Facial soft-tissue thickness in children: A study of a CTBC Brazilian sample.

As an auxiliary method in the process of human identification, forensic facial approximation (FFA) is an important tool for identifying unknown human bodies whose remains do not present the necessary traceability to any antemortem data collection. Specific characteristics are necessary when addressing children aged between 6 and 10 years, who have little sexual differentiation and a mixed dentition. Due to the chronology of eruption of the permanent second molars in this population, it is not possible to measure facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) from specific landmarks such as supra and infra M2. The objective of this research was to report the method for measuring the average FSTT of 32 landmarks adapting the method for adults replacing the landmarks at the upper and lower second molars (Supra M2 and Infra M2) in children up to 10 years of age for a measurement using the deciduous second molars as reference. We found statistical differences for some points, considering the variables of age and sex, but with a maximum difference of 2 mm, which allows the use of a single FSTT table. The deciduous teeth can replace the reference of the thicknesses at the supra and infra M2 landmarks. In addition to the new FSTT data for children in Brazil, we concluded that the proposed adaptation to the deciduous M2 points can be applied to obtain soft-tissue data for 32 facial points.

Colgajo de Mustardé como tratamiento de un carcinoma basocelular. A propósito de un caso

Introducción: El carcinoma basocelular es actualmente el cáncer de piel más frecuente, siendo su principal factor de riesgo la exposición a radiación ultravioleta. Su tratamiento es la resección quirúrgica, según riesgo de recurrencia. La reconstrucción facial posterior a la resección se enfrentará según la unidad estética de la cara, lo cual determinará la técnica quirúrgica a utilizar. Material y Método: El siguiente caso clínico aborda la resección de un carcinoma basocelular nodular morfeiforme ubicado en mejilla y ala nasal, y posterior reconstrucción mediante el uso de un Colgajo de Mustardé, con resultado exitoso. Resultados: Evolución favorable, con reseccion completa de la lesion tumoral y vitalidad del colgajo postoperatorio. Cursó con una leve desviación nasal que cedió con masaje de la cicatriz. Se puede plantear una plastía de retoque del ala nasal a futuro. Conclusión: Presentamos un caso clínico de un carcinoma basocelular facial con alto riesgo de recurrencia que fue tratado en forma segura y efectiva con un colgajo de Mustardé.

Introduction: Basal-cell carcinoma is currently the most frequent type of skin cancer, its main risk factor being exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Treatment consists of surgical resection, according to recurrence risk. Post-resection facial reconstruction should be faced according to the aesthetic unit of the face, which will determine the surgical technique. Material and Method: The following clinical case presents the resection of a morpheiform nodular basal-cell carcinoma located on the cheek and nasal wing, and subsequent reconstruction using a Mustarde flap, with successful results. Results: Favorable evolution with complete resection of the tumor lesion and postoperative vitality of the flap. The patient presented a slight nasal deviation that resolved with scar massage. A nasal wing plasty can be considered in the future. Conclusion: We present a facial basal-cell carcinoma clinical case that was safely and effectively treated with a Mustarde flap.

Reconstrucción de defecto de órbita con colgajo prelaminado de fascia temporal superficial / Orbit defect reconstruction with pre-laminated temporal superficial fascia flap

El colgajo de fascia temporal superficial es muy versátil para la reconstrucción de defectos tisulares localizados en los tercios superior y medio de la cara, en la región orbito-palpebral, en la cavidad oral, en la base del cráneo y a nivel mandibular. En nuestra experiencia, constituye una opción segura para reconstrucciones complejas de cavidades. En el presente artículo los autores exponen el caso de una paciente en quien se reconstruyó un defecto de órbita con un colgajo de fascia temporal superficial prelaminado

The superficial temporal fascia flap is versatile for the reconstruction of tissue defects located in the upper and middle thirds of the face, in the orbital-palpebral region, in the oral cavity, at the base of the skull and at the mandibular level. In our experience, it is a safe option for complex cavity reconstructions. In this article the authors present the case of a patient in whom an orbit defect was reconstructed with a pre-laminated superficial temporal fascia flap

Colgajos Locales en Reconstrucción Facial. Alternativas de Tratamiento / Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction. Treatment Alternatives

