Gender perspective in the implementation of hygiene in cardiology intensive care.

INTRODUCTION: Hygiene in critical patients is an essential daily care, provided under safe conditions, to promote comfort and maintain the integrity of skin and mucous membranes, however, it can generate feelings of dependence and vulnerability in patients. The aim of this post hoc study is to know the differences in satisfaction and lived experience regarding bed hygiene in an intensive care unit according to biological sex and gender perspective. METHODS: Observational, descriptive and prospective study in which an ad hoc questionnaire was administered to 148 conscious and oriented patients of legal age. The questionnaire was completed 24-48 hours after admission to the unit, once the initial bed hygiene had been performed. RESULTS: Males experienced conformism (51%), embarrassment (31%) and relief (9%); Women felt conformism (35.4%), embarrassment (18.8%) and relief (29.2%) (p < 0.05). Women experienced a feeling of cleanliness in 89.1% compared to 56.1% of men (p < 0.05). Men were offered to wash their genitals in 72.9% compared to 35.7% of women (p < 0.05). 34.3% of men would prefer a family member to assist them during hygiene (62.9% by their wives), compared to 27.1% of women who would prefer a family member (84.6% by their daughters). CONCLUSION: Women tolerate bed hygiene better than men and appreciate more the feeling of cleanliness. Women are identified as caregivers, both professionally and in the family, and patients prefer them to collaborate in the performance of hygiene, being wives preferred by men and daughters preferred by women.

Profile of female users of prescribed psychotropics in a prison unit in minas gerais / Perfil de las mujeres usuarias de psicotrópicos recetados en una unidad penitenciaria de minas gerais / Perfil das mulheres usuárias de psicotrópicos prescritos em uma unidade prisional de minas gerais

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the profile of women who use prescribed psychotropic drugs in a female prison unit. Method: this is a quantitative, exploratory, descriptive cross-sectional study developed with the population of a female penitentiary complex in the state of Minas Gerais. The total population admitted to the institution during the collection period was 363 people deprived of liberty and all were included in the analysis. Data were collected between August and December 2022 from the institutional database and were analyzed according to statistical tests (descriptive statistics and dispersion measures, Mann-Whitney test and Chi-squared test). Results: the sample was composed of young women of African descent, with a low education level, mothers and who did not receive visitors. Approximately 70% (n=250) used some prescribed psychotropic drug. The most frequent psychiatric diagnoses were anxiety disorders, followed by mood disorders. Women who used prescribed psychotropic drugs had a higher median length of incarceration. There was a significant association between the use of psychotropic drugs and chronic diseases. Conclusion: the identified profile reaffirms the effects of existing differences regarding gender. Even with the increase in public policies aimed at women, their specificities are often disregarded. Regarding the use of psychotropic drugs, it is suggested that the high rate corresponds to the conditions generated by incarceration.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el perfil de las mujeres consumidoras de psicofármacos prescritos en una unidad penitenciaria femenina. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, de carácter transversal, desarrollado con la población de un complejo penitenciario femenino del estado de Minas Gerais. La población total ingresada en la institución durante el período de recolección fue de 363 personas privadas de libertad y todas fueron incluidas en el análisis. Los datos fueron recolectados entre agosto y diciembre de 2022, de la base de datos institucional y analizados según pruebas estadísticas (estadística descriptiva y medidas de dispersión, prueba de Mann-Whitney y prueba de Chi-cuadrado). Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por mujeres jóvenes, afrodescendientes, con bajo nivel educativo, madres y que no recibieron visitas. Aproximadamente el 70% (n=250) consumía algún psicofármaco prescrito. Los diagnósticos psiquiátricos más frecuentes fueron los trastornos de ansiedad, seguidos de los trastornos del estado de ánimo. Las mujeres que consumían psicofármacos recetados tenían una mediana de duración de encarcelamiento mayor. Hubo una asociación significativa entre el uso de psicofármacos y enfermedades crónicas. Conclusión: el perfil identificado reafirma los efectos de las diferencias existentes en cuanto al género. Incluso con el aumento de las políticas públicas dirigidas a las mujeres, a menudo se ignoran sus especificidades. En cuanto al uso de psicofármacos, se sugiere que la alta tasa corresponde a las condiciones generadas por el encarcelamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil das mulheres usuárias de psicotrópicos prescritos em uma unidade prisional feminina. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório e descritivo, de caráter transversal, desenvolvido com a população de um complexo penitenciário feminino do estado de Minas Gerais. A população total admitida na instituição no período de coleta era de 363 privadas de liberdade e todas foram incluídas na análise. Os dados foram coletados entre agosto e dezembro de 2022, a partir do banco de dados institucional e foram analisados de acordo com testes estatísticos (estatística descritiva e medidas de dispersão, teste de Mann-Whitney e teste Qui-quadrado). Resultados: a amostra foi composta por mulheres jovens, afrodescendentes, com baixo nível de escolaridade, mães e que não recebiam visitas. Aproximadamente, 70% (n=250) usavam algum psicotrópico prescrito. Os diagnósticos psiquiátricos mais frequentes foram os transtornos ansiosos, seguidos pelos de humor. As mulheres que utilizavam psicotrópicos prescritos apresentaram uma mediana maior em relação ao tempo de reclusão. Houve associação significativa entre o uso de psicotrópicos e doenças crônicas. Conclusão: O perfil identificado reafirma os efeitos das diferenças existentes no que tange ao assunto gênero. Mesmo com o aumento de políticas públicas destinadas às mulheres, as suas especificidades, muitas vezes, são desconsideradas. Quanto ao uso de psicotrópicos, sugere-se que a alta taxa corresponde às condições geradas pelo encarceramento.

