Reporting of uterine fibroids on ultrasound examinations: an illustrated report template focused on surgical planning.

Uterine fibroids are the most common benign gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age, and ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for their diagnosis and characterization. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics developed a system for describing and classifying uterine fibroids uniformly and consistently. An accurate description of fibroids in the ultrasound report is essential for planning surgical treatment and preventing complications. In this article, we review the ultrasound findings of fibroids, detailing the main points to be reported for preoperative evaluation. In addition, we propose a structured, illustrated report template to describe fibroids, based on the critical points for surgical planning.

Os miomas uterinos são os tumores ginecológicos benignos mais comuns em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, sendo a ultrassonografia a modalidade de imagem de primeira linha para seu diagnóstico e caracterização. A Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia desenvolveu um sistema para descrever e classificar os miomas uterinos de forma uniforme e consistente. Uma descrição precisa dos miomas no laudo ultrassonográfico é essencial para o planejamento do tratamento cirúrgico e prevenção de complicações. Neste artigo, revisamos os achados ultrassonográficos de miomas, detalhando os principais pontos a serem relatados para avaliação pré-operatória. Além disso, propomos um modelo de relatório estruturado e ilustrado para descrição de miomas, com base nos pontos críticos para o planejamento cirúrgico.

Reporting of uterine fibroids on ultrasound examinations: an illustrated report template focused on surgical planning / Relato de miomas uterinos em exames de ultrassonografia: um modelo de relatório ilustrado com foco no planejamento cirúrgico

Abstract Uterine fibroids are the most common benign gynecologic tumors in women of reproductive age, and ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality for their diagnosis and characterization. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics developed a system for describing and classifying uterine fibroids uniformly and consistently. An accurate description of fibroids in the ultrasound report is essential for planning surgical treatment and preventing complications. In this article, we review the ultrasound findings of fibroids, detailing the main points to be reported for preoperative evaluation. In addition, we propose a structured, illustrated report template to describe fibroids, based on the critical points for surgical planning.

Resumo Os miomas uterinos são os tumores ginecológicos benignos mais comuns em mulheres em idade reprodutiva, sendo a ultrassonografia a modalidade de imagem de primeira linha para seu diagnóstico e caracterização. A Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia desenvolveu um sistema para descrever e classificar os miomas uterinos de forma uniforme e consistente. Uma descrição precisa dos miomas no laudo ultrassonográfico é essencial para o planejamento do tratamento cirúrgico e prevenção de complicações. Neste artigo, revisamos os achados ultrassonográficos de miomas, detalhando os principais pontos a serem relatados para avaliação pré-operatória. Além disso, propomos um modelo de relatório estruturado e ilustrado para descrição de miomas, com base nos pontos críticos para o planejamento cirúrgico.

The concern about the educational quality of online videos on laparoscopic myomectomy

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the surgical content of the 50 most-viewed laparoscopic myomectomy videos on YouTube while evaluating the educational quality and accuracy of the videos. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the keyword "laparoscopic myomectomy" was searched in publicly available content on YouTube, and the videos were sorted by view count using YouTube's advanced search options. Out of the first 66 videos, only 50 were eligible according to our selection criteria. One associate professor of gynecology and one gynecology resident watched these videos independently and evaluated the quality and surgical aspects. Our primary outcome was the scores of the Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information and Global Quality Score and the features of the surgical technique. RESULTS: The 50 most-viewed laparoscopic myomectomy videos were uploaded between 2010 and 2021. They had a mean of 66636.6±103772.2 views. According to the Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information criteria, 78% of the videos were categorized as "poor," 12% of them were "fair," and 10% of them were "very poor." The indication of the surgery was not specified in 27 (54%) of them. The surgeons in 39 (79.6%) of the videos did not use any containment system for the power morcellation, even though it was restricted by the United States Food and Drug Administration. The preoperative and perioperative precautions to minimize blood loss were underemphasized. There was no scientific evidence in 49 (98%) of the videos. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic myomectomy videos on YouTube are limited in terms of providing evidence-based and well-organized scientific knowledge.

HYSTEROSCOPIC MYOMECTOMY.

Leiomyomas are the most common pelvic tumors. Submucosal fibroids are a common cause of abnormal bleeding and infertility. Hysteroscopic myomectomy is the definitive management of symptomatic submucosal fibroids, with high efficacy and safety. Several techniques have been introduced over time and will be covered in depth in this manuscript. Advances in optics, fluid management, electrosurgery, smaller diameter scopes, and tissue removal systems, along with improved training have contributed to improving the safety and efficiency of hysteroscopic myomectomy.

