Potential use of other starch sources in the treatment of glycogen storage disease type Ia - an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD-Ia) is one of the most common hepatic GSD. Its treatment mainly consists of a diet including a high intake of slow-digestion carbohydrates such as raw cornstarch and the restriction of simple sugars. This enables the maintenance of euglycemia and prevents secondary metabolic disorders. Starch is a glucose polymer formed by amylose and amylopectin, which can be obtained from distinct sources. Although uncooked cornstarch has been successfully used in the treatment of GSD-Ia, it can lead to hyperglycemia and weight gain. in vitro andin vivo tests indicated that sweet manioc starch can be potentially used in the treatment of GSD-Ia. RESULTS: The moisture analysis revealed a variation from 10.3 to 12.8% in the sweet manioc starch samples, whereas the moisture content of uncooked cornstarch ranged from 7.3 to 11.1%. Quantifiable sugar was detected in 3/5 samples of sweet manioc starch and 1/3 samples of uncooked cornstarch. Notably, this uncooked cornstarch brand is widely employed in GSD-Ia treatment in Brazil. Products B and E had higher values of amylopectin and undetectable levels of sugars. A clinical trial is warranted to compare samples F and G and determine the impact of sugar trace in the same dietary source of starch. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, the results demonstrated possible therapeutic alternatives for GSD-Ia in addition to traditional uncooked cornstarch.

Continuous rotary kiln pyrolysis of cassava plant shoot system and wide speciation of oxygenated and nitrogen-containing compounds in bio-oil by HESI and APPI-Orbitrap MS.

This work proposes the pyrolysis of the cassava plant shoot system biomass and a comprehensive chemical characterization of the resulting bio-oil. The highest yields of liquid products were obtained at 600 °C, with 12.6 % bio-oil (organic fraction), which presented the lowest total acid number of 65.7 mg KOH g-1. The bio-oil produced at 500 °C exhibited the highest total phenolic content of approximately 41 % GAE, confirmed by GC/MS analysis (33.8 % of the total area). FT-Orbitrap MS analysis found hundreds of oxygenated constituents in the bio-oils, belonging to the O2-7 classes, as well as nitrogen compounds from the Ny and OxNy classes. Higher pyrolysis temperatures resulted in more oxygenated phenolics (O4-7) undergoing secondary degradation and deoxygenation reactions, generating O2-3 compounds. Additional classes affected were O3-5N2-3, while O1-2N1 presented more stable compounds. These findings show that cassava bio-oils are promising sources of renewable chemicals.

A triple-blinded crossover study to evaluate the short-term safety of sweet manioc starch for the treatment of glycogen storage disease type Ia.

BACKGROUND: Glycogen storage disease type 1a (GSD Ia) is characterized by severe fasting hypoglycemia. The clinical management includes the administration of uncooked cornstarch (UCCS). Although such a diet approach is effective in achieving euglycemia, its impact on the quality of life of patients should be considered. In vitro analyses suggest a longer release of glucose when using sweet manioc starch (SMS). METHODS: We compared the efficacy and safety of the administration of SMS and UCCS during a short-fasting challenge in patients with GSD Ia in a randomized, triple-blind, phase I/II, cross-over study. GSD Ia patients aged ≥ 16 years and treated with UCCS were enrolled. Participants were hospitalized for two consecutive nights, receiving UCCS or SMS in each night. After the administration of the starches, glucose, lactate and insulin levels were measured in 1-h interval throughout the hospitalization period. The procedures were interrupted after 10 h of fasting or in a hypoglycemic episode (< 3.88 mmol/L). RESULTS: Eleven individuals (mean age: 21.6 ± 4.3 years; all presenting body mass index > 25 kg/m2) participated in the study. The average fasting period was 8.2 ± 2.0 h for SMS and 7.7 ± 2.3 h for UCCS (p = 0.04). SMS maintained euglycemia for a greater period over UCCS. Increased lactate concentrations were detected even in absence of hypoglycemia, not being influenced by the different starches investigated (p = 0.17). No significant difference was found in total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides and uric acid levels in both arms. None of the patients showed severe adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: SMS appears to be non-inferior to UCCS in the maintenance of euglycemia, thus emerging as a promising alternative to the treatment of GSD Ia.