Experiencia vivida durante el climaterio por mujeres de una zona rural de Asientos, Aguascalientes / A experiência vivida das mulheres numa zona rural de Asientos, Aguascalientes durante o período climatérico / Climacteric experience of women in a rural area of Asientos, Aguascalientes

Introduction: Nursing care seeks the integrity of the person in all spheres of development and thus improves quality of life. Objective: To know the experience of women who are in the climacteric stage and who live in a rural area of the municipality of Asientos, Aguascalientes. Methodology: Qualitative study with Heiddeger's hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Seven women participated. Seven phenomenological interviews were conducted for the collection of information to guarantee the quality of the study. Results: The interviews lasted approximately 40 minutes. Nine units of meaning were obtained, which were divided into two groups: ontic and ontological. The ontic meaning units included: ignorance of climacteric as a stage of life, distress in climacteric and medical care during climacteric. The other group includes the ontological meaning units: sexual desire in darkness, absence of a partner, the family world and the climacteric period, transcendence in the climacteric period, and suffering in the climacteric period. Conclusion: Climacteric women have an influence on the sociocultural environment, repetitive patterns and scarce knowledge of the subject.(AU)

Introducción: El cuidado de enfermería busca la integridad de la persona en todas sus esferas de desarrollo y con ello mejora calidad de vida. Objetivo: Conocer la experiencia que tienen las mujeres que cursan la etapa del climaterio y que viven en zona rural del municipio de Asientos, Aguascalientes. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico hermenéutico de Heiddeger. Participaron 7 mujeres. Para la recolección de la información se realizaron siete entrevistas fenomenológicas, para garantizar la calidad del estudio. Resultados: Las entrevistas tuvieron una duración aproximada de 40 minutos. Se obtuvo 9 unidades de significado, las cuales se dividieron en dos grupos: óntico y ontológico. En las unidades de significado óntico se incluyó: desconocimiento del climaterio como etapa de la vida, angustia en el climaterio y atención medica durante el climaterio. El otro grupo abarca las unidades de significado ontológico integrado por: el deseo sexual en tinieblas, ausencia de compañero, el mundo familiar y el climaterio, trascendencia en el climaterio, sufrimiento en el climaterio. Conclusión: Las mujeres climatéricas tienen una influencia sobre el entorno sociocultural, patrones repetitivos y conocimientos escasos del tema.(AU)