Opciones terapéuticas para una joven nulípara con mioma uterino intramural gigante / Therapeutic options for a nulliparous young woman with a giant intramural uterine myoma

RESUMEN Introducción: Los leiomiomas uterinos son los tumores ginecológicos benignos más comunes; son causa de anemia, infertilidad, alteración en la implantación embrionaria, pérdida gestacional recurrente, parto prematuro e incontinencia urinaria. Su transformación maligna es excepcional. La afectación a la fertilidad, se asocia con miomas entre el 3 % y el 31 % y depende de su ubicación y tamaño, sobre todo en los que distorsionan la cavidad uterina. Objetivo: Describir las opciones terapéuticas para una joven nulípara con un mioma uterino intramural gigante. Caso Clínico: Paciente de 30 años de edad, con antecedentes de mioma uterino intramural, de 5 años de evolución, además anemia ferripriva. Aqueja menstruaciones abundantes y dolorosas, incontinencia urinaria y constipación. El tratamiento fue escalonado, mediante el uso de acetato de goserelina, embolización selectiva de las arterias uterinas y posterior miomectomía. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del mioma uterino en la mujer joven, nulípara, depende del tamaño, localización, sintomatología asociada, edad de la paciente y deseo de engendrar descendencia.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign gynecological tumors; they are a cause of anemia, infertility, altered embryo implantation, recurrent gestational loss, premature delivery and urinary incontinence. Their malignant transformation is exceptional. Fertility impairment is associated with myomas in between 3 % and 31 % and depends on their location and size, especially in those that distort the uterine cavity. Objective: To describe the therapeutic options for a nulliparous girl with a giant intramural uterine fibroid. Clinical Case: A 30-year-old patient with a 5-year history of intramural uterine fibroid, in addition to iron deficiency anemia. She complains of heavy and painful periods, urinary incontinence and constipation. Treatment was staggered, using goserelin acetate, selective embolization of the uterine arteries, and subsequent myomectomy. Conclusions: The treatment of uterine fibroid in young, nulliparous women depends on the size, location, associated symptoms, age of the patient and desire to have offspring.

Surgical approach to uterine myomatosis in patients with infertility: open, laparoscopic, and robotic surgery; results according to the quantity of fibroids.

OBJECTIVE: To compare approaches to myomectomy (laparotomic, laparoscopic, and robotic). To show the relationship between the number of fibroids and the reproduction diagnosis. METHODS: Observational, analytical, retrospective, and cross-sectional study; where the surgical approach used, was evaluated in terms of surgical bleeding, time, number and weight of fibroids and reproductive results. RESULTS: 69 patients were treated through different approaches and divided into 3 groups. The differences found among groups were in favor of laparotomic myomectomy in terms of the number (p=0.000) and weight of fibroids (p=0.004). Robotic surgery was also longer (p=0.000). In the analysis of the influence of the number of fibroids to achieve pregnancy, the result was in favor of the minimally invasive routes, after surgery, both in the group of < 6 fibroids (p=0.017), and that of > 6 fibroids (p=0.001), without differences in the time from surgery to pregnancy (p=0.979). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical approach decision should consider the number and size of resected fibroids, surgical time, and reproductive diagnosis. The minimally invasive route should be offered whenever possible due to its better outcome on achieving pregnancy, without forgetting the benefits of laparotomy, while also accrediting the recently introduced robotic-assisted approach.

Evaluación de la efectividad y satisfacción de las pacientes tras miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta / Evaluation of effectiveness and patient satisfaction of hysteroscopic myomectomy in office

OBJETIVO: Analizar la efectividad de las miomectomías histeroscópicas en consulta realizadas con minirresector y conocer si hay factores relacionados con el grado de satisfacción de las pacientes. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, transversal y prospectivo, de mujeres sometidas a miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta durante el año 2018. Las pacientes recibieron medicación para la preparación cervical, analgesia oral y anestesia paracervical. La miomectomía se realizó con un minirresector de 5.8 mm. Se registraron el tiempo y el dolor en una escala visual analógica (EVA) durante la entrada y la resección, así como la satisfacción de las pacientes a los 3 meses con el cuestionario validado CSQ-8. RESULTADOS: El estudio incluyó 59 pacientes. El tiempo medio de entrada fue menor de 1 minuto (47,93 segundos) y el de resección fue de 13,51 minutos. El dolor referido por las pacientes en la EVA durante la entrada y la resección puntuó en torno a 3 y 4, respectivamente. Se consiguió un 74.6% de resecciones completas de los miomas y la puntuación media de satisfacción de las pacientes fue de 27.17. La resección completa del mioma se asoció con una mayor satisfacción total de las pacientes. CONCLUSIONES: La miomectomía histeroscópica en consulta llevada a cabo con un minirresector de 5.8 mm con analgesia paracervical obtiene buenos resultados clínicos, con buena satisfacción de las pacientes. Esta última se relaciona con una resección completa del mioma, sin que influyan el tiempo necesario para su exéresis ni el dolor.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of hysteroscopic myomectomy in office performed with mini-resectoscope, and to know if there is any variable related with patient satisfaction. METHOD: Observational and prospective transversal study, which included all women who underwent a hysteroscopic myomectomy in office in 2018. Patients received drugs for cervical preparation and pain management, as well as paracervical block. We used the 5.8 mm mini-resectoscope. We kept record of time and AVS pain during entrance and resection, as well as patient satisfaction 3 months after the procedure using the CSQ-8. RESULTS: The study included 59 patients. Mean entrance time was less than 1 minute (47.93 seconds), while mean resection time was 13.51 minutes. AVS pain during entrance and resection was around 3 and 4, respectively. We achieved 74.6% rate of complete resection. Mean patient satisfaction rate was 27.17 points. We found that a complete myoma resection is related to higher patient satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Hysteroscopic myomectomy in office performed with the 5.8 mm mini-resectoscope, using cervical block, achieves good clinical results and a good patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is associated with a complete resection of the myoma, without any influence of pain experienced or time required.