Childhood lead exposure of Amerindian communities in French Guiana: an isotopic approach to tracing sources.

In French Guiana were detected high lead (Pb) levels in blood of Amerindian people. Lead exposure is a serious hazard that can affect the cognitive and behavior development. People can be exposed to Pb through occupational and environmental sources. Fingerprinting based on stable Pb isotopes in environmental media is often used to trace natural and anthropogenic sources but is rarely paired with blood data. The objective of this study was to determine the main factors associated with high Blood Lead Levels (BLL). Soil, manioc tubers, food bowls, beverages, wild games, lead pellets and children blood were sampled in small villages along the Oyapock River. children BLL ranged between 5.7 and 35 µg dL-1, all exceeding 5 µg dL-1, the reference value proposed in epidemiologic studies for lead poisoning. Among the different dietary sources, manioc tubers and large game contained elevated Pb concentrations while manioc-based dishes were diluted. The isotopes ratios (207Pb/206Pb and 208Pb/206Pb) of children blood overlapped these of lead shots and meals. These first results confirm for the first time, the diary consumption of manioc-based food as the main contributor to Amerindian children's BLL in French Guiana, but don't exclude the occasional exposure to lead bullets by hunting activities. This is a specific health concern, since previous studies have shown that these same villagers present high levels of mercury (Hg). These communities are indeed subject to a double exposure to neurotoxic metals, Hg and Pb, both through their diet. The farming activity is based on manioc growing, and explaining that this ancestral practice can induce serious health risks for the child's development may seriously affect their food balance and cultural cohesion.

Edible coatings in post-harvest papaya: impact on physical-chemical and sensory characteristics.

The aim of the present study was to characterize the physical-chemical and sensory attributes of two papaya varieties (Aliança and Golden THB) (Carica papaya L.) coated with different solutions of manioc starch and clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. et Perry). Four different treatments were studied in papaya fruits at ripening stage 1: T0 (control); T1 (fruits coated with a solution of manioc starch); T2 (fruits coated with clove essential oil at 0.175 mL L-1); T3 (solution of manioc starch with clove essential oil-0.175 mL L-1). The physical-chemical and sensory analyses were conducted in the fruits at ripening stage 5. The edible coatings did not influence the physical-chemical characteristics of the two varieties. Those fruits coated with manioc starch reported a good sensory acceptance not differing statistically from the control fruits in the majority of the attributes studied. By evaluating the purchase intention regarding the variety Aliança, all the treatments reported good levels of acceptance, with higher scores in the option "would certainly buy". After the sensory evaluation, treatment T3 reported a purchase intention of 80%. It was concluded that the edible coatings did not influence the physical-chemical characteristics of the fruits, however, they influenced the sensory acceptance of the tasters. For the variety Aliança, the application of treatment T3 is recommended, while for Golden THB, treatments T1 and T2 are recommended due to their similarity to the control.

Classification and Use of Natural and Anthropogenic Soils by Indigenous Communities of the Upper Amazon Region of Colombia.

Outsiders often oversimplify Amazon soil use by assuming that abundantly available natural soils are poorly suited to agriculture and that sporadic anthropogenic soils are agriculturally productive. Local perceptions about the potentials and limitations of soils probably differ, but information on these perceptions is scarce. We therefore examined how four indigenous communities in the Middle Caquetá River region in the Colombian Amazon classify and use natural and anthropogenic soils. The study was framed in ethnopedology: local classifications, preferences, rankings, and soil uses were recorded through interviews and field observations. These communities recognized nine soils varying in suitability for agriculture. They identified anthropogenic soils as most suitable for agriculture, but only one group used them predominantly for their swiddens. As these communities did not perceive soil nutrient status as limiting, they did not base crop-site selection on soil fertility or on the interplay between soil quality and performance of manioc genetic resources.

