Strategic methodology to set priorities for sustainable hydropower development in a biodiversity hotspot.

Massive exploitation of freshwater systems for hydropower generation in developing countries is challenging sustainability due to cumulative environmental impacts in regions with high endemism. Habitat fragmentation is recognized as a major impact on river ecosystems. The nature and magnitude of connectivity loss depend on characteristics of the hydropower projects, and of the threatened fish communities. In areas where appropriate mitigation technology is lacking, there is a need to identify the fish species that are most at risk to better concentrate efforts. This paper aimed to set conservation priorities for sustainable hydropower development by analyzing native fish species and project characteristics. The Chilean ichthyogeographic province, an ecoregion with high endemism and massive hydropower projects development, has been considered as a case study. By using overlapping information on the characteristics of 1124 hydropower projects and distribution of native fish species, we identified three project categories of projects based on their need for mitigation. These were projects where mitigation was considered: a) not required (15%), b) required and feasible (35%), and c) required but challenging (50%). Projects where mitigation was not required were located at sites where native fish were absent and/or where water intakes allowed fish to pass. Interestingly, projects where mitigation was feasible were inhabited by a species assemblage that comprised the genus Trichomycterus, Diplomystes and Percilia, and the species Ch. pisciculus and B. maldonadoi. This finding emphasizes the need to develop a multispecific fishway that can accommodate this group. Projects where mitigation would be difficult to achieve were located at sites with a variety of different assemblages, thus making a standard fish pass solution challenging and site-specific. This study advances understanding for the need to develop mitigation strategies and technologies in ecoregions of high endemism threatened by hydropower and to prioritize the construction of planned projects.

Longitudinal habitat disruption in Neotropical streams: fish assemblages under the influence of culverts

This study assessed differences in fish assemblages existing upstream and downstream two types of culverts, one on each of two different Neotropical streams. We analyzed the composition and structure of the ichthyofauna and tested for spatial patterns. Fish sampling was carried out monthly between November 2009 and October 2010 using different fishing gears. We collected 2,220 fish of 33 species; 901 in stretches of the Lopeí stream - circular culvert and 1,310 in stretches of the Pindorama stream - box culvert. Fish abundance was similar in upstream and downstream stretches of the circular culvert, whereas it was slightly higher in the upstream than downstream stretch for the box culvert. Characiformes predominated in the upstream stretch of both culverts. On the other hand, Siluriformes was abundant in the downstream stretch of the circular culvert, with similar abundance in the stretches of the box culvert. Species richness and diversity (Shannon-Weiner Index) were higher in the downstream stretch of the circular culvert, but they were similar in both stretches of the box culvert. The most abundant species were Astyanax altiparanae, A. paranae, A. fasciatus, Ancistrus sp., and Hypostomus sp. The last two species were more abundant in the downstream stretch of the circular culvert, and similar in stretches of the box culvert. Our study indicated variations in the species abundance, richness, and diversity between upstream and downstream stretches in particular of the circular culvert in the Lopeí stream, suggesting that fish movements are restrained more intensively in this culvert, especially for Siluriformes. The drop in the circular culvert outlet probably created passage barriers especially for those fish that has no ability to jump, where downstream erosion could lead to culvert perching. Studies on appropriate road crossing design or installation are fundamental whereas improvements in these structures can restore the connectivity of fish populations and communities in streams.