Miomectomía múltiple por vía abdominal / Multiple abdominal myomectomy

RESUMEN Se presentaron dos pacientes a las cuales se les realizó una miomectomía en los meses de enero y marzo de 2017, en la localidad de Luanda, Angola. Ambas fueron atendidas en la consulta de Ginecología por: aumento de volumen del abdomen, sangramiento genital durante la menstruación y fuera de ella, síntomas compresivos caracterizados por urgencia miccional y estreñimiento, además de infertilidad. Se les realizaron: exámenes de laboratorio, ultrasonido ginecológico y renal, así como histerosalpingografía. Después del análisis de estos exámenes se les diagnosticó una miomatosis uterina múltiple; fueron remitidas al salón de operaciones con previo consentimiento informado y se les practicó una miomectomía múltiple sin complicaciones transoperatorias. Se conservó el útero en ambas pacientes, las cuales tuvieron una recuperación postoperatoria satisfactoria. Una de estas pacientes logró un embarazo cinco meses después de la cirugía.

ABSTRACT We present two patients who had a myomectomy in January and March 2017, in Luanda, Angola. Both were treated in the Gynecology consultation due to increased abdominal volume, genital bleeding during and between periods, compressive symptoms characterized by urinary urgency, constipation and infertility. Laboratory tests, gynecological and renal ultrasound, as well as hysterosalpingography were performed. After the analysis of these tests, they were diagnosed with multiple uterine myomas, referred to the operating room with prior informed consent and underwent a multiple myomectomy without transoperative complications. The uterus was preserved in both patients, who had a satisfactory postoperative recovery. One of these patients got pregnant five months after surgery.

Inversión uterina no puerperal: primer caso reportado en el Perú / Non-puerperal uterine inversion: first case reported in Peru

RESUMEN La inversión uterina no puerperal es muy rara. Se comunica un caso asociado con leiomiomatosis. Se trató de una multípara de 45 años que manifestó sangrado vaginal grave, dolor pélvico y sensación de cuerpo extraño vaginal. Se diagnosticó mioma uterino en fase abortiva. Se programó para miomectomía con probable histerectomía abdominal y se encontró inversión uterina completa. Este reporte constituye un caso anecdótico de inversión uterina no puerperal, cuyo tratamiento quirúrgico fue exitoso.

ABSTRACT Non-puerperal uterine inversion is very rare. A case associated with leiomyomatosis is reported. The case of a 45-year-old multiparous woman with severe vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain and vaginal foreign body sensation is presented. Uterine leiomyoma in abortive phase was diagnosed. She was scheduled for myomectomy with probable abdominal hysterectomy and complete uterine inversion was found. This report is an anecdotal case of non-puerperal uterine inversion, whose surgical treatment was successful.

Hysteroscopic myomectomy for submucosal type 2 fibroids with cold enucleation technique and complete fibroid extraction using a double-lumen intracervical cannula.

