Essential Oils: Chemistry and Pharmacological Activities-Part II.

The importance of essential oils and their components in the industrial sector is attributed to their chemical characteristics and their application in the development of products in the areas of cosmetology, food, and pharmaceuticals. However, the pharmacological properties of this class of natural products have been extensively investigated and indicate their applicability for obtaining new drugs. Therefore, this review discusses the use of these oils as starting materials to synthesize more complex molecules and products with greater commercial value and clinic potential. Furthermore, the antiulcer, cardiovascular, and antidiabetic mechanisms of action are discussed. The main mechanistic aspects of the chemopreventive properties of oils against cancer are also presented. The data highlight essential oils and their derivatives as a strategic chemical group in the search for effective therapeutic agents against various diseases.

Mechanistic insights into C(sp2)-H activation in 1-Phenyl-4-vinyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: a theoretical study with palladium acetate catalyst.

CONTEXT: The activation of C-H bonds is a fundamental process in synthetic organic chemistry, which enables their replacement by highly reactive functional groups. Coordination compounds serve as effective catalysts for this purpose, as they facilitate chemical transformations by interacting with C-H bonds. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of activation of this type of bond lays the foundation for the development of efficient protocols for cross-coupling reactions. We explored the activation of C(sp2)-H bonds in 1-Phenyl-4-vinyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives with CH3, OCH3, and NO2 substituents in the para position of the phenyl ring, using palladium acetate as catalyst. The studied reaction is the first step for subsequent conjugation of the triazoles with naphthoquinones in a Heck-type reaction to create a C-C bond. The basic nitrogen atoms of the 1,2,3-triazole coordinate preferentially with the cationic palladium center to form an activated species. A concerted proton transfer from the terminal vinyl carbon to one of the acetate ligands with low activation energy is the main step for the C(sp2)-H activation. This study offers significant mechanistic insights for enhancing the effectiveness of C(sp2)-H activation protocols in organic synthesis. METHODS: All calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 software package and density functional theory (DFT). The structures of all reaction path components were fully optimized using the CAM-B3LYP functional with the Def2-SVP basis set. The optimized geometries were analyzed by computing the second-order Hessian matrix to confirm that the corresponding minimum or transition state was located. To account for solvent effects, the Polarizable Continuum Model of the Integral Equation Formalism (IEFPCM) with water as the solvent was used.

Design and Evaluation of NSAID Derivatives as AKR1C3 Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Treatment through Computer-Aided Drug Design and In Vitro Analysis.

Breast cancer is a major global health issue, causing high incidence and mortality rates as well as psychological stress for patients. Chemotherapy resistance is a common challenge, and the Aldo-keto reductase family one-member C3 enzyme is associated with resistance to anthracyclines like doxorubicin. Recent studies have identified celecoxib as a potential treatment for breast cancer. Virtual screening was conducted using a quantitative structure-activity relationship model to develop similar drugs; this involved backpropagation of artificial neural networks and structure-based virtual screening. The screening revealed that the C-6 molecule had a higher affinity for the enzyme (-11.4 kcal/mol), a lower half-maximal inhibitory concentration value (1.7 µM), and a safer toxicological profile than celecoxib. The compound C-6 was synthesized with an 82% yield, and its biological activity was evaluated. The results showed that C-6 had a more substantial cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells (62%) compared to DOX (63%) and celecoxib (79.5%). Additionally, C-6 had a less harmful impact on healthy L929 cells than DOX and celecoxib. These findings suggest that C-6 has promising potential as a breast cancer treatment.

Exploring novel pyrazole-nitroimidazole hybrids: Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity against the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, has gained increased significance globally. Its relevance has grown in recent years due to its association with a heightened risk of acquiring and transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other STIs. In addition, many publications have revealed a potential link between trichomoniasis and certain cancers. Metronidazole (MTZ), a nitroimidazole compound developed over 50 years ago, remains the first-choice drug for treatment. However, reports of genotoxicity and side effects underscore the necessity for new compounds to address this pressing global health concern. In this study, we synthesized ten pyrazole-nitroimidazoles 1(a-j) and 4-nitro-1-(hydroxyethyl)-1H-imidazole 2, an analog of metronidazole (MTZ), and assessed their trichomonacidal and cytotoxic effects. All compounds 1(a-j) and 2 exhibited IC50 values ≤ 20 µM and ≤ 41 µM, after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Compounds 1d (IC50 5.3 µM), 1e (IC50 4.8 µM), and 1i (IC50 5.2 µM) exhibited potencies equivalent to MTZ (IC50 4.9 µM), the reference drug, after 24 h. Notably, compound 1i showed high anti-trichomonas activity after 24 h (IC50 5.2 µM) and 48 h (IC50 2.1 µM). Additionally, all compounds demonstrated either non-cytotoxic to HeLa cells (CC50 > 100 µM) or low cytotoxicity (CC50 between 69 and 100 µM). These findings suggest that pyrazole-nitroimidazole derivatives represent a promising heterocyclic system, serving as a potential lead for further optimization in trichomoniasis chemotherapy.