Este estudo avaliou diferenças nas assembleias de peixes existentes a montante e a jusante dois tipos de bueiros, um em cada um de dois diferentes riachos Neotropicais. A composição e a estrutura da ictiofauna foram avaliadas e seus possíveis padrões espaciais. As amostragens para a ictiofauna foram realizadas mensalmente, entre novembro de 2009 e outubro de 2010, com diversos apetrechos de pesca. Durante o período foram coletados 2.220 indivíduos, sendo 901 peixes nos trechos do riacho Lopeí - bueiro circular e 1.310 peixes nos trechos do riacho Pindorama - bueiro quadrado, pertencentes a 33 espécies. As capturas foram similares nos trechos de montante e jusante no bueiro circular, enquanto que para o bueiro quadrado a abundância de peixes foi um pouco superior no trecho a montante em relação à jusante. Os Characiformes predominaram no trecho a montante de ambos os bueiros. Por outro lado, os Siluriformes foram abundantes no trecho a jusante do bueiro circular, com abundâncias similares entre os trechos do bueiro quadrado. A riqueza e a diversidade de espécies diferiram entre os trechos do bueiro circular (maior valor a jusante), enquanto que os valores foram similares para os trechos do bueiro quadrado. As espécies mais abundantes foram Astyanax altiparanae, A. paranae, A. fasciatus, Ancistrus sp. e Hypostomus sp., porém com diferenças constatadas na ocorrência das duas últimas espécies: estas foram mais abundantes a jusante do bueiro circular, e similares nos trechos do bueiro quadrado. As variações na abundância, riqueza e diversidade constatadas entre trechos a montante e a jusante, em particular do bueiro circular no riacho Lopeí, sugerindo que os movimentos de peixes são restritos de forma mais intensa neste bueiro, especialmente para Siluriformes. A queda de água na saída do bueiro circular provavelmente cria barreira à passagem dos peixes, especialmente para aqueles peixes que não tem capacidade de saltar, onde a erosão a jusante pode levar a empoleiramento. Estudos sobre projetos de bueiro ou instalações apropriadas são fundamentais considerando que a melhoria destas estruturas pode restaurar a conectividade de populações e comunidades de peixes em riachos.

Longitudinal habitat disruption in Neotropical streams: fish assemblages under the influence of culverts

This study assessed differences in fish assemblages existing upstream and downstream two types of culverts, one on each of two different Neotropical streams. We analyzed the composition and structure of the ichthyofauna and tested for spatial patterns. Fish sampling was carried out monthly between November 2009 and October 2010 using different fishing gears. We collected 2,220 fish of 33 species; 901 in stretches of the Lopeí stream - circular culvert and 1,310 in stretches of the Pindorama stream - box culvert. Fish abundance was similar in upstream and downstream stretches of the circular culvert, whereas it was slightly higher in the upstream than downstream stretch for the box culvert. Characiformes predominated in the upstream stretch of both culverts. On the other hand, Siluriformes was abundant in the downstream stretch of the circular culvert, with similar abundance in the stretches of the box culvert. Species richness and diversity (Shannon-Weiner Index) were higher in the downstream stretch of the circular culvert, but they were similar in both stretches of the box culvert. The most abundant species were Astyanax altiparanae, A. paranae, A. fasciatus, Ancistrus sp., and Hypostomus sp. The last two species were more abundant in the downstream stretch of the circular culvert, and similar in stretches of the box culvert. Our study indicated variations in the species abundance, richness, and diversity between upstream and downstream stretches in particular of the circular culvert in the Lopeí stream, suggesting that fish movements are restrained more intensively in this culvert, especially for Siluriformes. The drop in the circular culvert outlet probably created passage barriers especially for those fish that has no ability to jump, where downstream erosion could lead to culvert perching. Studies on appropriate road crossing design or installation are fundamental whereas improvements in these structures can restore the connectivity of fish populations and communities in streams.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou diferenças nas assembleias de peixes existentes a montante e a jusante dois tipos de bueiros, um em cada um de dois diferentes riachos Neotropicais. A composição e a estrutura da ictiofauna foram avaliadas e seus possíveis padrões espaciais. As amostragens para a ictiofauna foram realizadas mensalmente, entre novembro de 2009 e outubro de 2010, com diversos apetrechos de pesca. Durante o período foram coletados 2.220 indivíduos, sendo 901 peixes nos trechos do riacho Lopeí - bueiro circular e 1.310 peixes nos trechos do riacho Pindorama - bueiro quadrado, pertencentes a 33 espécies. As capturas foram similares nos trechos de montante e jusante no bueiro circular, enquanto que para o bueiro quadrado a abundância de peixes foi um pouco superior no trecho a montante em relação à jusante. Os Characiformes predominaram no trecho a montante de ambos os bueiros. Por outro lado, os Siluriformes foram abundantes no trecho a jusante do bueiro circular, com abundâncias similares entre os trechos do bueiro quadrado. A riqueza e a diversidade de espécies diferiram entre os trechos do bueiro circular (maior valor a jusante), enquanto que os valores foram similares para os trechos do bueiro quadrado. As espécies mais abundantes foram Astyanax altiparanae, A. paranae, A. fasciatus, Ancistrus sp. e Hypostomus sp., porém com diferenças constatadas na ocorrência das duas últimas espécies: estas foram mais abundantes a jusante do bueiro circular, e similares nos trechos do bueiro quadrado. As variações na abundância, riqueza e diversidade constatadas entre trechos a montante e a jusante, em particular do bueiro circular no riacho Lopeí, sugerindo que os movimentos de peixes são restritos de forma mais intensa neste bueiro, especialmente para Siluriformes. A queda de água na saída do bueiro circular provavelmente cria barreira à passagem dos peixes, especialmente para aqueles peixes que não tem capacidade de saltar, onde a erosão a jusante pode levar a empoleiramento. Estudos sobre projetos de bueiro ou instalações apropriadas são fundamentais considerando que a melhoria destas estruturas pode restaurar a conectividade de populações e comunidades de peixes em riachos.(AU)