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a new double-lumen intracervical cannula designed to allow a single-step hysteroscopic myomectomy with nonfragmented complete fibroid extraction after cold enucleation of submucosal type 2 fibroids, avoiding complications related to the use of energy and hypo-osmolar solutions. DESIGN: Video article depicting the use of a new double-lumen intracervical cannula for single-step hysteroscopic cold myomectomy, according to our institutional care guidelines and after obtaining the patient's informed consent. (The publication of this video has been authorized by the Institutional Ethics Committee of CES University in Medellín, Colombia.) SETTING(S): Private infertility clinic. PATIENT(S): A 45-year-old woman with abnormal uterine bleeding consisting of polymenorrhea and hypermenorrhea, nonresponsive to medical treatment, caused by three type 2 (FIGO leiomyoma subclassification system) submucosal fibroids of 17, 15, and 13 mm with more than 80% of intramyometrial component. INTERVENTION(S): Hysteroscopic enucleation of three submucosal fibroids performed by blunt dissection using the 30° Bettocchi hysteroscope's bevel under continuous observation of the avascular subcapsular plane of the fibroids. Once full enucleation was attained, cervical dilatation to 12 mm with Hegar plugs was performed followed by intracervical placement of a newly designed double-lumen intracervical cannula that allows the concomitant introduction of the Bettocchi diagnostic hysteroscope and a 5-mm laparoscopic tenaculum into the uterine cavity for complete nonfragmented fibroid extraction under direct visualization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Complete and unfragmented fibroid extraction in a single intervention, absence of surgical complications, and postoperative course. RESULT(S): Ambulatory hysteroscopic myomectomy of three submucosal type 2 fibroids was successfully performed by blunt enucleation and complete nonfragmented fibroid extraction using the double-lumen intracervical cannula. The total operative time was 32 minutes, and the total amount of distension media (normal saline) used was 800 mL with a liquid balance of 50 mL. No surgical or anesthesia-related complications occurred. In the postsurgical evaluation, the patient classified her pain as minimal, giving it a score of 1 on a pain scale of 1 to 5 (in which 1 is the lowest and 5 the highest pain perception). When asked about the level of satisfaction with the surgical procedure, the patient reported the highest degree of satisfaction with a score of 5 on a satisfaction scale of 1 to 5 (in which 1 is the lowest and 5 the highest satisfaction). The patient reported having postsurgical regular menstrual cycles every 28 days and 3 bleeding days without hypermenorrhea. CONCLUSION(S): An efficient hysteroscopic myomectomy of submucosal type 2 fibroids with deep intramyometrial component can be performed with complete and nonfragmented fibroid extraction in a single intervention by using a newly designed double-lumen intracervical cannula. This technique allows the completion of the surgery without the need of a resectoscope, electrosurgery, or hypo-osmolar uterine distension media, thus avoiding potential complications such as thermal-induced myometrial injury and hyponatremia; a second surgical intervention will not be required because the fibroid enucleation is complete. The procedure can be performed with the use of a diagnostic hysteroscope that is widely available in gynecologic practices. (Acknowledgment: The authors thank Dr. David Olive for the invaluable help and guidance with this surgical technique and video article.).

Miomectomía durante el embarazo: leiomioma gigante con degeneración / Miomectomy during pregnancy: giant leiomyoma with degeneration

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Los leiomiomas son los tumores pélvicos más comunes, con múltiples presentaciones clínicas a lo largo de la vida de la mujer. Es inusual que aparezcan durante el embarazo y que ameriten tratamiento quirúrgico, sobre todo por abdomen agudo secundario a degeneración. OBJETIVO: Aportar y exponer el proceso de diagnóstico, tratamiento quirúrgico y desenlace obstétrico en una paciente con un leiomioma gigante con degeneración asociado al embarazo. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 34 años, primigesta, con 22.1 semanas de embarazo. Acudió a Urgencias con abdomen agudo, fiebre y daño ventilatorio secundario a un leiomioma gigante que ocupaba la totalidad del abdomen y comprimía las estructuras abdominales y torácicas. Debido al deterioro clínico se decidió la intervención quirúrgica para extraer los dos miomas: el mayor de 35 x 20 cm y 9150 g. La evolución posoperatoria fue favorable lo mismo que el control prenatal. La finalización del embarazo fue por cesárea electiva a las 38.1 semanas, sin complicaciones maternas ni perinatales. CONCLUSIÓN: La miomectomía durante el embarazo es un procedimiento seguro para disminuir la morbilidad y la mortalidad materna y fetal en casos seleccionados.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Leiomyomas are the most common pelvic tumors, with multiple clinical presentations throughout a woman's life. It is unusual for them to appear during pregnancy and to merit surgical treatment, especially for acute abdomen secondary to degeneration. OBJECTIVE: To provide and expose the process of diagnosis, surgical treatment and obstetric outcome in a patient with a giant leiomyoma with pregnancy-associated degeneration. CLINICAL CASE: A 34-year-old primigravida patient, 22.1 weeks pregnant. She came to the emergency department with acute abdomen, fever and ventilatory impairment secondary to a giant leiomyoma that occupied the entire abdomen and compressed abdominal and thoracic structures. Due to the clinical deterioration, surgery was decided to remove the two fibroids: the larger one measuring 35 x 20 cm and weighing 9150 g. The postoperative evolution was favorable. The postoperative evolution was favorable as well as the prenatal control. The pregnancy was terminated by elective cesarean section at 38.1 weeks, without maternal or perinatal complications. CONCLUSION: Myomectomy during pregnancy is a safe procedure to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in selected cases.

Miomectomía en una gestante / Myomectomy in a pregnant woman

Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 27 años de edad con 17,2 semanas de embarazo, quien se encontraba en seguimiento por consulta de Ginecología del Hospital Provincial Ginecoobstétrico Mariana Grajales Coello de Santiago de Cuba por presentar un mioma uterino sintomático con cuadro doloroso abdominal agudo debido a una necrobiosis, lo cual obligó a la resolución quirúrgica urgente. La gestante evolucionó satisfactoriamente y a las 39 semanas se le realizó cesárea, sin complicaciones materno-fetales.