A Review of the Synthesis of Oxazoline Derivatives.

Oxazolines are important heterocyclic systems due to their biological activities, such as antibacterial, antimalarial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antipyretic, and antileishmanial. They have been widely applied as chiral auxiliaries, polymers, catalysts, protecting groups, building blocks, and ligands in asymmetric synthesis. Due to their importance, many synthetic routes to prepare oxazoline moieties have been investigated and developed by researchers around the world. In this review, we summarized several synthetic methodologies published in the literature. The main substrates are nitriles, carboxylic acids, and acid derivatives, which react with a variety of reactants under conventional heating, microwave irradiation or ultrasound irradiation conditions. Syntheses via intramolecular cyclisation from amides have also been reported. Many publications have highlighted procedures based on solvent-free conditions using eco-friendly, reusable, and easy-availability catalysts.

Recent Advances in the Use of Diorganyl Diselenides as Versatile Catalysts.

The importance of organoselenium compounds has been increasing in synthetic chemistry. These reagents are well-known as electrophiles and nucleophiles in many organic transformations, and in recent years, their functionality as catalysts has also been largely explored. The interest in organoselenium-based catalysts is due to their high efficacy, mild reaction conditions, strong functional compatibility, and great selectivity. Allied to organoselenium catalysts, the use of inorganic and organic oxidants that act by regenerating the catalytic species for the reaction pathway is common. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the last five years of organic transformations promoted by diorganyl diselenide as a selenium-based catalyst. This report is divided into four sections: (1) cyclisation reactions, (2) addition reactions and oxidative functionalisation, (3) oxidation and reduction reactions, and (4) reactions involving phosphorus-containing starting materials.

Medicinal Chemistry for Sustainable Development.

Pharmaceutical chemistry has many industrial processes that must be studied and adapted to a new reality where the environment must be the focus of all production chains. Thus, new technologies that are cleaner and use renewable sources of raw materials still need to be developed and applied to materials that go to the market, and they need to reach a level that is less harmful to the environment. This applies especially in areas related to the pharmaceutical industries since chemical products are used in the production of medicines and used in many other areas of everyday life and are included in the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the United Nations. This article intends to provide insight into some relevant topics that can stimulate researchers toward medicinal chemistry that can contribute to a sustainable future of the biosphere. This article is structured around four interconnected themes that influence how green chemistry can be important for a future where science, technology and innovation are key to mitigating climate change and increasing global sustainability.

Selene-Ethylenelacticamides and N-Aryl-Propanamides as Broad-Spectrum Leishmanicidal Agents.

The World Health Organization classifies Leishmania as one of the 17 "neglected diseases" that burden tropical and sub-tropical climate regions with over half a million diagnosed cases each year. Despite this, currently available anti-leishmania drugs have high toxicity and the potential to be made obsolete by parasite drug resistance. We chose to analyze organoselenides for leishmanicidal potential given the reduced toxicity inherent to selenium and the displayed biological activity of organoselenides against Leishmania. Thus, the biological activities of 77 selenoesters and their N-aryl-propanamide derivatives were predicted using robust in silico models of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania major, and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The models identified 28 compounds with >60% probability of demonstrating leishmanicidal activity against L. infantum, and likewise, 26 for L. amazonesis, 25 for L. braziliensis, and 23 for L. major. The in silico prediction of ADMET properties suggests high rates of oral absorption and good bioavailability for these compounds. In the in silico toxicity evaluation, only seven compounds showed signs of toxicity in up to one or two parameters. The methodology was corroborated with the ensuing experimental validation, which evaluated the inhibition of the Promastigote form of the Leishmania species under study. The activity of the molecules was determined by the IC50 value (µM); IC50 values < 20 µM indicated better inhibition profiles. Sixteen compounds were synthesized and tested for their activity. Eight molecules presented IC50 values < 20 µM for at least one of the Leishmania species under study, with compound NC34 presenting the strongest parasite inhibition profile. Furthermore, the methodology used was effective, as many of the compounds with the highest probability of activity were confirmed by the in vitro tests performed.