Swimming performance of the small characin Bryconamericus stramineus (Characiformes: Characidae)

Very little research has been conducted on the swimming capacity of Neotropical fish. The few studies available have focused on large migratory species. The present study used fixed and increasing velocity tests to determine prolonged and sustained speeds of the "pequira", Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908, a small, abundant species found in fish passages implemented at the Paraná basin, Brazil. The results of increasing velocity tests showed significant relationships between critical speeds, total and standard lengths, and body weight. When compared with other Neotropical fish, the "pequira" is able to swim faster than individuals of other species of similar length. The point of change from sustained to prolonged swimming was found to occur at an approximate speed of 8.7 lengths per second. These data provide guidance and criteria for design and proper maintenance of structures such as fishways, fish screens and other systems that aim to facilitate or avoid upstream passages as part of management strategies.

Swimming performance of the small characin Bryconamericus stramineus (Characiformes: Characidae)

Very little research has been conducted on the swimming capacity of Neotropical fish. The few studies available have focused on large migratory species. The present study used fixed and increasing velocity tests to determine prolonged and sustained speeds of the "pequira", Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908, a small, abundant species found in fish passages implemented at the Paraná basin, Brazil. The results of increasing velocity tests showed significant relationships between critical speeds, total and standard lengths, and body weight. When compared with other Neotropical fish, the "pequira" is able to swim faster than individuals of other species of similar length. The point of change from sustained to prolonged swimming was found to occur at an approximate speed of 8.7 lengths per second. These data provide guidance and criteria for design and proper maintenance of structures such as fishways, fish screens and other systems that aim to facilitate or avoid upstream passages as part of management strategies.

Swimming performance of the small characin Bryconamericus stramineus (Characiformes: Characidae)

Very little research has been conducted on the swimming capacity of Neotropical fish. The few studies available have focused on large migratory species. The present study used fixed and increasing velocity tests to determine prolonged and sustained speeds of the "pequira", Bryconamericus stramineus Eigenmann, 1908, a small, abundant species found in fish passages implemented at the Paraná basin, Brazil. The results of increasing velocity tests showed significant relationships between critical speeds, total and standard lengths, and body weight. When compared with other Neotropical fish, the "pequira" is able to swim faster than individuals of other species of similar length. The point of change from sustained to prolonged swimming was found to occur at an approximate speed of 8.7 lengths per second. These data provide guidance and criteria for design and proper maintenance of structures such as fishways, fish screens and other systems that aim to facilitate or avoid upstream passages as part of management strategies.