Los defectos faciales de piel son frecuentemente secuelas producto de carcinomas basoceulares, carcinomas espinocelulares, melanomas, grandes tumores benignos o traumatismos de tejidos blandos. Las unidades y subunidades estéticas de la cara, la textura y color de la piel, junto a otros parámetros deben ser considerados durante la planificación de la reconstrucción mediante colgajos locales. El objetivo de este artículo de revisión bibliográfica fue describir y definir las técnicas más relevantes en los de colgajos locales aplicados en la reconstrucción facial y sus algoritmos actuales, en relación con la unidad o subunidad facial involucrada; sus consideraciones estéticas y cirugía complementaria. Las unidades y subunidades estéticas de la cara se dividen en regiones de la frente, párpados, mejillas, nariz, labios y mentón. Los colgajos de rotación, en isla, de avance y transposición son la base para la mayoría de los colgajos faciales; los más conocidos según la zona donante son: el colgajo frontal, colgajo de rotación y avance de mejilla; colgajo cérvico-facial, y colgajos nasolabiales, entre otros. La elección del colgajo depende de la zona y la unidad estética facial involucrada, siendo importante elegir y usar las líneas, los surcos y márgenes de estas unidades cuando sea posible con el fin de mejorar los resultados estéticos y reducir la posibilidad de secuelas. La cirugía complementaria y los procedimientos estéticos pueden lograr un buen camuflaje de algunas complicaciones estéticas o secuelas.

Skin face defects are frequently sequels of basal cell carcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, and large benign tumors or soft tissue trauma. Aesthetics units and subunits of the face, texture, color, and other parameters must be considered in the local flaps reconstructive planning. This review article aims to describe and define the most relevant techniques of facial local flaps in facial reconstruction and their current algorithms, regarding the unit or subunit, involve, their aesthetics considerations and complementary surgery. The aesthetics units and subunits of the face are divided into forehead, eyelids, cheek, nasal, lips, and chin. There are several well-known concepts and flaps used in these proceedings as rotation, island, advancement, and transposition flaps, and they are the basis for facial local flaps; The most relevant are: forehead flap, cheek advancement, and rotate flap; rhomboid, cervicofacial and bilobed flap, nasolabial flaps. The flap election depends on the zone and unit involve; it is important to choose the lines, sulcus, and borders of these units when is possible to enhance these aesthetics outcomes. These concerning improve the aesthetics outcomes and reduce the aesthetics sequels. Complementary surgery and aesthetics proceedings may accomplish a good camouflage of some aesthetics complications or sequels.

Facial soft tissue depth measurements in cone-beam computed tomography: A study of a Brazilian sample.

Forensic facial reconstruction (approximation) (FFR) is an aid to human identification when no presumed identity is available. It is based on average soft tissue thickness (STT) applied onto a skull. These averages vary at each landmark according to sex, ancestry, and Facial Growth Patterns (FGP). To obtain the reference, there are different protocols and conditions, such as needles in cadavers, ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and computer tomography. Using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), landmark placement and direction of measurement are critical. The purpose of this article is to detailly describe a method for STT measurement in CBCT DICOM files and to test it in the analysis of a multi-ancestral Brazilian sample, subdivided into sex, age and FGP. A sample of 100 (50 male and 50 female) CBCT exams were selected and the volume was primarily been repositioned to cephalometric standards. A detailed description of the location and measurement direction of 32 landmarks was provided and granted good reproducibility of the measurements. The averages were assessed by sex, age, and FGP. There were significant differences between males and females. The CBCT measuring protocol provided standardization of measurements and is a method to be used in future researches. Advantages of CBCT, such as the subject's upright position and adjustable volume positioning, also justify its usage. Limited differences of STT were related to age and FGP. The updated Brazilian soft tissue thickness chart is a reliable source of data for forensic and clinical purposes.

3D forensic facial approximation: Implementation protocol in a forensic activity.

The primary objective of this paper is to report on the successful implementation of forensic facial approximation in a real case in the forensic context. A three-dimensional (3D) facial approximation protocol of the skull was performed with free software, applying techniques in a virtual environment that have already been consolidated in the literature. The skull was scanned with the photogrammetry technique, the digital replica was imported in the Blender software (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam) and individualized model sketches of the face were traced with the MakeHuman software (MakeHuman Org) according to the anthropological profile of the victim. The face created was imported in Blender, where it was adapted, modeled, and sculpted on the 3D skull and its soft tissue markers, using an American open-source application of the technique in the digital environment. The face created in a virtual environment was recognized and legal identification procedures were started, resulting in the more agile delivery of the disappeared body to its next of kin. It is therefore concluded that facial approximation may not be a primary method of human identification, but it can be satisfactorily applied in the forensic field as an individual recognition resource. It has great value in narrowing the search, reducing the number of alleged victims, and leading to identification tests, therefore significantly reducing the number of genetic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) tests-which are considered costly for the State or Federation-and consequently reducing the waiting time before delivery of the body to its family.