Introdução: Os cuidados de enfermagem procuram a integridade da pessoa em todas as esferas de desenvolvimento e assim melhorar a qualidade de vida. Objectivo: Descobrir a experiência das mulheresna fase climatérica da vida que vivem numa zona rural do município de Asientos, Aguascalientes. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo com a abordagem fenomenológica hermenêutica de Heiddeger. Sete mulheres participaram. Foram realizadas sete entrevistas fenomenológicas para recolher a informação, a fim de garantir a qualidade do estudo. Resultados: As entrevistas duraram aproximadamente 40 minutos. Foram obtidas nove unidades de significado, que foram divididas em dois grupos: ontico e ontológico. As unidades de significado ôntico incluíam: ignorância do climatério como fase da vida, angústia no climatério e cuidados médicos durante o climatério. O outro grupo compreende as unidades de significado ontológico: desejo sexual na escuridão, ausência de parceiro, o mundo familiar e o climatério, transcendência no climatério, sofrimento no climatério. Conclusão: As mulheres climatéricas são influenciadas pelo ambiente sócio-cultural, padrões repetitivos e fraco conhecimento do assunto.(AU)

Influencia de las redes de apoyo sociofamiliares en el cuidado de las personas mayores dependientes: un estudio cualitativo / Influence of social-family support networks on the care of dependent older people: a qualitative study

Fundamentos: Las redes de apoyo sociofamiliares son necesarias para el cuidado de las personas dependientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar los tipos de apoyo que se dan en las Redes de Apoyo Sociofamiliares (RASF) de las personas dependientes mayores del Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte (España) desde una perspectiva de género. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de corte biográfico, basado en la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El tamaño de la muestra atendió al criterio de saturación teórica. Participaron en el estudio un total de veinticuatro personas, quince mujeres y nueve hombres. Para el análisis cualitativo del contenido y del discurso de las personas entrevistadas se siguió la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: Emergieron cuatro categorías correspondientes a los tipos de apoyo prestados: apoyo cognitivo, material, instrumental y emocional. Estas categorías correspondían a los prototipos que las personas cuidadoras y pacientes construían a través de las ideas y conceptos que tenían sobre el cuidado a personas dependientes. Los distintos tipos de apoyo prestados disminuían el malestar de todos los componentes de las RASF. Se evidenciaron diferencias en los discursos entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: Cuidar continúa siendo una actividad que suelen realizar las mujeres. Los tipos de apoyos analizados demuestran que la existencia de una red es una garantía de cuidados y que el empleo de las RASF reduce la sobrecarga de la persona cuidadora al estar compensadas con los otros miembros de la red. Por tanto, las redes son un factor de protección de la salud para las personas cuidadoras familiares.(AU)

Background: Socio-family support networks (SFSN) are necessary for the care of dependent people. This study aimed to explore the types of support provided in the SFSN for dependent older people in the Aljarafe Health District-Sevilla Norte (Spain) from a gender perspective. Methods: A qualitative biographical study was carried out, based on semi-structured interviews. The sample size met the theoretical saturation criterion. A total of twenty-four people participated in the study, fifteen women and nine men. For the qualitative analysis of the content and discourse of the people interviewed, Grounded Theory was followed. Results: Four categories emerged corresponding to thnal support. These categories corresponded to the prototypes that caregivers and patients built through the ideas and concepts they had about caring for dependent people. The different types of support provided reduced the discomfort of all members of the SFSN. Differences were evident in the speeches between men and women. Conclusions: Caring continues to be an activity that women usually do. The types of support analyzed show that the existence of a network is a guarantee of care and the use of SFSN reduces the overload of the caregiver by being compensated with the other members of the network. Therefore, networks are a health protection factor for family caregivers.(AU)

Idealização da maternidade e herança psíquica: reflexões no contemporáneo / Idealization of motherhood and psychic heritage: reflections in the contemporary / Idealización de la maternidad y herencia psíquica: reflexiones en lo contemporáneo

Considerando as transformações na maternidade ao longo da história e a atual crise identitária na relação da mulher com a maternidade, ou seja, o conflito entre os ideais de maternidade relacionados à figura da mulher/mãe e as demandas contemporâneas de realização individual no trabalho, realizou-se este estudo transversal, exploratório-descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, cujo objetivo consistia em descrever e analisar, a partir da psicanálise de casal e família, a experiência de mães que abandonaram da carreira profissional para a dedicação exclusiva à maternidade. Foram entrevistadas oito mulheres de classe média, entre 30 e 50 anos, que eram mães e abandonaram suas carreiras profissionais para se dedicarem à maternidade. As entrevistas que compuseram os resultados foram transcritas e as análises de conteúdo temática apontaram as múltiplas exigências, tanto sociais, quanto relacionadas à herança psíquica, que trazem implicações para a construção identitária dessas mulheres. Concluímos que um processo de elaboração dessa herança exige uma rede vincular de apoio e pressupõe a desidealização da maternidade, entendendo-a como plural, tanto no sentido de ser múltipla e diversa, quanto no sentido de ser uma construção vincular.

