In-silico analysis of hemodynamic indicators in idealized stented coronary arteries for varying stent indentation.

In this work, we investigate the effects of stent indentation on hemodynamic indicators in stented coronary arteries. Our aim is to assess in-silico risk factors for in-stent restenosis (ISR) and thrombosis after stent implantation. The proposed model is applied to an idealized artery with Xience V stent for four indentation percentages and three mesh refinements. We analyze the patterns of hemodynamic indicators arising from different stent indentations and propose an analysis of time-averaged WSS (TAWSS), topological shear variation index (TSVI), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT). We observe that higher indentations display higher frequency of critically low TAWSS, high TSVI, and non-physiological OSI and RRT. Furthermore, an appropriate mesh refinement is needed for accurate representation of hemodynamics in the stent vicinity. The results suggest that disturbed hemodynamics could play a role in the correlation between high indentation and ISR.

Impact of Chemical Corrosion on Mechanical Properties of Boroaluminosilicate Pharmaceutical Glasses.

Boroaluminosilicate (BAS) glasses have excellent chemical durability and mechanical properties and are widely used in the pharmaceutical packaging industry. The corrosion behavior of boroaluminosilicate (BAS) glasses have been investigated for many years; however, the impact of chemical corrosion on mechanical properties of boroaluminosilicate glasses has not been well understood. In this work, the BAS glass samples were corroded in a 20 mM Glycine-NaOH buffer solution (pH = 10) at 80 °C for various durations. Within the corrosion durations, the corrosion of the glass is dominated by congruent dissolution. The results show that the elemental composition and structure of the glass surface are not altered significantly during the congruent dissolution, and the corrosion rate is mainly affected by the Si concentration in the solution. The structural change in the process of micro-crack decay is the main factor affecting the mechanical properties of the glass surface. Corrosion leads to the growth of micro-cracks and tip passivation, which causes the hardness and elastic modulus of the glass to first decrease and then increase. As corrosion proceeds, the microcracks are completely destroyed to form micropores, and the pore size and number increase with the corrosion process, resulting in the decrease in surface mechanical properties again. This work reveals the main influencing factors of congruent dissolution on mechanical properties and provides an important reference for the improvement of pharmaceutical glass strength.

Nanoindentation Test of Ion-Irradiated Materials: Issues, Modeling and Challenges.

Exposure of metals to neutron irradiation results in an increase in the yield strength and a significant loss of ductility. Irradiation hardening is also closely related to the fracture toughness temperature shift or the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) shift in alloys with a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal structure. Ion irradiation is an indispensable tool in the study of the radiation effects of materials for nuclear energy systems. Due to the shallow damage depth in ion-irradiated materials, the nanoindentation test is the most commonly used method for characterizing the changes in mechanical properties after ion irradiation. Issues that affect the analysis of irradiation hardening may arise due to changes in the surface morphology and mechanical properties, as well as the inherent complexities in nanoscale indentation. These issues, including changes in surface roughness, carbon contamination, the pile-up effect, and the indentation size effect, with corresponding measures, were reviewed. Modeling using the crystal plasticity finite element method of the nanoindentation of ion-irradiated materials was also reviewed. The challenges in extending the nanoindentation test to high temperatures and to multiscale simulation were addressed.

Non-Destructive Hardness Indentation Measurement of Residual Stress on Large Aerospace Forged Components at the Engineering Site Based on Impact Hardness Tester.

Large forgings are crucial in aerospace applications; however, the residual stresses generated during their forming and heat treatment seriously affect their serviceability. Therefore, the non-destructive detection of residual stresses in large forgings is of far-reaching significance for ensuring the quality of forgings and realising precision machining. Although a variety of detection methods are available, there is still a lack of a programme that can comprehensively, accurately and non-destructively measure the residual stresses in large forgings. This study is dedicated to exploring the application of the bouncing impact indentation method in the non-destructive testing of residual stresses in large forgings. Through in-depth finite element simulations and orthogonal scheme analyses, we found that the elastic modulus, yield strength and work hardening indexes have significant effects on the impact indentation process. Further, we establish the dimensionless function of residual stress and indentation parameters, and successfully obtain the inversion algorithm of residual stress. The relative error of the calculated values of the indentation curves hm and hr in the simulation with reference values is not more than 3%, and the relative error of the corrected Pm inversion values for most virtual materials is not more than 5%. The folding elastic modulus and apparent elastic modulus obtained by inversion are controlled within 10%, which demonstrates a high value for engineering applications. In addition, we innovatively express the research results in the form of 3D stress diagrams, realising the digital expression of 3D residual stresses in large forgings based on feature point measurements and contour surface configurations, which provides intuitive and comprehensive data support for engineering practice.