Use of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for the correction of facial defects in six dogs

Background: Reconstructive surgery is an important area of veterinary surgery because it allows the reconstruction of large cutaneous defects in areas where a primary approach is not possible. Axial patterns flaps are composed by one direct cutaneous artery and vein, leading to a better blood supply with a good survival outcome. The angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was introduced for correction of facial defects, but its versatility is not really explored in the existing literature. This article reports the use and complications of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap in six dogs, to treat defects in mandibular, temporal or labial regions. Cases: Five mixed breed dogs and one Labrador, with age between 4 and 9-year-old were submitted for surgery and the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was used to close the different defects. Causes of defect included a lesion caused by myiasis in three of the dogs, and tumoral removal in the other three, where two were mast cell tumors and one a keratinizing basal cell carcinoma. The regions affected included rostral mandible with oral mucosa, intermandibular region, temporal region and upper lip. Before flap confection the tissue was cleaned, resected and prepared properly, according to each cause of lesion. The flap was made with two parallel incisions, which center was usually the labial commissure, with the dorsal limits at the ventral aspect of the zygomatic arch, and the ventral incision on the ventral aspect of the mandibular ramus. Caudal extension was based on the length needed for surgical closure, but stained between the vertical auditory canal or up to atlas wing. Suture size and pattern depend the region and patient size. Patients were observed closely for any complication in the surgical site. From the six dogs presented here, five got some complications in the surgical site, including: lymphedema (2), suture dehiscence (4) and hematoma (1); however...(AU)

Soft tissue thickness in Brazilian adults of different skeletal classes and facial types: A cone beam CT - Study.

The aim in this study was to evaluate the influence of skeletal class, facial type, and sex on soft tissue thickness (STT) of the craniofacial midline in a Brazilian subpopulation. Thus, 121 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans (54 males and 67 females, age 21 to 40 yrs) composed the study sample. Patients were classified according to skeletal class (class I, II, and III) and facial type (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic), and STT was measured (mm) in 10 landmarks in the craniofacial midline for each CBCT scan. Multivariate analysis of covariance evaluated facial STT with regard to multiple independent variables (sex, age - covariate, facial type, and skeletal class). TEM and rTEM assessed the intra-examiner agreement. STT was significantly greater in males than in females for all regions measured (p < 0.05), except for the pogonion-pogonion' landmark (p>0.05). In general, class III individuals had significantly thicker soft tissue in the maxilla - subspinale-subnasale', prosthion-labrale superius', and incision-stomion' regions, while class II subjects had thicker soft tissue in the infradentale-labrale inferius' mandibular landmark (p < 0.05). Regarding facial type, dolichocephalic individuals showed significantly thicker soft tissue in the supramentale-supramentale' mandibular landmark, whereas brachycephalic subjects had thicker soft tissue in maxillary regions - prosthion-labrale superius' and incision-stomion' (p < 0.05). rTEM values were below 5% for most landmarks, and all TEM values were below 1 mm. Skeletal class and facial type influence STT, showing a soft tissue compensation, with deeper soft tissue in areas with lower skeletal development, and/or where bone is positioned more posteriorly.

Use of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap for the correction of facial defects in six dogs

Background: Reconstructive surgery is an important area of veterinary surgery because it allows the reconstruction of large cutaneous defects in areas where a primary approach is not possible. Axial patterns flaps are composed by one direct cutaneous artery and vein, leading to a better blood supply with a good survival outcome. The angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was introduced for correction of facial defects, but its versatility is not really explored in the existing literature. This article reports the use and complications of the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap in six dogs, to treat defects in mandibular, temporal or labial regions. Cases: Five mixed breed dogs and one Labrador, with age between 4 and 9-year-old were submitted for surgery and the angularis oris axial pattern buccal flap was used to close the different defects. Causes of defect included a lesion caused by myiasis in three of the dogs, and tumoral removal in the other three, where two were mast cell tumors and one a keratinizing basal cell carcinoma. The regions affected included rostral mandible with oral mucosa, intermandibular region, temporal region and upper lip. Before flap confection the tissue was cleaned, resected and prepared properly, according to each cause of lesion. The flap was made with two parallel incisions, which center was usually the labial commissure, with the dorsal limits at the ventral aspect of the zygomatic arch, and the ventral incision on the ventral aspect of the mandibular ramus. Caudal extension was based on the length needed for surgical closure, but stained between the vertical auditory canal or up to atlas wing. Suture size and pattern depend the region and patient size. Patients were observed closely for any complication in the surgical site. From the six dogs presented here, five got some complications in the surgical site, including: lymphedema (2), suture dehiscence (4) and hematoma (1); however...