Elaboração e avaliação físico-química de farinha de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) enriquecida com junça (Cyperus esculentus)

A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) e a junça (Cyperus esculentus) são excelentes fontes de energia alimentar, principalmente a junça, que é uma erva daninha que ocorre em arroizais. Aproveitou-se a junça, que em muitas culturas de arroz é vítima de herbicidas, para enriquecer a farinha de mandioca originando um alimento energético, ou complemento alimentar, rico, principalmente, em proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos quando comparados à literatura e legislação vigente (Portaria 554/95 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento), uma vez que a farinha não enriquecida apresenta concentrações irrisórias dos mesmos. Quanto aos parâmetros: cinza, amido, umidade e acidez, estes se enquadraram nos valores estabelecidos pela Portaria 554/95.(AU)

The manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and the junça (Cyperus esculentus) they are excellent sources of energy alimentary, mainly the junça, that is a harmful herb that happens in arroizais. It's took advantage the junça, that in many cultures of rice are herbicidas victim, to enrich the manioc flour originating an energy food, or I complement to feed, rich, mainly, in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate when compared to the literature and effective legislation (Entrance 554/95 of the Ministry of the Agriculture, Livestock and Provisioning), once the flour not enriched it presents insignificant concentrations of the same ones. The parameters: ash, starch, humidity and acidity, these they were framed in the established values by the Ordinance 554/95.(AU)

Elaboração e avaliação físico-química de farinha de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) enriquecida com junça (Cyperus esculentus)

A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) e a junça (Cyperus esculentus) são excelentes fontes de energia alimentar, principalmente a junça, que é uma erva daninha que ocorre em arroizais. Aproveitou-se a junça, que em muitas culturas de arroz é vítima de herbicidas, para enriquecer a farinha de mandioca originando um alimento energético, ou complemento alimentar, rico, principalmente, em proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos quando comparados à literatura e legislação vigente (Portaria 554/95 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento), uma vez que a farinha não enriquecida apresenta concentrações irrisórias dos mesmos. Quanto aos parâmetros: cinza, amido, umidade e acidez, estes se enquadraram nos valores estabelecidos pela Portaria 554/95.

The manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and the junça (Cyperus esculentus) they are excellent sources of energy alimentary, mainly the junça, that is a harmful herb that happens in arroizais. It's took advantage the junça, that in many cultures of rice are herbicidas victim, to enrich the manioc flour originating an energy food, or I complement to feed, rich, mainly, in proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate when compared to the literature and effective legislation (Entrance 554/95 of the Ministry of the Agriculture, Livestock and Provisioning), once the flour not enriched it presents insignificant concentrations of the same ones. The parameters: ash, starch, humidity and acidity, these they were framed in the established values by the Ordinance 554/95.

Caracterización química y cuantificación de fructooligosacáridos, compuestos fenólicos y actividad antirradical de tubérculos y raíces andinos cultivados en el noroeste de Argentina / Chemical characterization and quantification of fructooligosaccharides, phenolic compounds and antiradical activity of Andean roots and tubers grown in Northwest of Argentina

Existe un creciente interés por consumir alimentos que además de aportar los componentes básicos para una buena nutrición provean otros compuestos benéficos para la salud. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la composición química de alimentos autóctonos de la región andina y cuantificar algunos componentes funcionales. Se determinó composición centesimal, contenido de vitamina C y compuestos fenólicos totales, actividad antirradical (DPPH) en cáscara y pulpa, fibra dietaria soluble e insoluble, fructooligosacáridos (FOS), almidón total y resistente (en tubérculos y raíces crudos, hervidos y hervidos y almacenados) de 6 variedades de Ocas (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones de Mandiocas (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Los resultados mostraron mayor cantidad de compuestos bioactivos y actividad antirradical en la cáscara de ocas. En todos los casos el contenido de fibra insoluble fue mayor que la soluble. Las mandiocas tuvieron mayor contenido de almidón total que las raíces y tubérculos andinos. El proceso de ebullición disminuyó el contenido de almidón resistente en ocas y mandiocas pero cuando éstas se almacenaron por 48h a 5°C, el contenido de almidón resistente aumentó nuevamente. El contenido de FOS en ocas fue similar para todas las variedades (Aproximadamente 7%). El principal componente de los carbohidratos del yacón fueron los FOS (8,89%). Se puede concluir que las raíces y tubérculos estudiados, además de aportar nutrientes, contienen compuestos funcionales que les confieren un valor adicional como alimentos útiles para la prevención de algunas enfermedades no trasmisibles.

