Impact of a Secondary Prevention Program for Fragility Fractures at the Orthogeriatric Clinical Care Center at the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, 2014-2020.

Introduction: The presence of a fragility fracture increases the risk of new fractures. The timely and prompt initiation of treatment for osteoporosis can reduce the incidence of new fractures, for which adherence to management is a determining factor. The main objective of the study was to characterize the secondary prevention program for fragility hip fractures in patients older than 65 years, determine adherence to treatment and its effect on the appearance of new fractures in the established follow-up period. Materials and Methods: A descriptive retrospective cohort study was carried out. Patients older than 65 years with a fragility hip fracture treated by an Orthogeriatric Clinical Care Center between May 2014 and April 2020 who completed a one-year follow-up were included. Results: A final sample of 290 patients was obtained (226 women and 64 men) with an average age of 82.27 years. It was found that 84.5% of patients received indications to start osteoporotic management prior to hospital discharge and only 35.2% started the treatment in the first 6 postoperative months. 16.6% (n = 48) of patients presented a new fracture, with no significant difference between those who started their osteoporosis treatment in a timely manner. Out of the 48 patients, 5 patients (10.4%) met therapeutic failure criteria. Discussion: Most patients (84.5%) received indications for starting osteoporotic treatment before hospital discharge, nevertheless 35.2% started it during the first 6 postoperative months. 16.6% of patients presented a new fracture during follow up, of which only five met therapeutic failure criteria. Conclusions: No significant differences were found between the presence of new fractures and early initiation of osteoporotic management. However, literature shows that prompt and timely osteoporotic treatment reduces the incidence of new fractures, thus measures must be implemented to strengthen the adherence and surveillance of patients to the indicated treatment.

Hip fractures in the elderly Chilean population: a projection for 2030.

Using national databases, we projected the magnitude of hip fractures among the elderly Chilean population by 2030. Hip fractures will increase by 27.5% from 2018 to 9862 cases (95% CI = 8760 to 10,965). The most substantial growth is expected to occur in patients older than 80 years of age. INTRODUCTION: There is scarce information regarding the magnitude of hip fractures that will be observed in Latin American countries in the near future. The aim of this study is to project the volume of hip fractures in the elderly Chilean population by the year 2030. METHODS: The database of the Chilean Department of Statistics and Health Information, which includes all hospital discharges within Chile, was employed to evaluate the volume of hip fractures observed from 2012 to 2018 in the elderly population (≥ 65 years old). The annual incidence was determined by combining the volume of fractures with census data. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the projected volume of hip fractures for 2030. RESULTS: For 2030, hip fractures among the elderly population are projected to grow 27.5% (R2 = 0.92) to 9862 cases (95% CI = 8760 to 10,965). In the group from 65 to 79 years old, hip fractures are expected to grow 21.6% (R2 = 0.87) to 3046 cases (95% CI = 2686 to 3405). In patients ≥ 80 years of age, hip fractures are expected to grow 30.1% (R2 = 0.9) to 6817 cases (95% CI = 5889 to 7744). CONCLUSIONS: A substantial growth in the volume of hip fractures is expected for the next decade among the elderly Chilean population, especially in patients ≥ 80 years of age. A national healthcare strategy should consider efforts to mitigate the impact of the future burden related to patients' care.

Fractura de cadera y geriatría: una unión necesaria / Hip fracture and geriatrics: a necessary union

Las personas mayores con fractura de cadera tienen un aumento del riesgo de mortalidad de 5 a 8 veces por todas las causas, y un riesgo mucho mayor de institucionalización por pérdida funcional, ya que solo el 50% de los pacientes que sobreviven, recuperan la actividad de la vida diaria previa a la fractura. Las intervenciones para prevenir dichos resultados, incluyendo una segunda fractura, se transforma en el objetivo principal en estos pacientes. El modelo de atención de ortogeriatría es un enfoque de atención multidimensional para los pacientes que sufren una fractura de cadera, que por lo general, es secundario a una caída desde su propia altura, conocida como fractura por fragilidad. Este modelo de atención desarrollado por geriatras y traumatólogos con la asistencia de un equipo multidisciplinario, incluye una evaluación integral perioperatoria y un equipo de enfermería centrada en la función premórbida del paciente, la cognición, las comorbilidades, que permite crear un plan individualizado, para ser monitorizado y asegurar su cumplimiento, los primeros dos años después de la fractura. Este esquema de trabajo ha demostrado mejorar el retorno a la función previa y la disminución de la mortalidad, con un costo reducido o un aumento de utilidad expresada en calidad de vida, por lo que es la atención más rentable para los pacientes que sufren una fractura de cadera.