Noticing the history transformations in motherhood, and the current identity crisis in the woman's relationship between femininity and maternity, that is, the conflict between the ideas of motherhood related to the figure of the woman/mother and the contemporary demands of individual realization at work, this exploratory-descriptive, cross-sectional, study of a qualitative approach was carried out, whose objective was to describe and analyze, from the perspective of psychoanalysis of the linking configurations, the experience of mothers who abandoned the professional career for the exclusive dedication to motherhood. Eight middle-class women, aged between 30 and 50, who were mothers and abandoned their professional careers to dedicate themselves to motherhood-retirar, were interviewed. The interviews that composed the results were transcribed, and thematic content analyses pointed out the multiple demands, both social and related to psychic heritage, which have implications for the identity construction of these women. We conclude that an elaboration of this heritage requires a link network of support and presupposes the non-idealization of motherhood, understanding it as plural, both in the sense of being multiple and diverse, and in the sense of being a bonding construction.

Considerando los cambios en la maternidad a lo largo de la historia y la actual crisis de identidad en la relación de la mujer con la maternidad, es decir, el conflicto entre los ideales de maternidad relacionados con la figura de la mujer/madre y las demandas contemporáneas de realización individual en el trabajo, se realizó este estudio transversal, exploratorio-descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo, cuyo objetivo consistía en describir y analizar, a partir del psicoanálisis de las configuraciones vincular, la experiencia de madres que abandonaron de la carrera profesional para la dedicación exclusiva a la maternidad. Fueron entrevistadas ocho mujeres de clase media, entre 30 y 50 años. que eran madres y abandonaron sus carreras profesionales para dedicarse a la maternidad-retirar. Las entrevistas que compusieron los resultados fueron transcritas y los análisis de contenido temático señalaron las múltiples exigencias, tanto sociales, como relacionadas a la herencia psíquica, que traen implicaciones para la construcción identitaria de esas mujeres. Concluimos que un proceso de elaboración de esa herencia exige una red vincular de apoyo y presupone la desidealización de la maternidad, entendiéndola como plural, tanto en el sentido de ser múltiple y diversa, como en el sentido de ser una construcción vincular.

[Narratives on changes in health-related behaviours during lockdown in Spain according to gender]. / Narrativas sobre cambios de conductas en salud durante el confinamiento en España según género.

OBJECTIVE: To explore experiences related to health-oriented behaviours during lockdown in the Spanish resident population from a gender perspective. METHOD: Qualitative research with a critical and feminist approach. Twenty-nine semi-structured interviews (17 women and 12 men) were conducted between June and July 2020 via telephone with people who had previously answered an online survey. The interviews were transcribed and a thematic content analysis was carried out, differentiating between the experiences of women and men. The data were triangulated by the research team. RESULTS: Among women, greater diversity emerged in terms of health behaviours. Among them, the difficult experiences related to COVID-19, the complexity of living together and doing unpaid care work, as well as the importance of support networks, stood out. Among men, there were different attitudes towards sport, self-care and having time for healthy eating were positively valued, and there was a good assessment of coexistence and organisation in household chores. In both men and women, work overload and economic problems were related to emotional distress and difficulties in carrying out healthy activities. CONCLUSIONS: Health-oriented behaviours during lockdown differed according to gender. They were mostly limited to COVID-19 experiences, socio-economic conditions and burden of care. It is essential to tailor public health and primary care programmes according to people's life moments, taking into account their social context and questioning traditional gender roles.