The case report of a 27 years patient with 17.2 weeks of pregnancy is presented, who was in the Gynecology service follow up of Mariana Grajales Coello Gynecoobstetric Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba presenting a symptomatic uterine myoma with acute abdominal pain due to a necrobiosis, which forced an urgent surgical solution. The pregnant woman had a favorable clinical course and a cesarean section was carried out at the 39 weeks of pregnancy without maternal-fetal complications.

The effect of small size uterine fibroids on pregnancy outcomes in high-risk pregnancies

Abstract Objective To evaluate the obstetric outcomes of singleton high-risk pregnancies with a small size uterine fibroid. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted among 172 high-risk pregnant women who were followed-up by a single surgeon between 2016 and 2019. Pregnant women with preconceptionally diagnosed small size (< 5 cm) single uterine fibroids (n = 25) were compared with pregnant women without uterine fibroids (n = 147) in terms of obstetric outcomes. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The size of the fibroids was increased in 60% of the cases, and the growth percentage of the fibroids was 25% during pregnancy. Intrapartum and short-term complication was not observed in women who underwent cesarean myomectomy. Conclusion Small size uterine fibroids seem to have no adverse effect on pregnancy outcomes even in high-risk pregnancies, and cesarean myomectomy may be safelyperformed in properly selected cases.

Robotic surgery in gynecology: review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Robotic surgery carries with it the potential to transform laparoscopic surgery by providing, for the 1st time, instruments with distal ends that mimic the intricate movements of the human hand while at the same time providing the surgeon with a high-definition, three-dimensional view of the operative field. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical application of robotic surgery in benign gynecological conditions, as well as the components of the Da Vinci Si robotic system, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of this type of surgical approach that it provides to the patient and in turn to the surgeon. METHOD: Review of the literature in PubMed and UpToDate where the keywords of our review were searched. Inclusion criteria: Articles of cases or series containing the sections of the application of robotic surgery in gynecology and clinical results. RESULTS: We found 50 scientific articles that included in their titles the key words of our review. 22 articles were discarded, 14 because they were inaccessible, 3 because they were published in bulletins without an impact factor and 5 because no information was obtained about the researcher's results, their volume, visibility and structure. A total of 28 articles were chosen for this review. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic surgery has evolved to be a separate field, with enormous potential for future development. The results show until now that this technology is applicable and capable of offering an adequate treatment to selected patients.

ANTECEDENTES: La cirugía robótica conlleva el potencial de transformar la cirugía laparoscópica al proporcionar, por primera vez, instrumentos con extremos distales que imitan los intrincados movimientos de la mano humana, mientras que al mismo tiempo proporciona al cirujano una alta definición con visión tridimensional del campo operatorio. OBJETIVO: Describir la aplicación clínica de la cirugía robótica en padecimientos ginecológicos benignos, así como los componentes del sistema robótico Da Vinci Si, analizando las ventajas y desventajas que este tipo de abordaje quirúrgico brinda a la paciente y a su vez al cirujano. MÉTODO: Revisión de la bibliografía en PubMed y UpToDate buscando las palabras clave de nuestra revisión. Criterios de inclusión: artículos de casos o series que contuvieran los apartados de la aplicación de la cirugía robótica en ginecología y resultados clínicos. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 50 artículos científicos que incluían en sus títulos las palabras clave de nuestra revisión. Se descartaron 22 artículos, 14 por ser inaccesibles, tres debido a que estaban publicados en boletines sin factor de impacto y cinco porque no se obtuvo información sobre los resultados del investigador, su volumen, visibilidad y estructura. Se escogieron para esta revisión 28 artículos. CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía robótica ha evolucionado hasta ser un campo aparte, con un enorme potencial para su futuro desarrollo. Los resultados muestran que esta tecnología es aplicable y capaz de ofrecer un adecuado tratamiento a pacientes seleccionadas.

Cirurgia robótica em ginecologia: atualidade e perspectivas / Robotic surgery in gynecology: current and perspectives