Older people with hip fracture have an increased risk of mortality 5 to 8 times, for all causes and a much higher risk of institutionalization due to functional loss, because only 50% of patients who survive, recover the activity of daily life before the fracture. Interventions to prevent such results, including a second fracture, become the principal objective in these patients. The orthogeriatric care model, is a multidimensional approach for patients who suffer a hip fracture, which is usually secondary to a fall from their own height, known as a fragility fracture. This model of care developed by geriatricians and traumatologists with help of a multidisciplinary team, includes a comprehensive perioperative assessment and a nursing team focused on the premorbid patient state, cognition, comorbidities, which allows creating an individualized plan, to be monitored and ensure compliance, the first 2 years. This work scheme has been shown to improve the return of the function and the reduction of mortality at a reduced cost or an expressed utility in quality of life, making it the most cost-effective care for patients suffering from a hip fracture.

High prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in elderly hip fracture patients with delayed hospital admission.

PURPOSE: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication in hip fracture patients, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Research has focused on postoperative DVT, with scant reports on preoperative prevalence. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of preoperative DVT in patients accessing medical care ≥ 48 h after a hip fracture. METHODS: We included elderly patients admitted ≥ 48 h after sustaining a hip fracture, between September 2015 and October 2017. Patients with a previous episode of DVT, undergoing anticoagulation therapy, with pathologic fractures or undergoing cancer treatment were excluded. Of 273 patients, 59 were admitted at least 48 h after the fracture. DVT screening by Doppler ultrasound of both lower extremities was carried upon hospital admission. We recorded age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index and ASA score, fracture type, time since injury, time from admission to surgery and total length of hospital stay. RESULTS: We studied 41 patients, 79 (± 10.34) years old. The delay from injury to admission was 120 h (48-696 h). Seven patients (17.1%) had a DVT upon admission. There were no significant differences between patients with and without DVT, regarding time from admission to surgery or the total length of the hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of DVT in patients admitted ≥ 48 h after a hip fracture was 17.1%. The diagnosis and management of DVT did not increase time to surgery or hospital stay. Our results suggest routine screening for DVT in patients consulting emergency services ≥ 48 h after injury.

Mortalidad intrahospitalaria en adultos mayores chilenos con fractura de cadera: incidencia, causas y otros elementos de interés / Early in-hospital Mortality in Chilean Older People with Hip Fracture

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las fracturas de cadera (FC) presentan alta mortalidad. Existen escasos estudios que profundizan en la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (MIH) asociada. OBJETIVO: Describir MIH en pacientes ≥ 60 años con FC. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Corte transversal, descriptivo y analítico, monocéntrico, de colección completa. Fueron evaluados 647 sujetos, de ambos géneros, ingresados con FC entre 01.01.2010 y 31.12.2012, agrupándolos en fallecidos y egresados vivos. Se registró fallecimientos, género, edad, ubicación anatómica, tipo de traumatismo, lugar de ocurrencia de FC, tiempo fractura-fallecimiento, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, porcentaje de operados, diagnósticos asociados a FC, diagnóstico de fallecimiento, comorbilidad asociada al diagnóstico de fallecimiento y lugar de fallecimiento. Datos en planilla ortogeriátrica, análisis descriptivo. RESULTADOS: MIH = 3,09%. Edad promedio 84 años. Los diagnósticos de fallecimiento más importantes fueron infecciones (40%) y enfermedad tromboembólica (15%). El 80% presentó comorbilidad crónica relacionada con la causa de fallecimiento. Sin diferencias significativas según edad, género, ubicación anatómica de la FC, lugar de ocurrencia de la FC, tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Hubo diferencias significativas en cantidad de no operados, mayor en el grupo con MIH (p < 0.000), esperable por sesgo de selección. Es deseable identificar precozmente los sujetos con FC que presentan alto riesgo de MIH. Esto, para definir manejo conservador, optimizar calidad de vida y recursos hospitalarios.