[Perceptions and external factors of physical activity in adolescents using mixed methods]. / Percepciones y factores externos de la actividad física en adolescentes mediante métodos mixtos.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the levels of physical activity in adolescents and their relationship with perceptions of physical activity and external factors. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. The participants were adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18. They were recruited in secondary schools in the municipality of Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. The measurements were amount of physical activity (IPAQ-A questionnaire) and the relationship between level of physical activity and the perceptions of physical activity and external factors proposed by the health promotion model. RESULTS: Of the total sample, 60.34% participants were insufficiently active. The factors positively associated with physical activity were male gender (p<0.01), engaging in extracurricular sports (p<0.01), perceiving benefits (p<0.01), perceiving self-efficacy (p<0.01), interpersonal influences (p<0.01), having parents who engage in sports (p<0.01), social support (p<0.01) and social norms supporting exercise (p<0.01). The factors negatively associated with physical activity were female gender (p<0.01), body mass index (p=0.048) and perceiving obstacles (p<0.01). There was no relationship with social class (p=0.164). Situational influences were a conditioning factor for boys (p<0.01), but not girls (p=0.561). CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies factors that determinate the practice of physical activity in adolescents. Taking these factors into account in the design of health promotion interventions and policies could help increase levels of physical activity in this population. Even so, there are some variables, such as gender and socioeconomic status, that should be explored in depth through research that is more exploratory and discursive.

Percepciones y factores externos de la actividad física en adolescentes mediante métodos mixtos / Perceptions and external factors of physical activity in adolescents using mixed methods

Objetivo: Analizar los niveles de actividad física en adolescentes y su relación con las percepciones sobre actividad física y con los factores externos. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. Participaron adolescentes entre 11 y 18 años, reclutados/as en los centros de educación secundaria del municipio de Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona. Las mediciones consistieron en la valoración del nivel de actividad física mediante el cuestionario IPAQ-A y la relación del nivel de práctica de actividad física con las percepciones sobre actividad física y con los factores externos descritos en el modelo de promoción de la salud de Pender. Resultados: El 60,34% de los/las adolescentes fueron insuficientemente activos/as. Los factores asociados positivamente a la práctica de actividad física fueron el sexo masculino (p < 0,01), hacer deporte extraescolar (p < 0,01), la percepción de beneficios (p < 0,01), la percepción de autoeficacia (p < 0,01), las influencias interpersonales (p < 0,01), que los padres y las madres hagan deporte (p < 0,01), los modelos (p < 0,01) y las normas (p < 0,01). Los factores correlacionados asociados negativamente fueron el sexo femenino (p < 0,01), el índice de masa corporal (p = 0,048) y la percepción de barreras (p < 0,01). No se halló relación con la clase social (p = 0,164). Las influencias situacionales fueron un factor condicionante en los chicos (p < 0,01), pero no en las chicas (p = 0,561). Conclusiones: Este estudio identifica factores que determinan la práctica de actividad física en los/las adolescentes, que teniéndolos en cuenta en el diseño de intervenciones y políticas de promoción podrían ayudar a aumentar los niveles actuales. Aun así, existen algunos condicionantes, como el sexo y la clase social, que habría que estudiar con profundidad mediante investigaciones más exploratorias y discursivas. (AU)

Objective: Analyze the levels of physical activity in adolescents and their relationship with perceptions of physical activity and external factors. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. The participants were adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18. They were recruited in secondary schools in the municipality of Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. The measurements were amount of physical activity (IPAQ-A questionnaire) and the relationship between level of physical activity and the perceptions of physical activity and external factors proposed by the health promotion model. Results: Of the total sample, 60.34% participants were insufficiently active. The factors positively associated with physical activity were male gender (p < 0.01), engaging in extracurricular sports (p < 0.01), perceiving benefits (p < 0.01), perceiving self-efficacy (p < 0.01), interpersonal influences (p < 0.01), having parents who engage in sports (p < 0.01), social support (p < 0.01) and social norms supporting exercise (p < 0.01). The factors negatively associated with physical activity were female gender (p < 0.01), body mass index (p = 0.048) and perceiving obstacles (p < 0.01). There was no relationship with social class (p = 0.164). Situational influences were a conditioning factor for boys (p < 0.01), but not girls (p = 0.561). Conclusions: This study identifies factors that determinate the practice of physical activity in adolescents. Taking these factors into account in the design of health promotion interventions and policies could help increase levels of physical activity in this population. Even so, there are some variables, such as gender and socioeconomic status, that should be explored in depth through research that is more exploratory and discursive. (AU)