Effects of Carbon/Kevlar Hybrid Ply and Intercalation Sequence on Mechanical Properties and Damage Resistance of Composite Laminates under Quasi-Static Indentation.

The investigation of damage development is essential for the design and optimization of hybrid structures. This paper provides a reference for the structural design of brittle-ductile hybrid LVI-resistant laminates through analyzing the damage development mechanism of carbon/Kevlar fabric-reinforced composite laminates. The effects of Kevlar fabric hybrid ply and intercalation on the damage development of carbon/Kevlar composite laminates under low-velocity impact (LVI) were investigated using quasi-static indentation (QSI). It was found that an increase in the Kevlar hybrid ratio significantly reduced the peak load and stiffness of these laminates (the maximum decreases in strength and stiffness were 46.03% and 41.43%, respectively), while laminates with identical hybrid ratios but different plying configurations maintained a comparable stiffness under QSI, with differences of less than 5%. Interestingly, Kevlar fibers exhibited irregular fractures as the yarn was splitting, while carbon fibers presented neat breaks, which indicated material-specific failure modes. Notably, the introduction of Kevlar hybridization beyond pure Kevlar configurations (KKKK) resulted in a decrease in the percentage of fiber damage (CCCC, CCCK, CCKK, and KCCK accounted for 80%, 79.8%, 70%, and 60% of fiber damage, respectively), attributed to an increase in resin cracks and lower levels of Kevlar yarn breakage. The internal damage diameter of specimens was accurately predicted from the diameter of visible damage on the QSI surface. Compared with CCCC and CCKK setups, which are affected by resin cracks formed via the carbon surface on the loading side propagating along the yarn direction (including the yarn settling direction), KCCK demonstrated less delamination between the first and second ply.

Unloading Model of Elastic-Plastic Half-Space Contacted by an Elastic Spherical Indenter.

A new unloading contact model of an elastic-perfectly plastic half-space indented by an elastic spherical indenter is presented analytically. The recovered deformation of the elastic indenter and the indented half-space has been found to be dependent on the elastic modulus ratio after fully unloading. The recovered deformation of the indented half-space can be calculated based on the deformation of the purely elastic indenter. The unloading process is assumed to be entirely elastic, and then the relationship of contact force and indentation can be determined based on the solved recovered deformation and conforms to Hertzian-type. The model can accurately predict the residual indentation and residual curvature radius after fully unloading. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the assumptions and the unloading model. The proposed unloading model can cover a wide range of indentations and material properties and is compared with existing unloading models. The cyclic behavior including loading and unloading can be predicted by combining the proposed unloading law with the existing contact loading model. The combined model can be employed for low-velocity impact and nanoindentation tests and the comparison results are in good agreement.

Alternative Method for Determination of Vibroacoustic Material Parameters for Building Applications.

The development of urbanization and the resulting expansion of residential and transport infrastructures pose new challenges related to ensuring comfort for city dwellers. The emission of transport vibrations and household noise reduces the quality of life in the city. To counteract this unfavorable phenomenon, vibration isolation is widely used to reduce the propagation of vibrations and noise. A proper selection of vibration isolation is necessary to ensure comfort. This selection can be made based on a deep understanding of the material parameters of the vibration isolation used. This mainly includes dynamic stiffness and damping. This article presents a comparison of the method for testing dynamic stiffness and damping using a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system and the method using image processing, which involves tracking the movement of a free-falling steel ball onto a sample of the tested material. Rubber granules, rubber granules with rubber fibers, and rebound polyurethanes were selected for testing. Strong correlations were found between the relative indentation and dynamic stiffness (at 10-60 MN/m3) and the relative rebound and damping (for 6-12%). Additionally, a very strong relationship was determined between the density and fraction of the critical damping factor/dynamic stiffness. The relative indentation and relative rebound measurement methods can be used as an alternative method to measure the dynamic stiffness and critical damping factor, respectively.