There is great interest in consuming foods that can provide the nutrients for a good nutrition and other health beneficial compounds. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of native foods of the Andean region and to quantify some functional components. Proximal composition, vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, antiradical activity (DPPH) in peel and pulp, dietary fiber soluble and insoluble, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), total and resistant starch (in tubers and raw roots, boiled and boiled and stored) of 6 varieties of Oca (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius were determined. The results showed greater amount of bioactive compounds and antiradical activity in the skin of these products. The highest content was found in the oca peel. In all cases, the content of insoluble fiber was greater than the soluble. The manioc had higher total starch than Andean roots and tubers. The boiling process decreased the resistant starch content of ocas and maniocs, but when these are stored for 48 h at 5 ° C, the resistant starch content increased. The FOS content of the ocas was similar for all varieties (7%). The main component of yacon carbohydrates were FOS (8,89%). The maniocs did not contain FOS. It can be concluded that the roots and tubers studied, in addition to provide nutrients, contain functional compounds that confer additional helpful value for preventing no communicable diseases.

Análises das propriedades físicas e antimicrobianas de filmes a base de amigo contendo óleo essencial de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd e Rosmarinus officinalis L. - Lamiaceae / Analysis of physical and antimicrobial properties of films based on starch containing Tetradonia riparia (Hochst.) and Rosmarinus officinalis L Clodd - Lamiaceae essential oil / Análisis de las propiedades físicas y antimicrobianas de películas a base de almidón conteniendo aceite esencial de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd e Rosmarinus officinalis L. - Lamiaceae

Objetivando reduzir os impactos ambientais decorrentes do acúmulo de plásticos sintéticos, estão sendo desenvolvidas embalagens derivadas de polímeros renováveis, os chamados filmes biodegradáveis. Empregados na cobertura de produtos desidratados e frescos são capazes de conservar suas características sensoriais, valor nutritivo e evitar o desenvolvimento de micro-organismos (MO). Com este intuito, foram produzidos filmes com amido acetilado, gelatina e plastificante impregnados com óleos essenciais de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd e Rosmarinus officinalis nas concentrações de 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 3% (em relação à massa total do filme). Os parâmetros avaliados foram a espessura, solubilidade, opacidade e a capacidade de inibição microbiana frente aos micro-organismos Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans. Após a adição do óleo, observou-se redução na espessura nos filmes contendo R. officinalis quando comparados ao controle negativo (CN). Já nos filmes com T. riparia, os valores foram semelhantes ao CN, indicando melhor compatibilidade entre reagentes dos filmes a esse óleo. As solubilidades desses filmes aumentaram ao incorporar os óleos, exceto nos filmes com 0,25 e 1% do óleo de T. riparia, em que os valores ficaram próximos ao CN. A opacidade dos filmes com óleo de R. officinalis aumentou com o aumento da concentração deste óleo na composição do filme, porém nos filmes com T. Riparia, ocorreu o contrário a opacidade diminuiu com o acréscimo deste óleo nos filmes. Quanto ao filme incorporado com cloranfenicol, nos três parâmetros não houve diferenças significativas ao compará-lo com o CN. No teste microbiológico, para todos os filmes analisados, os MO demonstraram resistência comparados aos halos formados pelo controle positivo. Portanto, novos estudos deverão ser realizados, objetivando aumentar a compatibilidade dos filmes com os óleos, bem como novos óleos poderão ser analisados.

In order to reduce the environmental impacts resulting from the accumulation of synthetic plastic, packaging derived from renewable polymers are being developed, which are known as biodegradable films. Used in dried and fresh products, they are able to retain their sensory characteristics and nutritional value, as well as preventing the development of microorganisms (MO). For this purpose, films with acetylated starch, gelatin and plasticizer impregnated with Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3% (relative to the total weight of the film) have been developed. This paper assessed the thickness, solubility, opacity and the capacity to inhibit Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in these films. After the addition of oil, a decrease in the thickness of film incorporated with R. officinalis could be observed when compared to the negative control (NC). However, the film incorporated with T. riparia, the values were similar to the NC, indicating better compatibility between the film reagents and this oil. The solubility of these films increased when the oils were incorporated, except for the films with concentration of 0.25 and 1% of T. riparia oil, in which the values were close to the NC. The opacity of the films with R. officinalis oil increased with the increase in the concentration of oil in the composition of the film. However, in the films with T. riparia, the opposite could be noticed, that is, the opacity decreased with the addition of this oil in the films. For the films with chloramphenicol, there were no significant differences for the three parameters measured when compared to the NC. In the microbiological test, for all films analyzed, the MO showed resistance compared to the inhibition formed by the positive control. Therefore, further studies should be conducted in order to increase the compatibility of the films with the oils, as well as analyzing new oils;