Narrativas sobre cambios de conductas en salud durante el confinamiento en España según género / Narratives on changes in health-related behaviours during lockdown in Spain according to gender

Objetivo: Explorar las experiencias relacionadas con los comportamientos orientados a la salud durante el confinamiento en la población residente en España desde una perspectiva de género. Método: Investigación cualitativa con enfoque crítico y feminista. Se realizaron 29 entrevistas semiestructuradas (17 mujeres y 12 hombres) entre junio y julio de 2020, por vía telefónica, a personas que habían contestado previamente a una encuesta on-line. Las entrevistas se transcribieron y se realizó un análisis de contenido temático diferenciando las experiencias de mujeres y hombres. Los datos fueron triangulados por el equipo investigador. Resultados: En las mujeres emergió mayor diversidad en torno a las conductas de salud. En ellas destacaron las difíciles vivencias relacionadas con la COVID-19, la complejidad en la convivencia y realizar trabajo de cuidados no remunerados, así como la importancia de las redes de apoyo. En los hombres hubo diferentes actitudes hacia el deporte, se valoró positivamente el autocuidado y tener tiempo para la alimentación saludable, y hubo una buena valoración sobre la convivencia y la organización en las tareas domésticas. En ambos, la sobrecarga laboral y los problemas económicos se relacionaron con malestar emocional y dificultades para realizar actividades saludables. Conclusiones: Los comportamientos orientados a la salud durante el confinamiento difirieron según género. Estuvieron sobre todo limitados a experiencias con la COVID-19, condiciones socioeconómicas y carga de cuidados. Resulta fundamental adaptar los programas de salud pública y atención primaria según los momentos vitales de las personas, considerando sus escenarios sociales y cuestionando los roles tradicionales de género. (AU)

Objective: To explore experiences related to health-oriented behaviours during lockdown in the Spanish resident population from a gender perspective. Method: Qualitative research with a critical and feminist approach. Twenty-nine semi-structured interviews (17 women and 12 men) were conducted between June and July 2020 via telephone with people who had previously answered an online survey. The interviews were transcribed and a thematic content analysis was carried out, differentiating between the experiences of women and men. The data were triangulated by the research team. Results: Among women, greater diversity emerged in terms of health behaviours. Among them, the difficult experiences related to COVID-19, the complexity of living together and doing unpaid care work, as well as the importance of support networks, stood out. Among men, there were different attitudes towards sport, self-care and having time for healthy eating were positively valued, and there was a good assessment of coexistence and organisation in household chores. In both men and women, work overload and economic problems were related to emotional distress and difficulties in carrying out healthy activities. Conclusions: Health-oriented behaviours during lockdown differed according to gender. They were mostly limited to COVID-19 experiences, socio-economic conditions and burden of care. It is essential to tailor public health and primary care programmes according to people's life moments, taking into account their social context and questioning traditional gender roles. (AU)

Importancia y rendimiento de los hábitos implicados en el desarrollo de exceso de peso según género / Importance and performance of habits involved in the development of excess weight according to gender

Introducción: la obesidad afecta cada vez más a los adolescentes. La clave de la prevención sigue siendo el control de los factores de riesgo modificables. El objetivo fue realizar un análisis mediante mapas de importancia-rendimiento de las principales conductas que condicionan la aparición de exceso de peso en adolescentes en función del género, una técnica estadística que representa gráficamente la importancia y el rendimiento de cada uno de los factores involucrados en el desarrollo del exceso de peso. Material y métodos: se administró un cuestionario sobre hábitos saludables (ENHASA) a padres de adolescentes de 12-14 años de Murcia (España). Posteriormente, fueron clasificados según estado ponderal siguiendo los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se realizaron un análisis multivariante y mapas de importancia-rendimiento según género. Resultados: participaron 416 adolescentes, detectándose un 40,6% de exceso de peso, sin diferencias significativas por género. El análisis mostró un R2 de 0,123 en adolescentes hombres y de 0,156 en adolescentes mujeres. Se reveló la falta de actividad física como el factor más importante para el desarrollo de exceso de peso en los adolescentes hombres, aunque los hábitos con mayor capacidad de mejora en ellos fueron los relacionados con el uso de televisión y horas de pantalla. En las adolescentes mujeres, lo más condicionante fue el ambiente socioescolar, siendo también los hábitos con menor rendimiento los relacionados con el uso de pantallas. Conclusiones: existen diferencias de género en los hábitos que condicionan el exceso de peso. Se debería tener en cuenta una perspectiva de género a la hora de diseñar nuevas estrategias de prevención (AU)