Mechanical and Structural Properties of Articular Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in Human Osteoarthritic Knees.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA), characterized by multiple joint tissue degenerations, remains a significant clinical challenge. Recent evidence suggests that crosstalk within the osteochondral unit may drive OA progression. While structural-biomechanical properties of bone and cartilage have been studied, potential interaction within the osteochondral unit in the context of OA has yet to be investigated. We performed comprehensive structural and biomechanical quantification of the cartilage, subchondral bone plate, and subchondral trabecular bone using 101 osteochondral cores collected from tibial plateaus of 12 control human cadavers (CT, 5 male/7 female) and 19 patients undergoing total knee replacement (OA, 6 male/13 female). For each sample, we quantified subchondral bone plate microstructure, plate-and-rod morphological properties of the subchondral trabecular bone using individual trabecula segmentation, and morphological and compositional properties of the articular cartilage. We also performed indentation testing on each compartment of the osteochondral unit to extract the respective structural-mechanical properties. Cartilage thickness was lower in moderate and severe OA regions, while OARSI score was higher only in severe OA regions. GAG content did not change in any OA region. Aggregate and shear moduli were lower only in severe OA regions, while permeability was lower only in moderate OA regions. In the subchondral bone plate, thickness and TMD were higher in moderate and severe OA regions. Tissue modulus of subchondral trabecular bone was lower in moderate OA regions despite a thicker and more mineralized subchondral bone plate; this deterioration was not observed in severe OA regions. Regression analysis revealed strong correlations between cartilage and subchondral trabecular bone properties in CT; these correlations were also found in moderate OA regions but were not observed in severe OA regions. In summary, our findings comprehensively characterize the human OA osteochondral unit. Importantly, uncoupling cartilage and subchondral bone structural-mechanical properties may be a hallmark of OA.

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex condition involving the degradation of joint tissues. To better understand OA progression, we investigated the interplay between different components of the joint. Our study focused on how cartilage, subchondral bone plate, and subchondral trabecular bone interact in human knee OA samples. We observed distinct changes in these tissues in moderate and severe OA regions compared to healthy joints. In moderate to severe OA, we found that cartilage thickness decreased while the subchondral bone plate thickened. Interestingly, the strength of the subchondral trabecular bone decreased only in moderate OA regions, not in severe OA. Moreover, our analysis revealed strong correlations between cartilage and subchondral trabecular bone properties in healthy joints and moderate OA regions. However, these correlations were absent in severe OA regions, indicating a disruption in the usual relationship between these tissues. Overall, our findings shed light on the structural and biomechanical changes occurring within the knee joint in OA. Understanding these changes may offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies for managing OA.

Quasi-Static Penetration Properties of 3D-Printed Composite Plates.

This work investigated the impact and piercing load resistance (energy absorption capabilities) of 3D-printed composites plates manufactured by means of the Fused-Filament-Fabrication (FFF) technique. Two sets of reinforced composite plates were produced. The first set of plates was printed with short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polyamide-12, while the second set was reinforced with continuous fibers. The plates were tested with quasi-static indentation tests at various Span-to-Punch ratios and with three different indenter nose shapes (blunt, hemispherical, and conical). The quasi-static measurements were subsequently elaborated to estimate the energy absorption capability of the plates during a ballistic impact. The addition of continuous fibers increased the quasi-static energy absorption capability by 20-185% with respect to the short-fiber-reinforced plates. The quasi-static results showed that by including the continuous reinforcement in the plates, the normalized energy absorbed increased by an order of magnitude. Finally, a comparison with data from the literature concerning continuous-reinforced composite plates manufactured by means of traditional techniques was carried out. The comparison revealed that FFF-printed composite plates can compete with traditional composite ones in terms of both ballistic and quasi-static penetrating load conditions, even if limited by the lower fiber volume fraction. Thus, these findings confirm that this novel Additive Manufacturing technique is promising and worth investigating further.