Evaluation of the effects of pressure gradients on four Brazilian freshwater fish species

This work aimed to experimentally evaluate the behavior of Brazilian freshwater fish species when submitted to a gradual increase in pressure, as well as sudden decompression's effects simulating the passage through a hydroelectric turbine. Four species from the São Francisco river basin were tested: Astyanax bimaculatus, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus reinhardti and Prochilodus costatus. For all of them mortality rates due to decompression were extremely low. However, the symptoms related to decompression, such as bulged eyes and hemorrhage, were not observed only in Hypostomus sp., and were more frequent the larger the pressure values were, considering the values from which decompression was performed. All these symptoms decreased significantly after 24 h of observation. With the increase in pressure inside the apparatus, the four tested species moved towards the upper levels. This behavior could make possoble the implementation of bypass downstream fish passages in dams constructed in Brazil.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar experimentalmente o comportamento de espécies brasileiras quando submetidas a um aumento gradual na pressão, bem como os efeitos de uma descompressão rápida simulando a passagem por uma turbina hidrelétrica. Quatro espécies da bacia do rio São Francisco foram testadas: Astyanax bimaculatus, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus reinhardti e Prochilodus costatus. Para todas elas as taxas de mortalidade devido à descompressão foram extremamente baixas. No entanto, sintomas relacionados à descompressão, como exoftalmia e hemorragia só não foram observados em Hypostomus sp., sendo mais freqüentes quanto maior o valor de pressão a partir do qual realizou-se a descompressão. Todos estes sintomas diminuíram significativamente após 24 horas de observação. Com o aumento da pressão no aparato, as espécies testadas se movimentaram em direção aos níveis superiores. Este comportamento sugere a possibilidade de se utilizar passagens de peixes para jusante do tipo bypass em barragens a serem implantadas no Brasil.

Diel variation in the ascent of fishes up an experimental fish ladder at Itaipu Reservoir: fish size, reproductive stage and taxonomic group influences

In this study, we evaluated the fish ascent in the experimental ladder at Itaipu Reservoir (Paraná State, Brazil), in relation to diel variation, fish size, reproductive stages and species composition. The study was carried out from October, 1995 to February, 1996 and from November, 1996 to January, 1997 at two points on the ladder (boxes at heights of 10 and 27 m). Twenty-two species were recorded, and Prochilodus lineatus, Pimelodus maculatus, Leporinus obtusidens, Schizodon borellii and Leporinus friderici accounted for 86.6 % of the total catch. Fish length did not differ between diel periods and boxes. On the other hand, fish abundance of the main species was significantly influenced by box position, reproductive stage and diel period. The higher box showed lower abundance, suggesting some selectivity in ascension. The ability to ascend the ladder did not show any relationship with reproductive migration, since non-reproductive adults comprised most of the catch. An interesting finding is that the major taxonomic groups showed specific diel preferences in ascending the ladder: Characiformes ascended the ladder predominantly during daylight, whereas Siluriformes migrated at night. These results emphasize how complex ladders are as management tools, and stress the need to acquire information on several aspects as a condition to achieve conservation goals.

Nesse estudo, a transposição de peixes na escada experimental do reservatório de Itaipu (Paraná, Brasil) foi avaliada em relação à variação diária, tamanho dos peixes, estágios reprodutivos e a composição das espécies. O estudo foi conduzido de Outubro de 1995 a Fevereiro de 1996, e de Novembro de 1996 a Janeiro de 1997, em dois trechos da escada (caixas a 10 e 27 m de altura). Vinte e duas espécies foram registradas, e Prochilodus lineatus, Pimelodus maculatus, Leporinus obtusidens, Schizodon borellii e Leporinus friderici compuseram 86,6% das capturas. O tamanho dos peixes não diferiu entre os períodos do dia e caixas. Por outro lado, a abundância das principais espécies foi significativamente influenciada pela posição das caixas, estágio de reprodução e período do dia. A caixa superior tendeu a apresentar menor abundância de peixes, sugerindo certa seletividade na subida. A habilidade em ascender a escada não esteve relacionada com a migração reprodutiva, visto que adultos não-reprodutivos compuseram a maior parte das capturas. Um padrão interessante foi a preferência, apresentada pelos grandes grupos taxonômicos, por períodos específicos do dia na ascensão da escada: os Characiformes subiram a escada predominantemente durante o dia, enquanto os Siluriformes durante a noite. Esses resultados enfatizam o quão complexas são as escadas como ferramentas de manejo, e realçam a necessidade de ampliar o nível de informações sobre diversos aspectos como condição chave para que metas conservacionistas sejam alcançadas.