Will different sagittal and vertical skeletal types relate the soft tissue thickness: A study in Chinese female adults.

Facial reconstruction is a classical technique in forensic anthropology to reestablish the contours of the soft tissues over the skull. The accurate facial soft tissue data plays an essential role in forensic facial reconstruction. However, according to previous studies, various skeletal types might relate to different thickness in facial soft tissue. Until now, there are few publications focusing on the relationship between facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) and different skeletal types, and none of them analyze the FSTT according to various sagittal and vertical skeletal types. The aim of this study was to testify the possible existence of correlations between FSTT and different skeletal types. In order to exclude interference from age, sex, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) factors, we collected lateral projection X-rays data of 270 Chinese female aged 19-26 years with nomal BMI and divided them into various skeletal groups. Soft tissue thickness measurements were mainly based on 10 anthropological landmarks of the skull and statistics were analyzed on the basis of different skeletal types. The greatest differences were observed in the upper lip region of maxilla and the mental region of mandible. The concave and hypodivergent skull types showed the thickest soft tissue in maxillary region, and the convex and hypedivergent skull types showed the thickest soft tissue in the mental region. This study provided a database for FSTT according to various skeletal types in Chinese female population, and our current studies demonstrated that considering various skeletal types will improve the accuracy of facial reconstruction.

Forensic Facial Approximation: Study of the Nose in Brazilian Subjects.

Forensic facial approximation is an auxiliary method for human identification and allows facial recognition. The midface, that includes the nose, is vital for the recognition of a familiar face. The purpose of this study was to set hard tissue parameters to estimate nasal width, to test the method to estimate nasal width of Brazilians, and to analyze the relationship between nasal profile and facial type. A total of 246 computed tomography scans (183 females and 63 males) of adults were analyzed in Horos. Bone tissue measurements and facial type classification were performed on the skull scan. Nasal profile morphology was accessed through the tool 3D surface rendering. There was a difference around 3 mm from real to predicted nose through the method to estimate nasal width in Brazilians. So, the method may be used in forensic practice. Straight nose was associated with long face type.

Forensic Facial Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Nasal Prediction Techniques.

Prediction facial features from the skull are recurring theme on the forensic literature. The nose has been investigated since it has a significant role in facial recognition and the literature shows that there is not an universal method for nasal prediction. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to analyze what are the most consistent techniques of nasal reconstruction. Primary studies describing or validating nasal reconstruction techniques in adults and published in journals of Forensic Sciences were included in this review. Tedeschi-Oliveira's method positioned nasal tip with acceptable accuracy as Gerasimov's method. The Krogman's and Iscan's technique underestimated nasal projection in North Americans. The Prokopec's and Ubelaker's method obtained accuracy in Caucasoid. George's method presented results similar to reference standard in Caucasoid. In a supplementary way, studies are needed to accurately estimate the nasal width.

Comparison Among Manual Facial Approximations Conducted by Two Methodological Approaches of Face Prediction.

This study verified the difference between two methods of forensic facial approximation (FFA) regarding recognition and resemblance rates. Three-dimensional models of skulls were obtained from computerized tomography (CT) scans of two subjects (targets). Two manual FFAs were performed for each target, by applying two different guidelines for the facial structures (what we called "American method" (AM) and "Combined method" (CM)). Unfamiliar assessors evaluated the sculptures by recognition and resemblance tests. The AM was that which allowed more correct responses of recognition and higher resemblance's scores for the male target (p < 0.001). Regarding guidelines for modeling characteristics of the face, the ones that are practical and easily performed for sculptures, such as the length of the anterior nasal spine multiplied by 3 for nose prediction, may offer better results in terms of resemblance.

Forensic facial approximation assessment: can application of different average facial tissue depth data facilitate recognition and establish acceptable level of resemblance?