INTRODUCTION: Hip fractures (HIF), have high rates of early mortality. However, there are few studies that deepen in in-hospital mortality (IHM). OBJETIVE: To describe IHM in patients with ≥ 60 years with HIF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical, monocentric, full collection. 647 subjects, both genders, admitted with HIF between 01.01.2010 and 12.31.2012, separating them in inhospital deceased and discharged alive. Registered deaths, gender, age, anatomic location, type of trauma, place of occurrence of HIF, time fracture-death, length of hospital stay, percentage of operated, diagnosis associated with HIF, diagnosis of death, comorbidity associated with the diagnosis of death and place of death. Data in orthogeriatric chart, descriptive analysis. RESULTS: IHM = 3.09%. Average age 84 years. The most important diagnoses of death were infections (40%) and thromboembolic disease (15%). 80% presented chronic comorbidity related to the cause of death. There were no significant differences according to age, gender, HIF anatomical location, place of occurrence of the HIF, length of hospital stay. There were significant differences in the number of non-operated, higher in the IHM group (p < 0.000), expected for selection bias. It is desirable to identify early those subjects with HIF who are at high risk for IHM. This, to define conservative management, optimize quality of life and hospital resources.

Complicaciones intrahospitalarias en ancianos con fractura de cadera: estudio transversal para determinar los factores asociados / In-hospital complications in elderly patients with hip fracture: cross-sectional study to determine the associated factors

Introducción El objetivo del trabajo es determinar cuáles son los factores asociados a la presencia de complicaciones intrahospitalarias en pacientes ancianos con fractura de cadera. Materiales & métodos Estudio retrospectivo, observacional de los pacientes mayores de 65 años ingresados al Hospital Universitario San Ignacio con fractura de cadera en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2015. Se realizó la revisión de la historia clínica de cada paciente extrayendo datos demográficos, antecedentes patológicos, síndromes geriátricos, estado de ingreso, datos del procedimiento quirúrgico y la presencia de complicaciones. Posteriormente se procedió a realizar un análisis multivariado para determinar los factores asociados a la presencia de complicaciones intrahospitalarias. Resultados Durante el periodo de recolección se analizaron los datos de 141 pacientes, la edad promedio fue de 80.3 años (DE 7.86), el 62.4% de la muestra eran mujeres y el tiempo de estancia promedio fue de 7.89 días (DE 5.65). Las tres condiciones geriátricas más frecuentes fueron desnutrición, polifarmacia y caídas. El 53% de los pacientes eran independientes para la realización de actividades básicas de la vida diaria (Barthel > 90). Durante el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria el 54.6% de la muestra presentó alguna complicación. La mortalidad registrada en el periodo intrahospitalario fue de 9.9%. Discusión La dependencia funcional, el mayor riesgo anestésico, el requerimiento de oxígeno suplementario durante el postoperatorio y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fueron los principales factores independientes para la presencia de complicaciones intrahospitalarias.

Background This study aims to determine the factors associated with the presence of in-hospital complications in elderly patients with hip fracture. Methods A retrospective, observational study of patients older than 65 years admitted to the San Ignacio University Hospital (Bogotá, Colombia) with hip fracture in the period between January 2013 and December 2015. A review of the clinical history of each patient was carried out by extracting demographic data, disease history, geriatric syndromes, status on admission, date of the surgical procedure, and the presence of complications. A multivariate analysis was subsequently performed in order to determine the risk factors associated with the presence of in-hospital complications. Results An analysis was carried out on the data collected from 141 patients. The mean age was 80.3 years (SD 7.86), with 62.4% of the sample being women, and the mean hospital stay was 7.89 days (SD 5.65). The three most frequent geriatric conditions were malnutrition, polypharmacy, and falls, Just over half (53%) of the patients were independent for basic activities of daily living (Barthel> 90). During the hospital stay, 54.6% of the sample had some complication. Mortality in the hospital period was 9.9%. Discussion Functional dependence, increased anaesthetic risk, supplementary oxygen requirement during the post-operative period, and length of hospital stay were independent factors for the presence of in-hospital complications.