Continuous flow Aza-Michael reaction for preparing the fast-acting synthetic opioid drug Remifentanil

Abstract Remifentanil is a modern fentanyl analogue with ultrashort-action granted by an esterase-labile methyl propanoate chain. Here, we present the development of a continuous flow methodology for the key N-alkylation step of remifentanil preparation in a biphasic, "slug-flow" regime. We screened parameters under microwave-assisted reactions, translated conditions to flow settings, and obtained remifentanil under 15-min residence time in a 1-mL microreactor, with a space-time yield of 89 mg/mL·h and 94% yield.

Methacrylic monomer derived from cardanol incorporated in dental adhesive as a polymerizable collagen crosslinker.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence on MMP inhibition, dentin adhesion and physicochemical properties of an adhesive system incorporated with polymerizable collagen crosslinker monomer derived from cardanol. METHODS: The intermediary cardanol epoxy (CNE) was synthesized through cardanol epoxidation, followed by synthesis of cardanol methacrylate through methacrylic acid solvent-free esterification. Zymographic analysis was performed to evaluate the substances' ability to inhibit gelatinolytic enzymes. Collagen crosslinkers were added into adhesives systems according to the following groups: Ybond Universal® (Control), Ybond® + 2 % proanthocyanidin (PAC), Ybond® + 2 % unsaturated cardanol (Cardanol) and Ybond® + 2 % cardanol methacrylate (CNMA). Degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesives was assessed by FT-IR. Disk-shaped specimens were prepared for water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) tests. Human third molars were sectioned to expose medium dentin and restored according to the different adhesives used (n = 5). Then, the specimens were cut into 1 mm2 sticks to evaluate, after 24 h and 6-month aging, microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and nanoleakage by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analysed with ANOVA and Tukey's post-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: CNMA and PAC completely inhibited all forms of gelatinolytic enzymes. Cardanol achieved a significantly lowest DC, while the other groups did not differ from each other (p > 0.05). PAC achieved significantly higher water sorption, while CNMA solubility was significantly lower when compared to the other adhesives (p < 0.05). PAC provided a statistically higher 24 h and 6-month aging bond strength. Intermediary similar µTBS were presented by control and CNMA (p = 0.108). All adhesives applied attained significantly reduced bond strength after aging (p < 0.05). Interfaces created using CNMA were almost devoid of silver deposits initially, however all groups showed large amounts of silver deposits on resin-dentin interface subjected to water aging. SIGNIFICANCE: Although CNMA was effective in inhibiting gelatinolytic enzymes, when incorporated into a universal adhesive it could not promote less degradation of the adhesive interface after water aging. Since it is a hydrophobic monomer, CNMA did not interact well with dentin collagen, however it reduced the solubility of the adhesive system besides not interfering in its polymerization.

1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts in organic synthesis.

Several low molecular weight naphthoquinones are very useful in organic synthesis. These compounds have given rise to thousands of other naphthoquinones that have been tested against various microorganisms and pharmacological targets, including being used in the preparation of several drugs that are on the pharmaceutical market. Among these naphthoquinones, the series of compounds prepared from 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts (ß-NQS) stands out. In addition to being used in organic synthesis, they are excellent analytical derivatization reagents to spectrophotometrically determine drugs containing primary and secondary amino groups. This review summarizes the literature involving ß-NQS.

Desenvolvimento de rota sintética da Rosiglitazona em processo batelada e microrreator capilar / Rosiglitazone synthetic route development in batch process and capillary microreactor