Facial soft tissue thicknesses (FSTT) are important guidelines for modeling faces from skull. Amid so many FSTT data, Forensic artists have to make a subjective choice of a dataset that best meets their needs. This study investigated the performance of four FSTT datasets in the recognition and resemblance of Brazilian living individuals and the performance of assessors in recognizing people, according to sex and knowledge on Human Anatomy and Forensic Dentistry. Sixteen manual facial approximations (FAs) were constructed using three-dimensional (3D) prototypes of skulls (targets). The American method was chosen for the construction of the faces. One hundred and twenty participants evaluated all FAs by means of recognition and resemblance tests. This study showed higher proportions of recognition by FAs conducted with FSTT data from cadavers compared with those conducted with medical imaging data. Targets were also considered more similar to FAs conducted with FSTT data from cadavers. Nose and face shape, respectively, were considered the most similar regions to targets. The sex of assessors (male and female) and the knowledge on Human Anatomy and Forensic Dentistry did not play a determinant role to reach greater recognition rates. It was possible to conclude that FSTT data obtained from imaging may not facilitate recognition and establish acceptable level of resemblance. Grouping FSTT data by regions of the face, as proposed in this paper, may contribute to more accurate FAs.

Forensic facial reconstruction: Nasal projection in Brazilian adults.

The nose has a marked cognitive influence on facial image; however, it loses its shape during cadaveric decomposition. The known methods of estimating nasal projection using Facial Reconstruction are lacking in practicality and reproducibility. We attempted to relate the points Rhinion, Pronasale and Prosthion by studying the angle formed by straight lines that connect them. Two examiners measured this angle with the help of analysis and image-processing software, Image J, directly from cephalometric radiographs. The sample consisted of 300 males, aged between 24 and 77 years, and 300 females, aged 24 to 69 years. The proposed angle ranged from 80° to 100° in both sexes and all ages. It was considered possible to use a 90° angle from projections of the Rhinion and Prosthion points in order to determine the Pronasale position, as well as to estimate the nasal projection of Brazilian adults.

Abordagem multidisciplinar do trauma facial grave / Combined approach of severe facial trauma soft tissue

As lesões faciais são comuns nos serviços de emergências médicas, representando cerca de 7% a 10% dos atendimentos. As agressões são as principais causas de fraturas faciais, enquanto que a maior proporção de lesões dos tecidos moles é causada por quedas e acidentes. Embora raramente fatais, o tratamento destas lesões pode ser complexo e determinar impacto significativo sobre a função e estética facial do paciente traumatizado. Este artigo apresenta um caso de lesão facial grave, enfatizando aspectos importantes no manejo do traumatismo facial de partes moles e revisa a literatura relacionada ao tema (AU)

Facial lesions are common in emergency medical services, representing about 7-10 % of cases. Attacks are the main causes of facial fractures, while a higher proportion of soft tissue injuries are caused by falls and accidents. Although rarely fatal, treatment of these injuries can be complex and have a significant impact on facial function and aesthetics of the trauma patient. This article describes a case of severe facial injury, emphasizing important aspects in the management of facial trauma of soft tissues, and reviews the literature related to the topic (AU)

Soft tissue thickness in young north eastern Brazilian individuals with different skeletal classes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation in facial soft tissue thickness in young north eastern Brazilian individuals according to gender and skeletal class. Measurements were obtained from digitized teleradiographs of 300 children, aged from 8 to 12 years, using the Sidexis Xg program. Data of mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum soft tissue thickness values of the faces of Angle's Class I, II and III individuals, were evaluated. The results demonstrated that there was no difference in soft tissue thickness among the skeletal classes for most of anthropological points. For the Class I, statistical differences were found (P < 0.05) between the genders in the rhinion point, subnasal and upper lip. It was concluded that there was no difference in soft tissue thickness among the skeletal classes, except between Class II and III for the points: Stomion, Bottom lip and Pogonion, allowing definition of parameters of this population for the purpose of facial reconstruction.