No ano de 2018, aproximadamente 549.000 cirurgias robóticas em ginecologia foram realizadas no mundo, ocupando o segundo lugar em volume de procedimentos. Estudos sugerem superioridade ou equivalência dessa tecnologia em relação à cirurgia laparoscópica, porém o custo, a disponibilidade e o treinamento limitam sua adoção. Nesta revisão narrativa, os principais benefícios e limitações dos procedimentos ginecológicos robóticos foram analisados. O uso de robôs na histerectomia para o tratamento de lesões benignas apresentou menor incidência de lesões iatrogênicas e de sangramentos em relação à laparoscopia convencional. Na miomectomia robótica, além de menor taxa de complicações, maior volume de miomas retirados foi observado. A cirurgia robótica tem sido bem-sucedida para cirurgias de estadiamento no câncer de endométrio em estágios precoces (I e II), devido à menor taxa de complicações em relação à cirurgia aberta e aos resultados satisfatórios obtidos em mulheres obesas. A histerectomia robótica realizada no tratamento de câncer de colo do útero apresentou menor perda sanguínea em parte dos estudos, porém um ensaio clínico recente demonstrou maior mortalidade no grupo dos procedimentos minimamente invasivos. Espera-se que, com a redução dos custos e a ampliação dos treinamentos, a cirurgia robótica seja uma ferramenta complementar às modalidades já existentes.(AU)

In 2018, 549,000 robotic gynecology surgeries were done in the world, ranking second in volume of procedures. Studies suggest the superiority or equivalence of this technology over laparoscopic surgery, but its cost, availability, and training limit its adoption. In this narrative review, the benefits and limitations of robotic gynecological procedures were investigated. Using robots in hysterectomy for the management of benign lesions showed a lower incidence of iatrogenic lesions and bleeding compared to conventional laparoscopy. In robotic myomectomy, besides a lower complication rate, a larger volume of removed fibroids was noted. Robotic surgery has been successful in the early stages (I and II) endometrial cancer staging surgeries, because of the lower complication rate compared to open surgery and the satisfactory results achieved in obese women. Robotic hysterectomy performed in the treatment of cervical cancer showed less blood loss in part of the studies, but a recent clinical trial showed higher mortality in the minimally invasive procedures group. It is desired that with the reduction of costs and the spread of training robotic surgery will be a complementary tool to existing modalities.(AU)

Factors associated with the complications of hysteroscopic myomectomy / Fatores associados às complicações da miomectomia por histeroscopia

Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors associated with complete myomectomy in a single surgical procedure and the aspects related to the early complications. Methods A cross-sectional study with women with submucous myomas. The dependent variables were the complete myomectomy performed in a single hysteroscopic procedure, and the presence of early complications related to the procedure. Results We identified 338 women who underwent hysteroscopic myomectomy. In 89.05% of the cases, there was a single fibroid to be treated. According to the classification of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, FIGO, in French),most fibroids were of grade 0 (66.96%), followed by grade 1 (20.54%), and grade 2 (12.50%). The myomectomies were complete in 63.31% of the cases, and the factors independently associated with complete myomectomy were the diameter of the largest fibroid (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.96-0.98) and the classification 0 of the fibroid according to the FIGO (PR: 2.04; 95%CI: 1.18-3.52). We observed early complications in 13.01% of the hysteroscopic procedures (4.44% presented excessive bleeding during the procedure, 4.14%, uterine perforation, 2.66%, false route, 1.78%, fluid overload, 0.59%, exploratory laparotomy, and 0.3%, postoperative infection). The only independent factor associated with the occurrence of early complications was incomplete myomectomy (PR: 2.77; 95%CI: 1.43-5.38). Conclusions Our results show that hysteroscopic myomectomy may result in up to 13% of complications, and the chance of complete resection is greater in small and completely intracavitary fibroids; women with larger fibroids and with a high degree of myometrial penetration have a greater chance of developing complications from hysteroscopic myomectomy.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados a miomectomia por histeroscopia completa em um único procedimento e as suas complicações. Métodos Estudo de corte transversal com mulheres submetidas a histeroscopia para exérese de miomas submucosos. As variáveis dependentes foram a miomectomia completa realizada em um tempo cirúrgico único, e a presença de complicações precoces relacionadas ao procedimento. Resultados Analisamos 338 mulheres que foram submetidas a miomectomia histeroscópica. Em 89,05% dos casos, o mioma a ser tratado era único. Quanto à classificação da Federação Internacional de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique, FIGO, em francês), a maioria era de grau 0 (66,96%), seguidos pelos graus 1 (20,54%) e 2 (12,50%). As miomectomias foram completas em 63,31% das mulheres, sendo que os fatores independentemente associados à miomectomia completa foram o diâmetro do maior mioma (razão de prevalência [RP]: 0,97; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 0,96-0,98) e a classificação FIGO grau 0 (RP: 2,04; IC95%: 1,18-3,52). Foram observadas complicações precoces em 13,01% dos procedimentos (4,44% apresentaram sangramento excessivo durante o procedimento, 4,14%, perfuração uterina, 2,66%, falso pertuito, 1,78%, intoxicação hídrica, 0,59%, laparotomia exploradora, e 0,3%, infecção pósoperatória). O único fator independentemente associado à ocorrência de complicações precoces foi a realização de miomectomia incompleta (RP: 2,77; IC95%: 1,43-5,38). Conclusão Nossos resultados mostram que as complicações da miomectomia por histeroscopia podem ocorrer em até 13% dos procedimentos. A chance de ressecção completa é maior em miomas pequenos e completamente intracavitários; mulheres com miomas maiores e com maior grau de penetração miometrial têm maiores chances de desenvolver complicações.