Para que os fármacos possam ser comercializados economicamente, a sua escala de produção deve ser aumentada para atender à demanda do mercado. Atualmente, a maior parte dos fármacos são sintetizados em processos batelada que possuem limitações quanto à eficiência de mistura, temperatura e pressão. O uso de microrreatores surge como alternativa na indústria químico-farmacêutica, aumentando a eficiência dos processos de maneira segura. Ferramentas utilizadas no segmento computacional multidisciplinar teórico, como o DFT (Density Functional Theory), podem prever e compreender o comportamento das reações químicas, podendo ter grande utilidade na síntese de novos fármacos economizando tempo, investimento e reduzindo a geração de resíduos. A diabetes mellitus é uma doença de caráter epidêmico, que a cada ano vem aumentando o número de casos. O emprego de fármacos derivados das glitazonas no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é recomendado devido ao excelente controle glicêmico que esta classe de fármacos oferece. Neste trabalho, foi sintetizada a Rosiglitazona, um fármaco derivado das glitazonas, que auxilia no tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo estudadas duas rotas de síntese distintas, que foram otimizadas com o intuito de maximizar o rendimento de seus intermediários, obtendo a Rosiglitazona com pureza de cerca de 94%. Foi realizada, para os intermediários, aqui denominados, 1R, 2R2 e 3R2 a síntese one-pot e para os intermediários 1R, 2R1 e 3R2 foi realizada a transposição do processo usual em batelada para fluxo contínuo no microrreator, com rendimentos de até 93%. Com o auxílio da química quântica computacional, a reação de síntese do intermediário 1R, foi elucidada teoricamente e determinadas as grandezas termodinâmicas (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ e ΔS‡) no estado de transição, que foram comparadas com os valores experimentais, sendo constatada uma boa concordância, com desvio máximo de 14%

In order for drugs to be commercialized economically, their production scale must be increased to meet market demand. Currently, most drugs are synthesized in batch processes that have limitations in terms of mixing efficiency, temperature and pressure. The use of microreactors appears as an alternative in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, increasing the efficiency of the synthesis processes in a safe way. Tools used in the theoretical multidisciplinary computational segment, such as DFT (Density Functional Theory), can predict and understand the behavior of chemical reactions, and can be very useful in the synthesis of new drugs, saving time, investment and reducing waste generation. Diabetes mellitus is an epidemic disease that has been increasing the number of cases every year. The use of drugs derived from glitazones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is recommended due to the excellent glycemic control that this class of drugs offers. In this work, Rosiglitazone, a drug derived from glitazones, which helps in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, was synthesized. Two different synthetic routes were studied and optimized in order to maximize the yield of its intermediates, obtaining Rosiglitazone with purity of about 94%. One-pot synthesis was performed to 1R, 2R2 and 3R2 intermediates, and the transposition from the usual batch process to continuous flow in microreactor was performed to 1R, 2R1 and 3R2 intermediates, with yields of up to 93%. With the aid of computational quantum chemistry, the intermediate 1R synthesis reaction was theoretically elucidated and the thermodynamic properties were determined (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ and ΔS‡) in the transition state, which were compared with the experimental results, obtaining good agreement, with a maximum deviation of 14%

Synthesis, characterization and utilization of a new series of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives to neutralize some toxic activities of Bothrops jararaca snake venom

Abstract Snake envenomation is a public health problem, and while serum therapy prevents death, the local effects of venoms can lead to amputations or morbidities. Thus, alternative treatments deserve attention. In this study, we tested eight derivatives of 1,2,3-triazole against some toxic activities of Bothrops jararaca venom. The derivatives were synthesized, and their structures analyzed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance. After that, the ability of compounds to inhibit hemolysis, coagulation, proteolysis, hemorrhaging, edema, and lethal activities of B. jararaca venom was investigated. The derivatives were incubated with B. jararaca venom (incubation protocol), administered before (prevention protocol) or after (treatment protocol) injecting venom into the mice. Then, hemorrhaging assay occurred. As a result, most of the derivatives inhibited the activities, even if they were incubated, injected before or after B. jararaca venom. However, the derivatives TRI 07 and TRI 18 seemed to be the most efficient in impairing hemorrhaging. The derivatives showed a low drug score of toxicity based on an in silico technique. Therefore, the derivatives fulfilled physicochemical and biological requirements to become drugs, and they may be a brand new initiative for designing antivenom molecules to complement antivenom therapy to efficiently block tissue necrosis or any other local effects.