Enfoque ortogeriátrico: manejo clínico perioperatorio de las fracturas de cadera en la persona mayor / Orthogeriatric approach: Perioperative clinical care of hip fractures in the elderly

Las fracturas de cadera (FC) son la complicación más grave de la fragilidad ósea. Presentan alta incidencia en el adulto mayor (AM), constituyéndose un problema de salud pública. Actualmente los objetivos del tratamiento son el retorno del paciente a su nivel funcional lo más pronto posible, reducción de la morbimortalidad y optimización de los recursos. Para ello es importante un abordaje multidisciplinario, una cirugía precoz (< 48 horas), así como una rehabilitación temprana. En la etapa aguda, el papel del geriatra incluye la evaluación clínica integral desde el ingreso a emergencia, la valoración y preparación prequirúrgica, prevención y manejo de complicaciones, así como la coordinación con los diversos recursos intrahospitalarios y extrahospitalarios.

Hip fracture is the most serious complication of bone fragility. Its incidence is high in the elderly and it constitutes a public health problem. Present treatment objectives are to return the patient to their previous level of functioning as soon as possible, to reduce the morbidity and mortality and to optimize resources. Hence a multi-disciplinary approach with prompt surgery (<48 hours) and early initiation of rehabilitation are important. In the acute phase the geriatrician does a comprehensive evaluation of the patient on admission to the Accident and Emergency Department and is responsible for pre-surgical preparation and evaluation, prevention and care of complications and coordination of the various resources inside and outside the hospital.

Fracturas de cadera y calidad de vida: la ortogeriatría en el ojo del huracán / Hip fractures and quality of life: Orthogeriatrics in the eye of the hurricane

Se revisan algunas áreas de desarrollo de la Ortogeriatría que inciden sobre la calidad de vida tanto de los equipos de salud como de los pacientes. En particular, se aborda la clasificación de los Modelos de Atención en Ortogeriatría, la investigación en Ortogteriatría en hispanoamérica, la definición nosológica de las fracturas de cadera, y la estandarización de la atención ortogeriátrica bajo conceptos de calidad. Se desarrolla la importancia que tienen estos aspectos sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con salud, se señalan los elementos más importantes a desarrollar en el futuro y se sugieren algunas propuestas de investigación.

We review developing areas of orthogeriatrics which impact quality of life in both patients and health teams. We highlight orthogeriatric models of care, orthogeriatric research in Latin America, the nosological definition of hip fractures and the standardization of orthogeriatric treatment with regards to quality. We expand on the importance of these aspects on quality of life with relation to health, point out the most important aspects to be developed, and suggest some lines of research.

Intra- and extra-capsular hip fractures in the elderly: Two different pathologies?

OBJECTIVES: To compare intracapsular (IC) and extracapsular (EC) hip fractures (HIF) in elderly patients in order to determine if they are different pathologies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Longitudinal, observational, descriptive, analytical prospective design, using a non-probabilistic sample from a full sample collection with 647 subjects (male and female), of 60 or more years old, admitted with HIF to the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Hospital, between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012. Follow-up was for 1 year post HIF. Socio-demographic, etiological, developmental, therapeutic and prognostic variables are compared. RESULTS: This is the first study on this subject with Latin American population. EC HIF incidence was superior to IC, contrary to that published in European/American populations. There are significant differences in etiological variables (χ(2)=6.34, p<0.042), with traumatic etiology in EC and non-traumatic in IC. There are also differences in therapeutic interventions performed (osteosynthesis for EC, arthroplasty for IC), with the decision on not to operate being lower in IC (both p<0.0000). The variables associated with the decision on not to perform surgery are age, etiology and postoperative mortality. DISCUSSION: The results are similar to other studies, adding the IC association with non-traumatic origin, in particular the trend of statistical association between IC and non-primary osteoporotic pathology (neoplasms, renal osteodystrophy, primary hyperparathyroidism). A further analysis was performed on the differences between Latin American and European/American populations in the incidence of either type of HIF. There are important etiological and therapeutic differences between IC and EC HIF; therefore it would be advisable to consider them as distinct disease entities.