Intraoperative identification of patient-specific elastic modulus of the meniscus during arthroscopy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Degenerative meniscus tissue has been associated with a lower elastic modulus and can lead to the development of arthrosis. Safe intraoperative measurement of in vivo elastic modulus of the human meniscus could contribute to a better understanding of meniscus health, and for developing surgical simulators where novice surgeons can learn to distinguish healthy from degenerative meniscus tissue. Such measurement can also support intraoperative decision-making by providing a quantitative measure of the meniscus health condition. The objective of this study is to demonstrate a method for intraoperative identification of meniscus elastic modulus during arthroscopic probing using an adaptive observer method. METHODS: Ex vivo arthroscopic examinations were performed on five cadaveric knees to estimate the elastic modulus of the anterior, mid-body, and posterior regions of lateral and medial menisci. Real-time intraoperative force-displacement data was obtained and utilized for modulus estimation through an adaptive observer method. For the validation of arthroscopic elastic moduli, an inverse parameter identification approach using optimization, based on biomechanical indentation tests and finite element analyses, was employed. Experimental force-displacement data in various anatomical locations were measured through indentation. An iterative optimization algorithm was employed to optimize elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios by comparing experimental force values at maximum displacement with the corresponding force values from linear elastic region-specific finite element models. Finally, the estimated elastic modulus values obtained from ex vivo arthroscopy were compared against optimized values using a paired t-test. RESULTS: The elastic moduli obtained from ex vivo arthroscopy and optimization showcased subject specificity in material properties. Additionally, the results emphasized anatomical and regional specificity within the menisci. The anterior region of the medial menisci exhibited the highest elastic modulus among the anatomical locations studied (9.97±3.20MPa from arthroscopy and 5.05±1.97MPa from finite element-based inverse parameter identification). The paired t-test results indicated no statistically significant difference between the elastic moduli obtained from arthroscopy and inverse parameter identification, suggesting the feasibility of stiffness estimation using arthroscopic examination. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated the feasibility of intraoperative identification of patient-specific elastic modulus for meniscus tissue during arthroscopy.

[Study on methods measuring mechanical properties of arterial wall by macroscopic indentation].

Accurately evaluating the local biomechanics of arterial wall is crucial for diagnosing and treating arterial diseases. Indentation measurement can be used to evaluate the local mechanical properties of the artery. However, the effects of the indenter's geometric structure and the analysis theory on measurement results remain uncertain. In this paper, four kinds of indenters were used to measure the pulmonary aorta, the proximal thoracic aorta and the distal thoracic aorta in pigs, and the arterial elastic modulus was calculated by Sneddon and Sirghi theory to explore the influence of the indenter geometry and analysis theory on the measured elastic modulus. The results showed that the arterial elastic modulus measured by cylindrical indenter was lower than that measured by spherical indenter. In addition, compared with the calculated results of Sirghi theory, the Sneddon theory, which does not take adhesion forces in account, resulted in slightly larger elastic modulus values. In conclusion, this study provides parametric support for effective measurement of arterial local mechanical properties by millimeter indentation technique.

Effects of printing orientation and artificial ageing on martens hardness and indentation modulus of 3D printed restorative resin materials.

BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used to fabricate dental restorations due to its enhanced precision, consistency and time and cost-saving advantages. The properties of 3D-printed resin materials can be influenced by the chosen printing orientation which can impact the mechanical characteristics of the final products. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of printing orientation and artificial ageing on the Martens hardness (HM) and indentation modulus (EIT) of 3D-printed definitive and temporary dental restorative resins. METHODS: Disk specimens (20 mm diameter × 2 mm height) were additively manufactured in three printing orientations (0°, 45°, 90°) using five 3D-printable resins: VarseoSmile Crownplus (VCP), Crowntec (CT), Nextdent C&B MFH (ND), Dima C&B temp (DT), and GC temp print (GC). The specimens were printed using a DLP 3D-printer (ASIGA MAX UV), while LavaTM Ultimate (LU) and Telio CAD (TC) served as milled control materials. Martens hardness (HM) and indentation modulus (EIT) were tested both before and after storage in distilled water and artificial saliva for 1, 30, and 90 days at 37 °C. RESULTS: 90° printed specimens exhibited higher HM than the other orientations at certain time points, but no significant differences were observed in HM and EIT between orientations for all 3D-printed materials after 90 days of ageing in both aging media. LU milled control material exhibited the highest HM and EIT among the tested materials, while TC, the other milled control, showed similar values to the 3D printed resins. CT and VCP (definitive resins) and ND displayed higher Martens parameters compared to DT and GC (temporary resins). The hardness of the 3D-printed materials was significantly impacted by artificial ageing compared to the controls, with ND having the least hardness reduction percentage amongst all 3D-printed materials. The hardness reduction percentage in distilled water and artificial saliva was similar for all materials except for TC, where higher reduction was noted in artificial saliva. SIGNIFICANCE: The used 3D printed resins cannot yet be considered viable alternatives to milled materials intended for definitive restorations but are preferable for use as temporary restorations.