Introduction: obesity affects more adolescents every day. The key to prevention remains the control of modifiable risk factors. The objective of the work was to carry out an analysis using importance-performance maps of the main behaviors that condition the appearance of excess weight in adolescents according to gender. An statistical technique that draws on a map the importance and performance of each of the risk factors involved in the development of excess weight.Material and methods: we collected information from 416 adolescents between 12 and 14 years of age in Murcia (Spain) using the ENHASA healthy habits questionnaire. Later, we determined their somatometry and they were classified following the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). A multivariate analysis and importance-performance maps according to gender were performed.Results: 416 adolescents participated. We obtained 40,6% excess weight without significant differences by sex. The analysis showed an R2 of 0,123 in boys and 0,156 in girls. Lack of physical activity revealed as the most important factor for the development of excess weight in boys, although the habits with the greatest capacity for improvement were those related to the use of television and screen time. In girls, the most determining dimension was the socio-school environment; and the habits with the lowest performance were also those related to the use of screens.Conclusions: there are gender differences in the habits that determine overweight and obesity. It is important to take gender perspective into account when designing new more efficient prevention. (AU)

Impacto del confinamiento por la COVID-19 en la salud autopercibida en Chile según género / Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on self-perceived health in Chile by gender

Objetivo: Analizar los factores sociales asociados a la salud autopercibida durante el confinamiento en la población residente en Chile según la perspectiva de género. Método: Estudio transversal realizado mediante encuesta online durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19 entre el 17 de mayo y el 17 de agosto de 2020. Se analizó la salud autopercibida en población de 18 años o más en relación con variables sociales. Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística multivariante para evaluar la asociación entre las variables independientes con la salud autopercibida, a través de odds ratio ajustadas (ORa). Los análisis se estratificaron por sexo (H: hombres; M: mujeres). Resultados: Se analizaron 5981 personas (el 63,9% mujeres). El 29,6% de las mujeres y el 19,2% de los hombres reportaron mala salud autopercibida. En las mujeres, empeora al aumentar la edad. La peor salud autopercibida se asoció principalmente con la falta de apoyo social (ORa H: 2,05; ORa M: 2,34), la preocupación por la convivencia en el hogar (ORa H: 1,66; ORa M: 1,38), percibir inadecuadas condiciones de la vivienda (ORa H: 1,89; ORa M: 2,63) y el desacuerdo con las medidas gubernamentales (ORa H: 2,80; ORa M: 1,82). En las mujeres, además, se asoció al trabajo informal o estar inactivas laboralmente (ORa: 2,11). En los hombres, una peor salud autopercibida se asoció a ser trabajador independiente (autónomo) (ORa: 1,65; intervalo de confianza [IC]: 1,11-2,45) y tener educación secundaria (ORa: 2,81; IC: 1,32-5,98). Conclusiones: El impacto social del confinamiento en la salud autopercibida se relaciona con el género, la edad, el trabajo de cuidados y las condiciones socioeconómicas, así como con el desacuerdo con las medidas implementadas para gestionar la pandemia.

Objective: To analyse the social factors associated with self-perceived health during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Chilean resident population according to gender perspective. Method: Cross-sectional study conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown between May 17 and August 17, 2020 with an online survey. Self-perceived health was analysed in the population aged 18 years or older in relation to social variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between independent variables with self-perceived health, through adjusted odds ratio (aOR). Analyses were stratified by sex (M: men; W: women). Results: 5981 persons were analysed (women: 63.9%). 29.6% of women and 19.2% of men reported poor self-perceived health. In women it worsens with increasing age. Worse self-perceived health was mainly associated with lack of social support (ORa M: 2.05; ORa W: 2.34), concern about living together at home (ORa M: 1.66; ORa W: 1.38), perceived inadequate housing conditions (ORa M: 1.89; ORa W: 2.63), and disagreement with government measures (ORa M: 2.80; ORa W: 1.82). In women, it was also associated with informal work or being inactive in the labour market (ORa: 2.11). In men worse self-perceived health was associated with being self-employed (ORa: 1.65; confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–2.45) and has secondary education (ORa: 2.81; CI: 1.32–5.98). Conclusions: The social impact of lockdown in self-perceived health is related to gender, age, care work, and socioeconomic conditions, as well as, by disagreement with the measures implemented to manage the pandemic. (AU)