Análises das propriedades físicas e antimicrobianas de filmes a base de amigo contendo óleo essencial de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd e Rosmarinus officinalis L. - Lamiaceae / Analysis of physical and antimicrobial properties of films based on starch containing Tetradonia riparia (Hochst.) and Rosmarinus officinalis L Clodd - Lamiaceae essential oil / Análisis de las propiedades físicas y antimicrobianas de películas a base de almidón conteniendo aceite esencial de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd e Rosmarinus officinalis L. - Lamiaceae

Objetivando reduzir os impactos ambientais decorrentes do acúmulo de plásticos sintéticos, estão sendo desenvolvidas embalagens derivadas de polímeros renováveis, os chamados filmes biodegradáveis. Empregados na cobertura de produtos desidratados e frescos são capazes de conservar suas características sensoriais, valor nutritivo e evitar o desenvolvimento de micro-organismos (MO). Com este intuito, foram produzidos filmes com amido acetilado, gelatina e plastificante impregnados com óleos essenciais de Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd e Rosmarinus officinalis nas concentrações de 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 3% (em relação à massa total do filme). Os parâmetros avaliados foram a espessura, solubilidade, opacidade e a capacidade de inibição microbiana frente aos micro-organismos Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans. Após a adição do óleo, observou-se redução na espessura nos filmes contendo R. officinalis quando comparados ao controle negativo (CN). Já nos filmes com T. riparia, os valores foram semelhantes ao CN, indicando melhor compatibilidade entre reagentes dos filmes a esse óleo. As solubilidades desses filmes aumentaram ao incorporar os óleos, exceto nos filmes com 0,25 e 1% do óleo de T. riparia, em que os valores ficaram próximos ao CN. A opacidade dos filmes com óleo de R. officinalis aumentou com o aumento da concentração deste óleo na composição do filme, porém nos filmes com T. Riparia, ocorreu o contrário a opacidade diminuiu com o acréscimo deste óleo nos filmes. Quanto ao filme incorporado com cloranfenicol, nos três parâmetros não houve diferenças significativas ao compará-lo com o CN. No teste microbiológico, para todos os filmes analisados, os MO demonstraram resistência comparados aos halos formados pelo controle positivo. Portanto, novos estudos deverão ser realizados, objetivando aumentar a compatibilidade dos filmes com os óleos, bem como novos óleos poderão ser analisados.(AU)

In order to reduce the environmental impacts resulting from the accumulation of synthetic plastic, packaging derived from renewable polymers are being developed, which are known as biodegradable films. Used in dried and fresh products, they are able to retain their sensory characteristics and nutritional value, as well as preventing the development of microorganisms (MO). For this purpose, films with acetylated starch, gelatin and plasticizer impregnated with Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 3% (relative to the total weight of the film) have been developed. This paper assessed the thickness, solubility, opacity and the capacity to inhibit Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans in these films. After the addition of oil, a decrease in the thickness of film incorporated with R. officinalis could be observed when compared to the negative control (NC). However, the film incorporated with T. riparia, the values were similar to the NC, indicating better compatibility between the film reagents and this oil. The solubility of these films increased when the oils were incorporated, except for the films with concentration of 0.25 and 1% of T. riparia oil, in which the values were close to the NC. The opacity of the films with R. officinalis oil increased with the increase in the concentration of oil in the composition of the film. However, in the films with T. riparia, the opposite could be noticed, that is, the opacity decreased with the addition of this oil in the films. For the films with chloramphenicol, there were no significant differences for the three parameters measured when compared to the NC. In the microbiological test, for all films analyzed, the MO showed resistance compared to the inhibition formed by the positive control. Therefore, further studies should be conducted in order to increase the compatibility of the films with the oils, as well as analyzing new oils;(AU)