Desenvolvimento de rota sintética da Rosiglitazona em processo batelada e microrreator capilar / Rosiglitazone synthetic route development in batch process and capillary microreactor

Para que os fármacos possam ser comercializados economicamente, a sua escala de produção deve ser aumentada para atender à demanda do mercado. Atualmente, a maior parte dos fármacos são sintetizados em processos batelada que possuem limitações quanto à eficiência de mistura, temperatura e pressão. O uso de microrreatores surge como alternativa na indústria químico-farmacêutica, aumentando a eficiência dos processos de maneira segura. Ferramentas utilizadas no segmento computacional multidisciplinar teórico, como o DFT (Density Functional Theory), podem prever e compreender o comportamento das reações químicas, podendo ter grande utilidade na síntese de novos fármacos economizando tempo, investimento e reduzindo a geração de resíduos. A diabetes mellitus é uma doença de caráter epidêmico, que a cada ano vem aumentando o número de casos. O emprego de fármacos derivados das glitazonas no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 é recomendado devido ao excelente controle glicêmico que esta classe de fármacos oferece. Neste trabalho, foi sintetizada a Rosiglitazona, um fármaco derivado das glitazonas, que auxilia no tratamento da diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo estudadas duas rotas de síntese distintas, que foram otimizadas com o intuito de maximizar o rendimento de seus intermediários, obtendo a Rosiglitazona com pureza de cerca de 94%. Foi realizada, para os intermediários, aqui denominados, 1R, 2R2 e 3R2 a síntese one-pot e para os intermediários 1R, 2R1 e 3R2 foi realizada a transposição do processo usual em batelada para fluxo contínuo no microrreator, com rendimentos de até 93%. Com o auxílio da química quântica computacional, a reação de síntese do intermediário 1R, foi elucidada teoricamente e determinadas as grandezas termodinâmicas (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ e ΔS‡) no estado de transição, que foram comparadas com os valores experimentais, sendo constatada uma boa concordância, com desvio máximo de 14%

In order for drugs to be commercialized economically, their production scale must be increased to meet market demand. Currently, most drugs are synthesized in batch processes that have limitations in terms of mixing efficiency, temperature and pressure. The use of microreactors appears as an alternative in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry, increasing the efficiency of the synthesis processes in a safe way. Tools used in the theoretical multidisciplinary computational segment, such as DFT (Density Functional Theory), can predict and understand the behavior of chemical reactions, and can be very useful in the synthesis of new drugs, saving time, investment and reducing waste generation. Diabetes mellitus is an epidemic disease that has been increasing the number of cases every year. The use of drugs derived from glitazones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is recommended due to the excellent glycemic control that this class of drugs offers. In this work, Rosiglitazone, a drug derived from glitazones, which helps in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, was synthesized. Two different synthetic routes were studied and optimized in order to maximize the yield of its intermediates, obtaining Rosiglitazone with purity of about 94%. One-pot synthesis was performed to 1R, 2R2 and 3R2 intermediates, and the transposition from the usual batch process to continuous flow in microreactor was performed to 1R, 2R1 and 3R2 intermediates, with yields of up to 93%. With the aid of computational quantum chemistry, the intermediate 1R synthesis reaction was theoretically elucidated and the thermodynamic properties were determined (ΔH‡, ΔG‡ and ΔS‡) in the transition state, which were compared with the experimental results, obtaining good agreement, with a maximum deviation of 14%.

The use of ultrasound in the South Cone region. Advances in organic and inorganic synthesis and in analytical methods.

In organic and inorganic synthesis and in analytical methods, an external conventional heat source is usually applied to carry out a chemical reaction at a high temperature, or an extraction procedure. In the last decades, the use of ultrasound as an alternative energy source has become an interesting field of research in these topics in the South Cone region (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Paraguay). For this reason, the present review, covering the period 2009 to mid-2021, is a compilation of ultrasound-assisted synthetic and analytical methodologies.

Ultrasound-mediated radical cascade reactions: Fast synthesis of functionalized indolines from 2-(((N-aryl)amino)methyl)acrylates.

Novel functionalized indolines were synthesized from 2-(((N-aryl)amino)methyl)acrylates and formamides under ultrasonic irradiation for the first time. Aiming to develop a straightforward and easy-to-implement methodology for the synthesis of indolines, an instrumentation setup was designed, including ultrasound (US) equipment (Ultrasonic Horn; tip diameter of 12.7 mm, 20 kHz, maximum power of 400 W), an open reaction flask, and an inexpensive and green catalyst (1 mol%; FeSO4·7H2O; CAS: 7782-63-0) without the need for anhydrous conditions. The use of the sono-Fenton process in the presence of formamides and 2-(((N-aryl)amino)methyl)acrylates afforded a broad range of functionalized indolines within 60 s in high yields. Several experimental parameters of the ultrasound-assisted reaction were evaluated, such as amplitude (40-80%), sonication time (15-60 s), and pulsed ultrasonic irradiation. A 60 s silent reaction did not produce the desired indoline. The optimized conditions for US-mediated reactions allowed the production of functionalized indolines in high isolated yields (up to 99%, 60 s reaction, pulse ration 1 s:1 s, US amplitude 60 %).