Utilization of the fish ladder at the Engenheiro Sergio Motta Dam, Brazil, by long distance migrating potamodromous species

Utilization of the fish ladder installed at the Engenheiro Sergio Motta Dam (also known as Porto Primavera) on the Paraná River, Southern Brazil, by long-distance migrating potamodromous species (sampling Protocol I), and ascending and descending movements (Protocol II) were evaluated. Three pools along the fish ladder (designated as lower, middle, and upper) were sampled monthly between December, 2004 and March, 2005 to determine the abundance of species in the ladder. The ascending and descending movements of the species in the ladder were also analyzed in the same period. In the samples for both protocols, 37 species representing 17 families and 5 orders (Characiformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes, Gymnotiformes, and Myliobatiformes) were recorded. Characiformes were represented by 21 species. Long- distance migratory species (11 species) predominated in the ladder (60% of the total number of individuals), with high abundance of Rhinelepis aspera (5645 individuals). For protocol I, mean abundance varied greatly among the months and pools, with lowest values in December and March for all pools, and highest in January for the lower pool due to high capture of R. aspera. Fish abundance declined from the lower to the upper pool, especially for R. aspera and Rhaphiodon vulpinus. For Protocol II, 17 species were recorded ascending the ladder, where Astyanax altiparanae and Leporinus friderici were the most abundant species (684 and 111 individuals, respectively). However, 18 species showed descending movements, with high captures of Metynnis maculatus and A. altiparanae (339 and 319 individuals, respectively). Twelve species (52%) moved in both directions, and among the seven migratory species sampled, four were recorded ascending and descending, and three species only ascending the ladder. The fish ladder appears to selectively favor species with high swimming capabilities. A discussion is presented on the requirements for future research on attraction to the fish ladder entrance, downstream movements, fish utilization of the ladder, and impacts on spawning and rearing habitat both upstream and downstream of the dam.

A utilização da escada para peixes instalada na barragem Engenheiro Sergio Motta (também conhecida como Porto Primavera) no rio Paraná, no sudeste do Brasil, por espécies potamódromas de longa distância (protocolo I) e os movimentos ascendentes e descendentes (protocolo II) foram avaliados. Três tanques ao longo da escada para peixes (denominados como foz, meio e tomada) foram amostrados mensalmente entre dezembro de 2004 a março de 2005 para avaliar a abundância de espécies na escada. Os movimentos ascendentes e descendentes das espécies na escada foram analisados no mesmo período. Nas amostragens relativas aos protocolo I e II, foram capturadas 37 espécies representando 17 famílias e cinco ordens (Characiformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes, Gymnotiformes e Myliobatiformes). Os Characiformes foram representados por 21 espécies. Espécies migradoras de longa distância (11 espécies) predominaram (60% do total), com maior abundância de Rhinelepis aspera (5645 indivíduos). A abundância média variou entre os meses e tanques para o protocolo I, com menores valores em dezembro e março para todos os tanques, e maiores em janeiro no tanque foz, devido a maior captura de R. aspera. A abundância de peixes diminuiu do tanque foz para o tanque tomada, especialmente para R. aspera e Rhaphiodon vulpinus. Nas capturas relativas ao protocolo II, foram capturadas 17 espécies ascendendo a escada: Astyanax altiparanae e Leporinus friderici foram as mais abundantes (com 684 e 111 indivíduos, respectivamente). Entretanto, 18 espécies apresentaram movimentos descendentes, com elevadas capturas de Metynnis maculatus e A. altiparanae (339 e 319 indivíduos, respectivamente). Doze espécies apresentaram movimentos ascendentes e descendentes na escada, e das sete espécies migradoras amostradas, quatro apresentaram movimentos para cima e para baixo, e três espécies somente subiram. Esta escada para peixes parece favorecer seletivamente espécies com elevada capacidade de natação. As necessidades de pesquisas futuras para elucidar sobre a atratividade da escada, movimentos descendentes, utilização da escada pelos peixes e os impactos sobre as áreas de reprodução e criadouros, ambos a montante e jusante da barragem, são discutidos.