Effect of negative pressure therapy on the treatment response to scar thickness and viscoelasticity.

Patients with scars face a grave threat to their mental and physical health. Negative pressure has been used for scar therapy in medical care and provides a microenvironment conducive to scar healing while stimulating cell regeneration. Negative pressure may disrupt scar tissue regeneration when the pressure is too high or too low, so finding a suitable negative pressure is important. We hypothesized that different negative pressure magnitudes would affect scar tissue properties differently. This research aimed to provide practical recommendations for scar therapy. This study used three negative pressures (-105 mmHg, -125 mmHg, and -145 mmHg) to compare scar material properties. We measured scar tissue thickness and viscoelasticity with a motor-driven ultrasound indentation system. According to the results of this study, scar thickness is most effectively reduced at a negative pressure of -105 mmHg. In comparison, scar viscoelasticity continuously increases at a negative pressure of -125 mmHg. Negative pressure therapy can be recommended to scar care clinics based on the results of this study.

Predictive Modeling of Vickers Hardness Using Machine Learning Techniques on D2 Steel with Various Treatments.

Hardness is one of the most crucial mechanical properties, serving as a key indicator of a material's suitability for specific applications and its resistance to fracturing or deformation under operational conditions. Machine learning techniques have emerged as valuable tools for swiftly and accurately predicting material behavior. In this study, regression methods including decision trees, adaptive boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and random forest were employed to forecast Vickers hardness values based solely on scanned monochromatic images of indentation imprints, eliminating the need for diagonal measurements. The dataset comprised 54 images of D2 steel in various states, including commercial, quenched, tempered, and coated with Titanium Niobium Nitride (TiNbN). Due to the limited number of images, non-deep machine learning techniques were utilized. The Random Forest technique exhibited superior performance, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.95, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.12, and Coefficient of Determination (R2) ≈ 1, surpassing the other methods considered in this study. These results suggest that employing machine learning algorithms for predicting Vickers hardness from scanned images offers a promising avenue for rapid and accurate material assessment, potentially streamlining quality control processes in industrial settings.

Microhardness Variation with Indentation Depth for Body-Centered Cubic Steels Pertinent to Grain Size and Ferrite Content.

For a micro-indentation hardness test with non-destructivity, the Nix-Gao model is widely used to describe tested hardness or microhardness variation with an indentation depth induced by indentation size effect, in which tested hardness approaches the macrohardness when the indentation depth is large enough. Based on an analysis of hardness measurements on 10 body-centered cubic steels with diverse microstructure, this paper proposes an analytical relation between microhardness to macrohardness ratio and the indentation depth by explicitly linking characteristic indentation depth (a data-fitting parameter) to grain size and ferrite volume fraction using two different methods. In addition, the normal distribution theory is incorporated to consider the inevitable scatter of identical measurements resulting from material heterogeneity and machining/testing errors. Results show that the proposed model, with 96% reliability, can effectively predict microhardness variation with the indentation depth and its scatter.

Investigation of the short-term in vivo performance of metal-on-carbon fibre reinforced poly ether ether ketone Motec wrists: an explant analysis.

Total wrist arthroplasty (TWA) aims to restore pain-free motion to diseased joints. One such TWA, the Motec, has demonstrated good results with acceptable complication rates. It has recently been suggested that the metal-on-carbon fibre reinforced poly ether ether ketone (Mo-CFR-PEEK) version of the Motec TWA be implanted instead of the metal-on-metal version. An explant analysis was undertaken on seven Motec Mo-CFR-PEEK TWAs, revised for a variety of reasons, after a mean time of 2 years in vivo. Compared to a new Motec implant, five of the explanted metal heads and three of the CFR-PEEK cups became smoother in vivo, suggesting self-polishing and negative skewness, indicating some material loss in vivo. Two explanted cups showed indentation marks on their rims and one of these was from component impingement with embedded metallic debris. In the short-term, the articulating surfaces of Motec Mo-CFR-PEEK TWAs did not show major damage.Level of evidence: IV.