Aproximação fisionômica pericial através de função de base radial hermitiana / Forensic facial approximation through hermitian radial basis functions

A aproximação fisionômica é o método que busca, a partir do crânio, simular a fotografia de um indivíduo quando em vida. Deve ser empregada como último recurso, na busca de desaparecidos, quando não houver possibilidade de aplicação de um método válido de identificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a aproximação fisionômica, a partir de um crânio seco e de tomografia computadorizada multislice de indivíduos vivos, através da função de base radial hermitiana (FBRH). Constituiu-se também em avaliar o resultado da mesma quanto ao reconhecimento. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi utilizada a imagem escaneada de um crânio seco, de origem desconhecida, com o intuito de avaliar se a quantidade de pontos obtidos seria suficiente para aplicação da FBRH e consequente reconstrução da superfície facial. Na segunda fase, foram utilizadas três tomografias de indivíduos vivos, para análise da semelhança alcançada entre a face escaneada e as aproximações faciais. Nesta etapa, foi aplicada uma associação de diferentes metodologias já publicadas, para reconstrução de uma mesma região da face, a partir de um mesmo crânio. Na última etapa, foram simuladas situações de reconhecimento com familiares e amigos dos indivíduos doadores das tomografias. Observou-se que a metodologia de FBRH pode ser empregada em aproximação fisionômica. Houve reconhecimento positivo nos três sujeitos estudados, sendo que, em dois deles, os resultados foram ainda mais significativos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a metodologia é rápida, objetiva e proporciona o reconhecimento. Esta permite a criação de múltiplas versões de aproximações fisionômicas a partir do mesmo crânio, o que amplia as possibilidades de reconhecimento. Observou-se ainda que a técnica não exige habilidade artística do profissional.

Facial approximation works by building the visual face up from the skull. This method should be performed as last resort, to carry out for missing persons, when there is no other primary identification method avaliable. The purpose of this study was to introduce a new computerized method with hermite radial basis function (HRBF) for facial approximation using dry skull and computed tomography (CT). The same was also evaluated as a result of the recognition. Firstly, a scan of a dry unidentified skull image was used in order to assess if the amount of points would be sufficient for HRBF methodology and subsequent reconstruction of the facial surface. In second, three CT scans of living individuals were used to evaluate the similarity achieved between the real face scanned and facial approximations. An association of different facial structures reconstruction techniques already published for the same region of the face was applied for the same skull. Moreover, some situations from developed facial approximations were simulated, as recognition by a relative or parent, on a face pool-test. Results from the study showed that the purposed methodology can be used for facial approximation. At the three cases a correct approximation identification as one of a few possible matches to the missing person happened. In two of them, the results were consistently better at identifying the correct approximation. In conclusion, the proposed methodology is fast, objective and reaches visual identification. It is possible to perform multiple versions of the same skull, changing the selected data into the system, which maximizes the chances of establishing recognition of the target face. It was also observed that the technique does not need artistic interpretation.

Aproximação fisionômica pericial através de função de base radial hermitiana / Forensic facial approximation through hermitian radial basis functions

A aproximação fisionômica é o método que busca, a partir do crânio, simular a fotografia de um indivíduo quando em vida. Deve ser empregada como último recurso, na busca de desaparecidos, quando não houver possibilidade de aplicação de um método válido de identificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a aproximação fisionômica, a partir de um crânio seco e de tomografia computadorizada multislice de indivíduos vivos, através da função de base radial hermitiana (FBRH). Constituiu-se também em avaliar o resultado da mesma quanto ao reconhecimento. Na primeira etapa do estudo, foi utilizada a imagem escaneada de um crânio seco, de origem desconhecida, com o intuito de avaliar se a quantidade de pontos obtidos seria suficiente para aplicação da FBRH e consequente reconstrução da superfície facial. Na segunda fase, foram utilizadas três tomografias de indivíduos vivos, para análise da semelhança alcançada entre a face escaneada e as aproximações faciais. Nesta etapa, foi aplicada uma associação de diferentes metodologias já publicadas, para reconstrução de uma mesma região da face, a partir de um mesmo crânio. Na última etapa, foram simuladas situações de reconhecimento com familiares e amigos dos indivíduos doadores das tomografias. Observou-se que a metodologia de FBRH pode ser empregada em aproximação fisionômica. Houve reconhecimento positivo nos três sujeitos estudados, sendo que, em dois deles, os resultados foram ainda mais significativos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a metodologia é rápida, objetiva e proporciona o reconhecimento. Esta permite a criação de múltiplas versões de aproximações fisionômicas a partir do mesmo crânio, o que amplia as possibilidades de reconhecimento. Observou-se ainda que a técnica não exige habilidade artística do profissional...