The Canal da Piracema at Itaipu Dam as a fish pass system

The Canal da Piracema is the longest (nearly 10 km) fish pass system in the world. The construction of this fish pass was somehow controversial, because it connected two distinct ichthyofaunistic provinces. This study evaluated the ichthyofauna present in the Canal da Piracema and the abundance and distribution of long-distance migratory fish species along this fish pass system (evaluated possible selectivity). The Canal da Piracema was shown to be difficult to sample because of its environmental heterogeneity: artificial ponds, ladders and nature-like fish pass. To solve this problem, we used several fishing gears, adequate for the several biotopes present (unstructured and structured littoral were sampled with seining nets and electrofishing; lentic were sampled with gillnets and longlines (deeper areas); and rapid water areas were sampled with cast nets). The ichthyofauna of the Canal da Piracema followed the pattern for South America and the Paraná River, with a predominance of Characiformes and Siluriformes. The most representative families were Characidae, Anostomidae, Pimelodidae and Loricariidae. We captured 116 species (17 were long-distance migratory) during the period studied. Small-sized species were predominant in unstructured and structured littoral areas, especially Bryconamericus exodon and Apareiodon affinis.The most abundant species was Hypostomus spp. in lentic areas, followed by Iheringichthys labrosus. Hoplias aff. malabaricus predominated in deeper lentic areas. Long-distance migratory species were abundant in rapid waters; they were Prochilodus lineatus and Leporinus elongatus. The sharp reduction in the number of species, including migratory ones, is an indication that the Canal da Piracema is selecting the species that ascend it. Therefore, the search for information on the efficiency of the various fish passes present in the Canal da Piracema is fundamental, to facilitate upward movements of fish. If this is reached, this polemic fish pass has the potential to contribute to the conservation of fish stocks in Itaipu Reservoir and upstream stretches, because of the presence of spawning and development (nurseries) areas for migratory species.

O Canal da Piracema é considerado o maior sistema de transposição para peixes no mundo, com 10 km de extensão. A sua construção foi controversa, pois viabilizou a conexão entre duas províncias ictiofaunísticas distintas. Este trabalho buscou avaliar a ictiofauna presente no Canal da Piracema, a abundância e distribuição das espécies migradoras de longa distância ao longo deste sistema de transposição (indicação de seletividade). O Canal da Piracema mostrou-se difícil de ser amostrado, devido a sua elevada heterogeneidade ambiental: lagos artificiais, escadas e canais semi-naturais, sendo utilizados diversos aparelhos de pesca, adequados aos diversos biótopos (litoral não estruturado e estruturado, amostrados com redes de arrasto e pesca elétrica; lêntico, amostrado com redes de espera e espinhel (mais profundo); e águas rápidas, amostradas com tarrafas). A ictiofauna presente seguiu o padrão para a América do Sul e rio Paraná, com amplo domínio de Characiformes e Siluriformes, sendo Characidae, Anostomidae, Pimelodidade e Loricariidae as famílias mais representativas. Ao todo foram capturadas 116 espécies sendo que 17 eram migradoras de longas distâncias. Nas regiões litorâneas estruturadas e não estruturadas do Canal da Piracema, as capturas se restringiram às espécies de pequeno porte, sendo as mais representativas Bryconamericus exodon e Apareiodon affinis.Nas áreas lênticas houve predomínio de Hypostomus spp., seguidos de Iheringichthys labrosus. Nas áreas lênticas profundas a espécie mais capturada foi Hoplias aff. malabaricus. Nas áreas de águas rápidas houve maior captura de espécies migradoras de longa distância, sendo Prochilodus lineatus e Leporinus elongatus as mais capturadas. A redução acentuada, no sentido de jusante a montante, inclusive das migradoras, indica que o Canal da Piracema está sendo seletivo. Então, a busca de informações dos vários tipos de sistemas de transposição existentes ao longo do Canal da Piracema é fundamental para permitir a movimentação ascendente de peixes. Se isto for alcançado, este polêmico mecanismo de transposição tem potencial para contribuir para a conservação dos estoques de peixes no reservatório de Itaipu e segmento a montante, devido a presença de áreas de desova e crescimento necessários para as espécies migradoras.