Identification of constitutive materials of bi-layer soft tissues from multimodal indentations.

The personalisation of finite element models is an important problem in the biomechanical fields where subject-specific analyses are fundamental, particularly in studying soft tissue mechanics. The personalisation includes the choice of the constitutive law of the model's material, as well as the choice of the material parameters. In vivo identification of the material properties of soft tissues is challenging considering the complex behaviour of soft tissues that are, among other things, non-linear hyperelastic and heterogeneous. Hybrid experimental-numerical methods combining in vivo indentations and inverse finite element analyses are common to identify these material parameters. Yet, the uniqueness and the uncertainty of the multi-material hyperelastic model have not been evaluated. This study presents a sensitivity analysis performed on synthetic indentation data to investigate the identification uncertainties of the material parameters in a bi-material thigh phantom. Synthetic numerical data, used to replace experimental measurements, considered several measurement modalities: indenter force and displacement, stereo-camera 3D digital image correlation of the indented surface, and ultrasound B-mode images. A finite element model of the indentation was designed with either Ogden-Moerman or Mooney-Rivlin constitutive laws for both materials. The parameters' identifiability (i.e. the possibility of converging to a unique parameter set within an acceptable margin of error) was assessed with various cost functions formulated using the different synthetic data sets. The results underline the need for multiple experimental modalities to reduce the uncertainty of the identified parameters. Additionally, the experimental error can impede the identification of a unique parameter set, and the cost function depends on the constitutive law. This study highlights the need for sensitivity analyses before the design of the experimental protocol. Such studies can also be used to define the acceptable range of errors in the experimental measurement. Eventually, the impact of the evaluated uncertainty of the identified parameters should be further investigated according to the purpose of the finite element modelling.

A new method for determining the ogden parameters of soft materials using indentation experiments.

A full understanding of the material properties of skin tissue is crucial for exploring its tribo-mechanical behaviour. It has been widely accepted that the mechanical behaviour of skin tissue for both small and large deformations can be accurately described using a hyperelastic model, such as the one developed by Ogden. However, obtaining these Ogden parameters for in-vivo skin by in-vivo experiments no matter the indentation or suction tests is a significant challenge. The mathematical model used to describe the material behaviour during the test should consider not only the material nonlinearity but also the geometrical confinement of the tissue, the large deformations induced, and the fact that the specimens are relatively thin. A range of contact models is available to describe the contact behaviour during the indentation test. However, none of them can be used for hyperelastic materials with small thickness under large deformations. Simultaneously explaining material nonlinearity and geometric nonlinearity, either through theoretical equations or numerical calculations, poses a significant challenge. In this research, we propose a pragmatic method to obtain Ogden parameters for in-vivo skin tissue by combining experimental indentation results and numerical simulations. The indentation tests were used to obtain the force-indentation depth curves, while the numerical simulations were used to obtain the strain fields. The method assumes the material behaviour of specimens can be linearized in each small deformation increment, and the contact model developed by Hayes can be applied to accommodate each increment. Then, the linear elastic behaviour in each increment can be described by the elastic modulus E which were obtained using Hayes model, and the principal stresses in each increment were subsequently obtained using Hooke's law. By combining all stress fields, overall stress-strain curves can be constructed, from which the hyperelastic Ogden parameters can be obtained. A second numerical simulation of the hyperelastic indentation was then performed using the obtained Ogden parameters, allowing a comparison of the experimental and simulated relationships between force and indentation.

Irradiation-Hardening Model of TiZrHfNbMo0.1 Refractory High-Entropy Alloys.

In order to find more excellent structural materials resistant to radiation damage, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been developed due to their characteristics of limited point defect diffusion such as lattice distortion and slow diffusion. Specially, refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) that can adapt to a high-temperature environment are badly needed. In this study, TiZrHfNbMo0.1 RHEAs are selected for irradiation and nanoindentation experiments. We combined the mechanistic model for the depth-dependent hardness of ion-irradiated metals and the introduction of the scale factor f to modify the irradiation-hardening model in order to better describe the nanoindentation indentation process in the irradiated layer. Finally, it can be found that, with the increase in irradiation dose, a more serious lattice distortion caused by a higher defect density limits the expansion of the plastic zone.