Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by nectriapyrone and tryptophol isolated from endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp.

Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors are currently the main drugs used to treat the cognitive symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dual cholinesterase inhibitors, that is, compounds capable of inhibiting both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), are considered a new potential approach for the long-term treatment of patients with AD. We evaluated the ethyl acetate extract of Phomopsis sp., grown in liquid medium malt extract and potato dextrose (PDB), an endophyte isolated from the Brazilian medicinal plant Hancornia speciosa. The anticholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities were evaluated. The extracts exhibited dual action against AChE and BuChE. The compounds isolated from these extracts, nectriapyrone (1) and tryptophol (2), showed inhibitory action on BuChE (IC50 = 29.05 and 34.15 µM respectively), being selective towards BuChE. The discovery of selective BuChE inhibitors is extremely important for the development of drugs that can be used in the treatment of patients diagnosed with AD.

Búsqueda de compuestos bioactivos en Erythrina crista-galli infectada con Phomopsis sp / Search for bioactive compounds in Erythrina crista-galli infected with Phomopsis sp

Una de las estrategias alternativas utilizadas para encontrar nuevas moléculas bioactivas es investigar otros organismos que habitan en los biotopos, y se presta especial atención a las interacciones ambientales entre sí y las plantas que podrían producir aún una mayor cantidad de metabolitos secundarios. Dentro de estos microorganismos, los endófitos son considerados una importante fuente de nuevos metabolitos secundarios de explotación potencial para usos médicos, agrícolas o por otras áreas industriales. En este trabajo la investigación se centró en la búsqueda de compuestos bioactivos de Erythrina crista-galli infectada con un hongo endofítico. Se recolectaron muestras de E. crista-galli de los alrededores de la Provincia de Buenos Aires y de todas estas muestras se aisló e identificó al endófito como perteneciente al género Phomopsis. Se estudiaron las actividades antimicrobiana y antiinflamatoria de los extractos de E. crista-galli relacionadas con algunos de sus usos tradicionales. El extracto acetónico de las ramas jóvenes presentó actividad antibacteriana sobre Bacillus brevis y B. subtilis y antiinflamatoria in vivo (en edema de oreja de ratón) e in vitro (en macrófagos activados por lipopolisacáridos). Del extracto acetónico con actividad antimicrobiana se aislaron e identificaron dos compuestos, daidzeína y coumestrol, y se identificó genisteína por cromatografía contra testigos. La concentración inhibitoria mínima de daidzeína, coumestrol y genisteína frente a B. brevis fue de 137,81, 16,33 y 64,81 µM, respectivamente. En el extracto acetónico con actividad antiinflamatoria se identificaron, por cromatografía contra testigos, daidzeína, genisteína, coumestrol, biochanina A y formononetina. Genisteína, coumestrol y biochanina A presentaron una dosis efectiva 50, de 0,14, 0,54 y 0.75 µg/ml, respectivamente, en el modelo de edema en oreja de ratón. Para evaluar la influencia del endófito en el metabolismo secundario de E. crista-galli se obtuvieron plantines de cultivo. No se pudieron obtener plantines libres de hongo con los tratamientos aplicados. Se sobreinfectó un lote de plantines con Phomopsis sp. y se cuantificó su contenido de coumestrol (0,04 %) y daidzeína (0,05 %) en comparación con el de un grupo control (0,01 % y 0,02 %, respectivamente). Del extracto acetónico de los plantines sobreinfectados se aisló e identificó un glicósido de isorhamnetina. (AU)

Chemical constituents and their antibacterial activity from the tropical endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. F2934.

AIMS: To isolate, characterize and determine the antibacterial activities of compounds produced by the endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. F2934, cultivated on malt extract agar. METHODS AND RESULTS: The fungus was cultivated aseptically in Petri dishes containing malt extract agar at 25°C for 15 days. Crude extract was obtained from mycelium using ethyl acetate and sonication, and was fractioned using classic chromatography and HPLC. The structures of phomosines and chromanones were established by NMR experiments including HMQC, HMBC and COSY. Their molecular formulas were determined by ESI-TOFMS. We obtained six compounds: (1) 4H-1-benzopyra-4-one-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2,8-dimetyl, (2) 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one-2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-8-(hydroxylmethyl)-2-methyl, (3) 4H-1-benzopyra-4-one-2,3-dihydro-5-methoxyl-2,8-dimetyl, (4) phomosine A, (5) phomosine D and (6) phomosine C. Isolated compounds 1, 2 and 5 were inactive against 15 micro-organisms, but phomosines A and C were active against diverse Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: A group of new chromanones and known phomosines have been isolated from the genus Diaporthe (Diaporthe sp. F2934). The results obtained confirm the wide chemical diversity produced by endophytic fungi, specifically the genus Diaporthe. In addition, phomosines A and C may be considered as antimicrobial agents that can be used to guide the development of new antibiotics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our phylogenetic analysis places Diaporthe sp. F2934 as sister to the Diaporthe cynaroidis clade. Three chromanones were isolated and identified, for the first time, using crude extract obtained from Diaporthe F2934. From this extract phomosines A, C and D were also purified. Regarding Staphylococcus aureus, the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) for phomosine A was 20% higher than the standard drug, vancomycin. When cultivated as described here, Diaporthe sp. F2934 produced new and antimicrobial compounds.