Anafilaxia após ingestão de mandioca em pacientes com alergia ao látex: relato de 2 casos / Anaphylaxis after ingestion of manioc in patients with allergy to latex: reprt of 2 cases

Objective: To report the first cases in our country of patients with latex allergy who developed anaphylaxis with urticaria and bronchospasm after eating maníoc, suggesting the presence of cross-reactivity between these allergens. Methods: Latex allergy was confirmed by assessing specific IgE through in vivo (prick tests) and in vitro (ImmunoCAP) tests. 5kin tests to aeroallergens, manioc and other foods were also conducted. Allergy to manioc was confirmed with oral challenge tests. ImmunoCAP inhibition assays were performed with extract of manioc and latex to assess cross reactivity. Results: 5kin tests to aeroallergens were negative. The skin prick tests with commerciallatex extracts were positive in both patients. Prick-to-prick with raw and cooked manioc was also positive. Both patients had positive skin tests for fresh papava and one of them for pineapple. Tests were negative for banana, kiwi and chestnut. Both had high serum specific IgE to latex. Both patients had a reaction with the open challenge test with manioc. ImmunoCAP inhibition assays revealed cross-reactivity between latex and manioc. Conclusion: Although previous reports have already suggested cross-reactivity between latex and manioc, this is the first report of cross reactivity between these allergens in our country, and indicates that manioc should definitely be added to the growing Iist of foods that present cross-reactívity with latex.

Objetivo: Primeira descrição em nosso meio de reação anafilátíca, com urticária e broncoespasmo após a ingestão de mandioca (Manihot utilissima) em pacientes com alergia ao látex, sugerindo a presença de uma reatividade cruzada entre estes dois alérgenos. Métodos: A alergia ao látex foi confirmada através da pesquisa de IgE específica in vivo (testes de puntura) e in vitro (ImmunoCAP, PHADIA, Brasil). Testes cutâneos para aeroalérgenos comuns, mandioca e outros alimentos também foram realizados. A alergia a mandioca foi avaliada pela determinação de IgE específica in vivo e confirmada através de testes de provocação oral com a mandioca. Ensaios de inibição do ImmunoCAP foram realizados com extrato de mandioca e de látex para avaliar a reatividade cruzada. Resultados: Os testes cutâneos para aeroalérgenos comuns foram negativos. Os testes cutâneos de puntura com extratos comerciais de látex foram positivo em ambos os pacientes. Prick-to-prick com mandioca crua e cozida também foram positivos. Ambos tiveram testes cutâneos positivos para mamão fresco e um deles para abacaxi. Os testes foram negativos para a banana, kiwi e castanha. Ambos tinham níveis séricos elevados de IgE específica ao látex. Ambos os pacientes tiveram reação com a provocação aberta com a mandioca. Ensaios de inibição do ImmunoCAP revelaram reatividade cruzada entre o látex e mandioca. Conclusão: Esse é o primeiro relato de reação cruzada entre estes dois alérgenos no Brasil. Os resultados reforçam que a mandioca deve ser definitivamente adicionada à crescente lista de alimentos que apresentam reação cruzada com o látex da borracha.

The Lane-Eynon technique and the polarimetric assay performance for determining starch in manioc / Comparação entre os métodos de Lane-Eynon e polarimétrico para determinação de amido em farinha de mandioca

The Lane Eynon and polarimetric techniques performance were assessed in determining starch in manioc flour samples. The Students t-test was used to compare both methodologies and to calculate the average, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of the results obtained from replicate assays. No significant differences were shown between both methodologies at 5% level. Both techniques proved to be accurate, although highly trained technicians are required. Nevertheless, the use of polarimetric methodology showed advantages because it is faster and easy to perform, and of low cost The Lane Eynon technique might be employed as an alternative assay, according to the laboratory conditions availability.

Foram analisadas amostras de farinha de mandioca por meio das técnicas de Lane-Eynon e de polarimetria para determinação de amido, a fim de avaliar o desempenho de ambas as metodologias. Foi utilizado o teste de Student para comparar os resultados obtidos por meio dessas duas técnicas e foram calculados os valores da média, do desvio padrão e do coeficiente de variação dos resultados obtidos de análises realizadas em replicata. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois ensaios em nível de 5%. As duas técnicas mostraram-se precisas e exatas, porém requerem técnicos adequadamente treinados. A técnica polarimétrica apresenta vantagens por ser de execução mais rápida e de menor custo. A técnica de Lane Eynon pode ser empregada como ensaio alternativo, conforme a disponibilidade tecnológica do laboratório.