Miomectomía durante el embarazo / Myomectomy during Pregnancy

Introducción: Los fibromas uterinos, también conocidos como miomas o leiomiomas son los tumores benignos más frecuentes de la porción superior del aparato genital femenino; pueden alcanzar gran tamaño y generalmente no requieren de tratamiento quirúrgico durante el embarazo. La prevalencia del mioma en el embarazo es desconocida. El manejo quirúrgico se reserva solo para los miomas complicados. Objetivo: Mostrar un caso al que se realizó la miomectomía de un gran fibroma suberoso sintomático coexistente con un embarazo de 21 semanas, debido a que no es frecuente su realización en la práctica médica. Presentación de caso: Paciente de 41 años, nulípara, de 21 semanas de gestación, con síntomas compresivos dados por vómitos, molestias digestivas e intolerancia al decúbito supino, afectada por un gran mioma, que fue sometida a miomectomía. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente. Acudió a consultas prenatales cada 15 días hasta las 39,6 semanas, en que se le realizó la cesárea electiva obteniéndose un recién nacido de buen peso y Apgar. Conclusiones: La miomectomía durante el embarazo es un proceder quirúrgico seguro y eficiente con altas tasas de éxito. La discusión del caso es esencial y debe ser realizada por un equipo multidisciplinario, con experiencia probada en cirugía ginecológica(AU)

Introduction: Uterine fibroids, also known as myomas or leiomyomas are the most frequent benign tumors of the upper portion of the female genital tract. They can reach large size and generally do not require surgical treatment during pregnancy. The prevalence of myoma in pregnancy is unknown. Surgical management is reserved only for complicated myomas. Objective: To report a case in which the myomectomy was performed to a large symptomatic suberose fibroid coexisting with a 21-week pregnancy, which is not frequent in medical practice. Case report: A 41-year-old nulliparous patient, 21 weeks pregnant had compressive symptoms due to vomiting, digestive discomfort and intolerance to the supine position. She underwent myomectomy because she was affected by a large myoma. The patient evolved satisfactorily. She was followed up at prenatal consultations every 15 days until 39.6 weeks, when she had an elective caesarean section, resulting a newborn of good weight and Apgar. Conclusions: Myomectomy during pregnancy is a safe and efficient surgical procedure with high success rates. Case discussion is essential and should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team, with proven experience in gynecological surgery(AU)

La infertilidad por Mioma Submucoso. Caso clínico / Infertility by Submucous Myoma. Case report

Los miomas pueden causar infertilidad. Provocan una marcada deformación del útero por deformación u obstrucción de los segmentos uterinos de las trompas de Falopio, cavidad y cuello uterino anormales. Este caso se trata de una paciente de 27 años de edad, de la raza negra, con menstruaciones abundantes y antecedentes de infertilidad, atendida en el Servicio de Ginecología del Hospital Provincial de Luanda del Norte, Angola. En el examen físico se encontró una tumoración en el hipogastrio. La ecografía transvaginal mostró un mioma uterino submucoso, que ocupaba y deformaba toda la cavidad endometrial. Todo esto se consideró como la causa de su infertilidad y se le realizó una miomectomía con evolución satisfactoria.

Myomas can cause infertility. They create alterations of uterus and cervix, marked by deformations of the fallopian tubes uterine segments for an abnormal uterine cavity. This case refers to a 27-year-old black patient, with heavy menstruation and infertility background, attended at the Gynecology Service of the Provincial Hospital of North Luanda, Angola. A tumor in the hypogastrium was found during physical examination. Transvaginal ultrasound revealed a submucosal uterine fibroid affecting endometrial cavity, which was considered the cause of her infertility. Myomectomy was performed with a positive evolution.

Safety of pelvic mass extraction through colpotomy in women taken to laparoscopic gynaecologic interventions at Hospital de San José de Bogotá, Colombia, 2016 / Seguridad de la extracción de masas pélvicas por colpotomía en mujeres llevadas a laparoscopia ginecológica en el Hospital de San José de Bogotá, Colombia, 2016