Recent Studies on Neglected Drug Design.

BACKGROUND: Neglected diseases require special attention when looking for new therapeutic alternatives, as these are diseases of extreme complexity and severity that affect populations belonging to lower social classes who lack access to basic rights, such as sanitation. INTRODUCTION: Among the alternatives available for obtaining new drugs is Medicinal Chemistry, which is responsible for the discovery, identification, invention, and preparation of prototypes. In this perspective, the present work aims to make a bibliographic review on the recent studies of Medicinal Chemistry applied to neglected diseases. METHODS: A literature review was carried out by searching the "Web of Sciences" database, including recent articles published on the Neglected Drug Design. RESULTS: In general, it was noticed that the most studied neglected diseases corresponded to Chagas disease and leishmaniasis, with studies on organic synthesis, optimization of structures, and molecular hybrids being the most used strategies. It is also worth mentioning the growing number of computationally developed studies, providing speed and optimization of costs in the procurement process. CONCLUSION: The CADD approach and organic synthesis studies, when applied in the area of Medicinal Chemistry, have proven to be important in the research and discovery of drugs for Neglected Diseases, both in terms of planning the experimental methodology used to obtain it and in the selection of compounds with higher activity potential.

A Compendium of the Most Promising Synthesized Organic Compounds against Several Fusarium oxysporum Species: Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, and Perspectives.

Vascular wilt caused by F. oxysporum (FOX) is one of the main limitations of producing several agricultural products worldwide, causing economic losses between 40% and 100%. Various methods have been developed to control this phytopathogen, such as the cultural, biological, and chemical controls, the latter being the most widely used in the agricultural sector. The treatment of this fungus through systemic fungicides, although practical, brings problems because the agrochemical agents used have shown mutagenic effects on the fungus, increasing the pathogen's resistance. The design and the synthesis of novel synthetic antifungal agents used against FOX have been broadly studied in recent years. This review article presents a compendium of the synthetic methodologies during the last ten years as promissory, which can be used to afford novel and potential agrochemical agents. The revision is addressed from the structural core of the most active synthetic compounds against FOX. The synthetic methodologies implemented strategies based on cyclo condensation reactions, radical cyclization, electrocyclic closures, and carbon-carbon couplings by metal-organic catalysis. This revision contributes significantly to the organic chemistry, supplying novel alternatives for the use of more effective agrochemical agents against F. oxysporum.

Metal-Free Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives.

Reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) is a class of powerful techniques capable of synthesizing polymers with a well-defined structure, properties, and functionalities. Among the available RDRPs, ATRP is the most investigated. However, the necessity of a metal catalyst represents a drawback and limits its use for some applications. O-ATRP emerged as an alternative to traditional ATRP that uses organic compounds that catalyze polymerization under light irradiation instead of metal. The friendly nature and the robustness of O-ATRP allow its use in the synthesis of tailorable advanced materials with unique properties. In this review, the fundamental aspects of the reductive and oxidative quenching mechanism of O-ATRP are provided, as well as insights into each component and its role in the reaction. Besides, the breakthrough recent studies that applied O-ATRP for the synthesis of functional materials are presented, which illustrate the significant potential and impact of this technique across diverse fields.

Functional Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: Current Approaches in Synthetic Transformations and Uses As an Antitumor Scaffold.

Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (PP) derivatives are an enormous family of N-heterocyclic compounds that possess a high impact in medicinal chemistry and have attracted a great deal of attention in material science recently due to their significant photophysical properties. Consequently, various researchers have developed different synthesis pathways for the preparation and post-functionalization of this functional scaffold. These transformations improve the structural diversity and allow a synergic effect between new synthetic routes and the possible applications of these compounds. This contribution focuses on an overview of the current advances (2015-2021) in the synthesis and functionalization of diverse pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. Moreover, the discussion highlights their anticancer potential and enzymatic inhibitory activity, which hopefully could lead to new rational and efficient designs of drugs bearing the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine core.