Ocorrência de isômeros do beta-caroteno em raízes de cinco cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crants) do Estado de São Paulo / Beta-carotene isomers in roots of five manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars of São Paulo State

Raízes de cinco cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), provenientes do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, a saber: Branca de Santa Catarina (SRT-59), Pioneira (SRT-13l0), Ouro do Vale (SRT-797), IAC-576-70 e IAC 289-70. As análises visaram a identificação dos principais carotenóides presentes nas raízes dos cultivares de mandioca produzidos no Estado de são Paulo, bem como a determinação da atividade pró-vitamínica A dos mesmos. Pelo cozimento das raízes ou a transformação em farinha, foi possível avaliar as perdas do teor vitamínico A de correntes do processamento. As análises foram realizadas no período de julho/86 a janeiro/87, sendo, desta maneira, possível avaliar as prováveis perdas decorrentes do armazenamento. Os resultados das análises permitiram concluir que os principais carotenóides presentes nas raízes dos cultivares de mandioca estudados foram o neo-ß-caroteno B, o ß-caroteno todo¬-trans e o neo-ß-caroteno U. |Os teores de vitamina A nas mandiocas estudadas, expressos em equivalentes de retinol/l00g, variaram de 2,8 a 13,9 para as amostras cruas e de 0,4 a 10,7 para as amostras processadas, sendo que o cozimento promoveu uma diminuição da atividade pró-vitamínica A, que variou de 20 a 55%. Dos cultivares estudados o IAC 289-70 foi o que apresentou menor porcentagem de perda de atividade pró-vitamínica A com o cozimento. Quanto ao armazenamento, foi possível observar que a mandioca crua com casca armazenada por 6 meses em freezer a –20°C não apresentou perdas na sua atividade pró-vitamínica A enquanto que o armazenamento das farinhas à temperatura ambiente, ao abrigo da luz, pelo mesmo período de tempo, apresentou total degradação de seus carotenóides

Roots of five following cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from "Instituto Agronômico de Campinas" were analyzed: "Branca de Santa Catarina" (SRT-59), "Pioneira" (SRT-1310), "Ouro do Vale" (SRT-797), "IAC 576-70" and "IAC 289-70". The analyses were made for the identification of the main carotenoids present in roots of the cassava cultivars produced in São Paulo State, as well as for determination of their pro-vitamin A activity. The cooking of the roots or their transformation as flour made possible to evaluate the loss of the pro-vitamin A value which occurs with processing. The analyses were made from July/1986 to January/1987. This permitted to evaluate the possibility of losses during storage. The results of the analyses allowed to conclude that the main carotenoids present in roots of the studied cassava cultivars were neo-ß-carotene B, all-trans-ß-carotene and neo-ß-carotene U. The vitarnin A values in these cassava expressed as retinol equivalents/lOOg varied from 2,8 to 13,9 for the raw samples; and with cooking, a diminution of the pro-vitarnin A activity occurred, which varied from 20 to 55%.Of all the studied cultivars, the "IAC 289-70" was the one that showed the greatest percentages of loss of pro-vitamin A activity with the cooking. The raw cassavas stored at –20°C for 6 months didn't show losses of their pro-vitamin A value, while the storage of the flour, at room temperature with no light, for the same period of time, showed total degradation of their carotenoids

ESTUDOS SOBRE CAROTENÓIDES COM ATIVIDADE DE PROVITAMINA "A" EM CULTIVARES DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculentaCRANTZ) EM ECOSSISTEMA DE TERRA FIRME DE MANAUS, AMAZONAS, BRASIL.