Modelos de atención en ortogeriatría: ¿qué tipo es éste o aquel? revisión y propuesta taxonómica / Models of care in orthogeriatrics: what type is this or that? systematic review and taxonomic proposal

Aunque la Ortogeriatría ha experimentado un explosivo desarrollo en los últimos 50 años, es difícil encontrar puntos de comparación entre los diferentes modelos de atención existentes. Se sabe relativamente poco acerca de cómo comparar entre sí los resultados obtenidos por unos y otros, y de cómo clasificarlos. Objetivo: Evaluar si es posible construir una propuesta taxonómica de los Modelos de Atención en Ortogeriatría (MAO) basada en la secuencia de momentos que conforman el curso clínico de la Fractura de Cadera (FC), la más importante patología ortogeriátrica. Diseño: Revisión sistemática. Método: Se revisó bases de datos electrónicas (Medline, NCBI (PubMed), TRIPy Google Scholar).Criterios de inclusión: Publicaciones en inglés o castellano, en revistas de impacto, entre enero 1990 y julio 2013, reportando intervenciones clínicas, exclusivamente de Ortogeriatría, de al menos 1 año de duración, sobre personas de 60 o más años con FC o para prevenir FC, explicitando el lugar donde se llevaron a cabo, el momento que abordaron en la evolución de la FC y concluyendo efectos beneficiosos. Resultados: 1044 coincidencias, 37 reportes seleccionados. Se identificó 4 tipos básicos de MAO, que sirvieron como base para construir una propuesta de clasificación. Conclusiones: La secuencia de momentos que conforman el curso clínico de la FC podría ser de utilidad para clasificar estos modelos. El sistema obtenido facilitaría la elección de uno u otro para implementar en diferentes situaciones, y homogenizaría la comparación de resultados de MAO similares...

Although orthogeriatrics have been explosively developed in last 50 years, is difficult to find points of comparison between different types of orthogeriatric care models (OCM). Relatively little is known about how to compare different outcomes between each other, and how to classify different OCM. Objectives: To develop a taxonomic proposal of OCM based on the sequence of moments in which each different OCM is implemented for managing hip fracture (HIF), the main orthogeriatric pathology. Methods: We reviewed electronic data bases (Medline, NCBI (PubMed), TRIP and Google Scholar) for OCM reports. We include studies reporting clinical experiences suggesting a specific orthogeriatric model centered in older people (60 or over) with HIF, explaining clearly the place where they were performed and the HIF evolutionary moment they approached. Results: After 1044 coincidences, 37 reports of 37 different OCM were selected. OCM were ordered following the care continuum criteria. Finally, 4 basic types of OCM were obtained, which served as the basis to develop a taxonomic proposal. Conclusions: The HIF clinical course was useful for generating a classification system for the different OCM. This taxonomic approach could help to take decisions to implement one or another kind of OCM in one or another situation, and to compare clinical indicators and outcomes between similar OCM...

Comparison of complications and length of hospital stay between orthopedic and orthogeriatric treatment in elderly patients with a hip fracture.

Hip fractures in the elderly individuals are a complex problem. Our objective was to determine whether orthogeriatric treatment is effective in terms of reducing length of hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality of elderly patients with a hip fracture compared with orthopedic (traditional) treatment. From July 2009 to May 2011, patients older than 65 years with a hip fracture were followed prospectively. They were co-treated by geriatric and orthopedic teams. This cohort was compared with a retrospective cohort followed from January 2007 to June 2009 that was managed by the orthopedic surgery team only. Epidemiology, pre- and postoperative hematocrit, and renal function were registered. Also, in-hospital and distant mortality data (determined by consulting the national registry), mortality-associated factors, postoperative complications, hospital stay length, and transfers to other services were registered. One hundred and eighty-three patients in the retrospective group and 92 in the prospective group were included in this study with a median follow-up of 26 months (interquartile range: 13-41). The average age was 84 years and 74% of patients were female. Intertrochanteric fracture accounted for 51% of the cases. There was no difference between groups with regard to hospital stay length, hematocrit at discharge, in-hospital mortality, long-term survival, or transfers to internal medicine or the intensive care unit. It did show differences in the transfer to the intermediate care unit, prolonged hospitalizations (>20 days), and diagnosis of delirium and anemia requiring transfusion. In the present study, orthogeriatric treatment is slightly more effective than traditional treatment in terms of morbidity, but there is no difference in hospital stay length or mortality. Further studies and longer follow-up are needed to draw more conclusions.