggles. Furthermore, the primary emotions FEAR and ANGER displayed small direct effects on both r/s struggles and r/s wellbeing. Overall, the model, which demonstrated excellent model fit, was able to explain 30% of the variance of r/s struggles, 24% of attachment insecurity and 5% of r/s wellbeing. Conclusions: The findings suggest that primary emotions such as SADNESS and LUST substantially explain r/s struggles and that these relationships seem to be mediated through attachment. Moreover, r/s struggles seem to be qualitatively distinct from r/s wellbeing. Finally, a moderate link between LUST and attachment suggests that sexuality plays a significant role in (adult) attachment processes.

Enhancing the Utility of the Moral Injury Experience Wheel: Manualized Applications for Diverse Contexts.

Moral injury has emerged as an important construct for understanding the distress experienced in the aftermath of a moral violation, initially among combat veterans and increasingly among other populations, such as healthcare workers and first responders. While numerous measures have been validated to assess for exposure to potentially morally injurious events and/or sequelae, additional tools are needed to facilitate nuanced discussion of the experience of moral injury in therapeutic encounters. The Moral Injury Experience Wheel (MIEW; Fleming, 2023) is an infographic instrument that is designed to elicit precise language and help differentiate feelings in an effort to process morally perplexing circumstances. This paper describes the contents and potential clinical applications of a newly developed manual to guide the use of the MIEW. The MIEW and manual are designed to be used independently or alongside existing moral injury interventions. A case study featuring the use of the MIEW and manual demonstrates how the tools can be used in a professional healthcare setting. Recommendations for moral injury care practitioners are provided.

Friend influence and susceptibility to influence on emotions towards math: The role of adolescent temperament.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Peer relationships during adolescence play an important role in shaping academic outcomes. The present study examined friend influences on emotions towards math, as well as the role of temperament in these influences. SAMPLE: The sample consisted of 350 Finnish students (mean age 13.29 years; 64% girls) who were involved in stable friendship dyads from fall to spring of Grade 7. METHODS: In this two-wave study, information on adolescents' temperament (i.e., negative emotionality, extraversion, effortful control) and on seven emotions towards math (i.e., enjoyment, hope, pride, anger, anxiety, shame, hopelessness, and boredom) was collected during grade 7. The data were analysed using longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models. RESULTS: The results showed that friends resembled each other in all the investigated math-related emotions. Furthermore, over and above these initial similarities, friends mutually influenced each other's math-related enjoyment and anger towards math. Students characterized by higher negative emotionality also influenced their friends with lower levels of negative emotionality towards an increase in math-related anger and a lack of effortful control made adolescents more susceptible to friend influence over math-related shame and anxiety. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that friends influence each other over time in math-related enjoyment and frustration. Furthermore, high negative emotionality may make adolescents more influential over their friends' math-related anger and a lack of effortful control may make adolescents more susceptible to friend influence over math-related shame and anxiety. Thus, the current findings have implications for how peer relations may impact individual outcomes in mathematics, for better or worse.

Numbers and emotions in the governance of the Covid-19 datademic.

There is a rich body of literature on numbers as tools of governance. But the attention of the corpus in question is almost entirely on the rational properties of quantification. This article shows that government by numbers is also, and inseparably, a government by feelings. The Covid-19 pandemic was also a datademic in the sense that numbers populated and spread through the public sphere. We focus on three cases. Death tolls were associated with fear, immunization rates were linked to hope, and the threshold of 100,000 deaths was credited with symbolic significance. This article, based on the French case, examines how data like these, frequently perceived as objective evidence, can at the same time be a source of emotional engagement and, as such, be used to inform modes of public governance in times of crises.

The influence of emotional intelligence and behavioural biases on mutual fund churning frequency: Evidence from India.

Behavioural finance invalidates the rationalistic assumptions of the efficient market hypothesis by proposing a realistic explanation for overreaction and underreaction. These phenomena are caused by investors making financial decisions based on their emotions without realizing them. This study attempts to establish the effect of investors' emotional intelligence on behavioural biases, namely, herding, overconfidence bias, and disposition effects, and its consequences for the churning frequency of mutual fund portfolios. This quantitative cross-sectional study was undertaken to collect data from 499 mutual fund investors using a self-administered questionnaire. We found that the disposition effect has a negative impact and that overconfidence bias positively affects the churning frequency of mutual fund portfolios. Furthermore, emotional intelligence, particularly its subconstructs, affects herding bias and overconfidence bias, ultimately impacting the churning frequency of investors. An investor with a higher level of self-motivation is likely to have a disposition effect and herding bias. Investors with disposition impact may be encouraged to reorganize their portfolio if there are any schemes that have been providing negative returns for more than two years or that are not projected to offer significant returns in the future. By understanding how they stack up on each emotional intelligence metric, investors and financial advisors may focus on avoiding the biases that could jeopardize long-term portfolio returns.

Temperaments as Basic Bias.

In this work, we argue that the lack of a solid theoretical basis and the absence of an integrative movement in psychological science within evolutionary perspectives has meant that the various attempts to explain and define the phenomenon of "temperaments" offer notions that are either too broad or simply imprecise and, as a result, they failed to reach a high level of consensus among researchers in this science. In this regard, we understand that the evolutionary theory proposed by Osmo (Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science 57:205-234, 2023) is promising for reaching such a consensus. Thus, the objective of this article is, from this theory, to offer a better understanding of the phenomenon of "temperaments", and, based on it, to develop a precise and parsimonious definition of this term.

The odour of an unfamiliar stressed or relaxed person affects dogs' responses to a cognitive bias test.

Dogs can discriminate stressed from non-stressed human odour samples, but the effect on their cognition is unstudied. Using a cognitive bias task, we tested how human odours affect dogs' likelihood of approaching a food bowl placed at three ambiguous locations ("near-positive", "middle" and "near-negative") between trained "positive" (rewarded) and "negative" (unrewarded) locations. Using odour samples collected from three unfamiliar volunteers during stressful and relaxing activities, we tested eighteen dogs under three conditions: no odour, stress odour and relaxed odour, with the order of test odours counterbalanced across dogs. When exposed to stress odour during session three, dogs were significantly less likely to approach a bowl placed at one of the three ambiguous locations (near-negative) compared to no odour, indicating possible risk-reduction behaviours in response to the smell of human stress. Dogs' learning of trained positive and negative locations improved with repeated testing and was significant between sessions two and three only when exposed to stress odour during session three, suggesting odour influenced learning. This is the first study to show that without visual or auditory cues, olfactory cues of human stress may affect dogs' cognition and learning, which, if true, could have important consequences for dog welfare and working performance.