Competition experiments were carried out between different cultivars of manioc (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in the terra firme ecosystem (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), with the productivity and pro-vitamin A carotene content. Roots from sevem cultivars of yellow manioc were selected for the identification and quantification of carotenes with vitamin A activity, according to the method described by Rodriguez. Pro-vitamin A loss due to processing and storage of the flour was also determined. The presence of three b - carotene isomers was noted (13 - cis - - carotene, all trans - carotene and 9 - cis - - carotene). The amount of vitamin A present in the roots varied from 4.4 to 18.8 retinol equivalents. The loss of vitamin A due to processing was high, ranging from 25.3 to 40.0 %. The storage of the roots for six months in transparent plastic bags at room temperature and exposure to the sun, resulted in a total degradation of the carotenoids. The results allow one to conclude that three cultivars (IM 232; IM 104 and BGM 021) containt the highest pro-vitamin A content.

Foram conduzidos experimentos de competição entre cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculentaCrantz) em ecossistema de terra firme (Manaus - Amazonas), com objetivo de obter melhores cultivares de mandioca com relação a produtividade e teor de caroteno pró-vitamínico A. Raízes de sete cultivares de mandioca amarela foram selecionadas para identificação e quantificação de carotenos com atividade de vitamina A, mediante o método descrito por Rodriguez. Observou-se, também, as perdas de pró-vitamina A pelo processamento e armazenamento de farinha. Constatou-se a presença de três isômeros do - caroteno (o 13 - eis - - caroteno, o - caroteno todo trans e o 9 - eis - - caroteno U). Quanto aos teores de vitamina A, expressos em equivalente de retinol, nas raízes variaram de 4,4 a 18,8. Com relação a perda de atividade da vitamina A pelo processamento variou de 25,0 a 40,0 %, enquanto que o armazenamento por 6 meses em sacos plásticos transparentes, à temperatura ambiente e à exposição de luz, resultou em degradação total de seus carotenóides. Os resultados permitem concluir que três cultivares (IM 232; IM 104 e BGM 021) apresentaram os maiores teores de pró-vitamina A.

ESTUDOS SOBRE CAROTENÓIDES COM ATIVIDADE DE PROVITAMINA "A" EM CULTIVARES DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculentaCRANTZ) EM ECOSSISTEMA DE TERRA FIRME DE MANAUS, AMAZONAS, BRASIL

Competition experiments were carried out between different cultivars of manioc (Manihot esculentaCrantz) in the terra firme ecosystem (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil), with the productivity and pro-vitamin A carotene content. Roots from sevem cultivars of yellow manioc were selected for the identification and quantification of carotenes with vitamin A activity, according to the method described by Rodriguez. Pro-vitamin A loss due to processing and storage of the flour was also determined. The presence of three b - carotene isomers was noted (13 - cis - - carotene, all trans - carotene and 9 - cis - - carotene). The amount of vitamin A present in the roots varied from 4.4 to 18.8 retinol equivalents. The loss of vitamin A due to processing was high, ranging from 25.3 to 40.0 %. The storage of the roots for six months in transparent plastic bags at room temperature and exposure to the sun, resulted in a total degradation of the carotenoids. The results allow one to conclude that three cultivars (IM 232; IM 104 and BGM 021) containt the highest pro-vitamin A content.

Foram conduzidos experimentos de competição entre cultivares de mandioca (Manihot esculentaCrantz) em ecossistema de terra firme (Manaus - Amazonas), com objetivo de obter melhores cultivares de mandioca com relação a produtividade e teor de caroteno pró-vitamínico A. Raízes de sete cultivares de mandioca amarela foram selecionadas para identificação e quantificação de carotenos com atividade de vitamina A, mediante o método descrito por Rodriguez. Observou-se, também, as perdas de pró-vitamina A pelo processamento e armazenamento de farinha. Constatou-se a presença de três isômeros do - caroteno (o 13 - eis - - caroteno, o - caroteno todo trans e o 9 - eis - - caroteno U). Quanto aos teores de vitamina A, expressos em equivalente de retinol, nas raízes variaram de 4,4 a 18,8. Com relação a perda de atividade da vitamina A pelo processamento variou de 25,0 a 40,0 %, enquanto que o armazenamento por 6 meses em sacos plásticos transparentes, à temperatura ambiente e à exposição de luz, resultou em degradação total de seus carotenóides. Os resultados permitem concluir que três cultivares (IM 232; IM 104 e BGM 021) apresentaram os maiores teores de pró-vitamina A.