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the safety of colpotomy in terms of intra- and post-operative complications in women taken to laparoscopy for the removal of benign masses. Materials and methods: Case series of patients with benign adnexal or uterine masses taken to laparoscopic surgery and removal of the specimen through colpotomy. The patients signed the informed consent. Patients with obliterated posterior cul-de-sac, narrow vagina, absence or uterus, deep endometriosis, inflammatory pelvic disease, masses of less than 4 cm, were excluded. Consecutive sampling was used. Sociodemographic, clinical, qualitative and quantitative variables were studied by means of a descriptive analysis of the data. The research study was endorsed by the ethics committee of the institution. Results: During the study period, 12 procedures for the removal of benign pelvic masses using posterior colpotomy were performed. Mean age was 34.3 years (IQR: 29-39,5). Of these cases, 50% were nulliparous women. Mean surgical time was 127 minutes (IQR: 90-150). There were no conversions to laparotomy, and there were no intra- or postoperative complications. Conclusions: Posterior colpotomy is an option that can be considered in the removal of benign pelvic masses of more than 5 cm in size.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la seguridad de la colpotomía en mujeres llevadas a laparoscopia por masas benignas en términos de complicaciones intra y posoperatorias. Materiales y métodos: Serie de casos que incluyó pacientes con masas anexiales o uterinas benignas, sometidas a laparoscopia operatoria con extracción de la pieza quirúrgica mediante colpotomía, previo consentimiento informado. Se excluyeron pacientes con fondo de saco posterior obliterado, vagina estrecha, ausencia de útero, endometriosis profunda, enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica, masas menores de 4 cm, muestreo consecutivo. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas, cualitativas y cuantitativas mediante un análisis descriptivo. La investigación fue avalada por el comité de ética médica de la institución. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se realizaron 12 extracciones de masas pélvicas benignas por colpotomía posterior. La mediana de la edad fue de 34,3 años (Rango Intercuartílico - RIC: 29-39,5). El 50 % de las pacientes eran nulíparas. La mediana de tiempo quirúrgico fue de 127 minutos (RIC: 90-150). No se realizó ninguna conversión a laparotomía. No se presentaron complicaciones intra ni posoperatorias. Conclusiones: La colpotomía posterior es una alternativa por considerar en la extracción de masas pélvicas benignas cuando tengan un tamaño mayor a 5 cm.

Leiomioma vaginal de crecimiento rápido. Reporte de un caso / Rapidly growing vaginal leiomyoma. A case report

Resumen Antecedentes: Los leiomiomas vaginales son tumores poco frecuentes. Hasta la fecha solo se han reportado 330 casos en la bibliografía internacional. Caso clínico: Paciente de 37 años, que acudió al servicio médico por percibir una tumoración de crecimiento rápido en la vagina. A la exploración física se objetivó una masa de consistencia dura, no dolorosa a la palpación, de aproximadamente 30 mm de diámetro medio, ubicada en el tercio inferior de la cara lateral derecha de la vagina, compatible con mioma vaginal. En ese momento la paciente se negó a recibir tratamiento. Después de algunos meses acudió, nuevamente, a consulta debido a molestias vaginales, metrorragias mayores al ciclo menstrual y dispareunia. La ecografía y resonancia magnética mostraron una tumoración de gran tamaño (58 x 57 x 60 mm), redondeada y de aspecto sólido, situada en el espacio vesicovaginal. Con estos datos se estableció el diagnóstico de leiomioma vaginal pediculado. Para disminuir el volumen y sangrado de los miomas se le prescribieron 5 mg al día de acetato de ulipristal. Después de dos ciclos de tratamiento se objetivó un incremento de la tumoración, que alcanzó 70 x 55 mm. Se decidió efectuar la miomectomía por vía vaginal, sin advertir claramente el pedículo dependiente del útero y el cuello uterino. El posoperatorio trascurrió sin contratiempos. El estudio histopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico de leiomioma vaginal. Conclusión: Los signos y síntomas (sangrado o manchado anormal, secreción vaginal, dolor o masa pélvica) de los leiomiosarcomas extrauterinos dificultan de emitir recomendaciones precisas para establecer el diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Abstract Background: Vaginal leiomyomas are exceptional tumours. Only 330 cases have been reported in the world literature. Clinical case: Patient of 37 years old, with a vagina tumour of rapid growth. The physical examination showed a mass of hard consistency, without pain on palpation, of approximately 30 mm in average diameter, in the lower third of the right lateral of the vagina, compatible with the vaginal myoma. At that time the patient refused to receive treatment. After a few months, a consultation for vaginal discomfort, metrorragia greater than the menstrual cycle and dyspareunia. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance showed a tumour that increased in size (58 x 57 x 60 mm), had a rounded shape and a solid appearance, located in the vesicovaginal space. With these data the diagnosis of pediculated vaginal leiomyoma was established. Ulipristal acetate (5 mg / day) was prescribed to decrease volume and myomatous bleeding. After two treatment cycles, an increase in the tumour was observed, which reached a size of 70 x 55 mm. It was decided to perform myomectomy vaginally, without objectifying the pedicle dependent on the uterus and the cervix. The postoperative period was uneventful. The histopathological study confirms the diagnosis of vaginal leiomyoma. Conclusion: The signs and symptoms (bleeding or abnormal staining, vaginal discharge, pain or pelvic mass) of the extrauterine leiomyosarcomas make it difficult to establish precise recommendations to establish the diagnosis and treatment.