Facial approximation works by building the visual face up from the skull. This method should be performed as last resort, to carry out for missing persons, when there is no other primary identification method avaliable. The purpose of this study was to introduce a new computerized method with hermite radial basis function (HRBF) for facial approximation using dry skull and computed tomography (CT). The same was also evaluated as a result of the recognition. Firstly, a scan of a dry unidentified skull image was used in order to assess if the amount of points would be sufficient for HRBF methodology and subsequent reconstruction of the facial surface. In second, three CT scans of living individuals were used to evaluate the similarity achieved between the real face scanned and facial approximations. An association of different facial structures reconstruction techniques already published for the same region of the face was applied for the same skull. Moreover, some situations from developed facial approximations were simulated, as recognition by a relative or parent, on a face pool-test. Results from the study showed that the purposed methodology can be used for facial approximation. At the three cases a correct approximation identification as one of a few possible matches to the missing person happened. In two of them, the results were consistently better at identifying the correct approximation. In conclusion, the proposed methodology is fast, objective and reaches visual identification. It is possible to perform multiple versions of the same skull, changing the selected data into the system, which maximizes the chances of establishing recognition of the target face. It was also observed that the technique does not need artistic interpretation...

Análisis de los grosores tisulares a nivel de nasion y glabela según sexo y biotipo, en pacientes entre 20 y 27 años de edad / Nasion and glabela thickness tissue according to sex and biotypein patients between 20 and 27 years of age

La población chilena se caracteriza por ser una población muy heterogenea, debido a la gran mezcla exístente entre las distintas etnias y razas a lo largo del tiempo. Esto supone una gran diversidad de formas, tamaños y grosores de estructuras anatómicas, dentro de las cuales ubicamos a los grosores faciales. Si bien existen bases de datos de los grosores tisulares faciales en la población chilena, éstas han sido realizadas a través de técnicas como la ultrasonografía y punción, sin existir estudios realizados en Chile utilizando técnicas radiológicas para medir, como es la telerradiografía de perfil. Los objetivos fueron: 1. Medir los grosores tisulares a nivel de GB y NA, 2. Evaluar correlación de grosores según distribución por sexo y biotipo, 3. Comparar grosores entre distintos grupos, 4. Creación de una base de datos de referencia de la población chilena sobre el espesor del tejido blando a nivel de GB y Nay 5. Comparar los resultados obtenidos con otros estudios de grosores realizados en la población chilena. Se escogió al azar a 99 alumnos de odontología entre 20 a 27 años que necesitaban tratamiento de ortodoncia, a los cuales se les solicita una telerradiografía de perfil, en donde se mide los grosores de tejidos blandos a nivel de glabela y nasion, se clasifican a los pacientes según sexo y biotipo utilizando el análisis de Roth-Jaraback. Al analizar los resultados según sexo se observó siempre un grosor mayor en hombre que en mujer, con diferencia significativa a nivel de glabela y nasion. Al evaluar los resultados según biotipo no se observa diferencias siginificativas entre un biotipo y otro. Los hombres presentan un mayor grosor de tejido blando a nivel de glabela y nasion, con diferencia significativa en ambos. Se propone una nueva clasificación según biotipo, pero no se encuentra resultados concluyentes.

Chilean population is characterized for being heterogeneous, due to a large variety and mix of different ethnicities and races. This includes diversity in shapes, sizes and thickness of anatomic structures, part of which is facial thickness. Even though there are databases of facial tissue thickness for Chilean population, these have been carried out through techniques such as ultrasonography and puncture, without taking into consideration radiologic techniques, such as profile teleradiography. The aims of the study were: 1. Measure tissue thickness at GB and NA level, 2. Evaluate correlation in thickness according to distribution per sex and biotype. 3. Compare thickness among the groups. 4. Create a database of soft tissue thickness at GB and NA level in Chilean population, 5. Compare results with other studies regarding tissue thickness in Chilean population. Ninety-nine dentistry students between 20 and 27 years of age, candidates for orthodontic treatment, were randomly chosen. Lateral teleradiography was requested from all individuals, soft tissue thickness was measured at GB and NA level, classifying patients according to Roth-Jaraback analysis. When analysing the results according to sex, larger thickness was observed in men each time, with a significant difference at GB and NA levels. When evaluating biotype differences no significant difference was observed. Men showed thicker soft tissue at NA and GB level than women, with a significant difference between both. A new classification is proposed according to biotype, but no concluding data is found.