Exploración de las percepciones de género en adolescentes / Exploration of gender perceptions among adolescents

Introducción. La expresión del género y laidentidad sexual no siempre coinciden con el sexo asignado al nacer. Nos propusimos como objetivo explorar las percepciones de género en adolescentes que consultaron en un hospital universitario de la comunidad. Población y métodos. Se diseñó un estudio de corte transversal. Se realizó una encuesta anónima en la sala de espera a los pacientes de 13 a 20 años que se atendieron en los consultorios externos de adolescencia entre abril y diciembre del 2019. Resultados. Respondieron la encuesta 834 adolescentes y el promedio de edad de los encuestados fue de 16,3 ± 2,3 años. El 3,3 % de los adolescentes (2,9 % mujeres y 4,3 % varones) se percibieron con una identidad de género diferente a su sexo de nacimiento. El 26 % no percibió su orientación sexual en términos heteronormativos, casi el 10 % se sintió discriminado por su orientación sexual, y esto estuvo asociado a la orientación sexual no heteronormativa (p <0,0001). Las adolescentes mujeres besaron en la boca a personas del mismo sexo en mayor medida que los varones, 44,8 % versus 19 % (p <0,0001). Conclusiones. El 3,3 % de la población adolescente se percibió con una identidad de género diferente al sexo de nacimiento y el 26 % tuvo una orientación sexual no heteronormativa.

Introduction. Gender expression and sexual identity are not always the same as the sex assigned at birth. Our objective was to explore gender perceptions among adolescents who attended a teaching hospital in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Population and methods. This was a cross- sectional study. An anonymous survey was administered to patients aged 13-20 years at the waiting room of the outpatient adolescent clinic between April and December 2019. Results. A total of 834 adolescents completed the survey; their average age was 16.3 ± 2.3 years. Among them, 3.3% (2.9% females and 4.3% males) perceived their gender identity as different from their sex assigned at birth; 26% perceived their sexual orientation was not heteronormative; almost 10% experienced discrimination due to their sexual orientation; and this was associated with a non-heteronormative sexual orientation (p < 0.0001). Female adolescents kissed same sex persons on the mouth more often than male adolescents: 44.8% versus 19% (p < 0.0001). Conclusions. In this population of adolescents, 3.3% perceived their gender identity was different from their sex assigned at birth and 26% had a non-heteronormative sexual orientation.

[Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on self-perceived health in Chile by gender]. / Impacto del confinamiento por la COVID-19 en la salud autopercibida en Chile según género.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the social factors associated with self-perceived health during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Chilean resident population according to gender perspective. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown between May 17 and August 17, 2020 with an online survey. Self-perceived health was analysed in the population aged 18 years or older in relation to social variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between independent variables with self-perceived health, through adjusted odds ratio (aOR). Analyses were stratified by sex (M: men; W: women). RESULTS: 5981 persons were analysed (women: 63.9%). 29.6% of women and 19.2% of men reported poor self-perceived health. In women it worsens with increasing age. Worse self-perceived health was mainly associated with lack of social support (ORa M: 2.05; ORa W: 2.34), concern about living together at home (ORa M: 1.66; ORa W: 1.38), perceived inadequate housing conditions (ORa M: 1.89; ORa W: 2.63), and disagreement with government measures (ORa M: 2.80; ORa W: 1.82). In women, it was also associated with informal work or being inactive in the labour market (ORa: 2.11). In men worse self-perceived health was associated with being self-employed (ORa: 1.65; confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.45) and has secondary education (ORa: 2.81; CI: 1.32-5.98). CONCLUSIONS: The social impact of lockdown in self-perceived health is related to gender, age, care work, and socioeconomic conditions, as well as, by disagreement with the measures implemented to manage the pandemic.

¿Cómo son las mujeres homicidas en España? Una serie de casos / How are the homicidal women in Spain? A case series

Introducción: los homicidios cometidos por mujeres presentan un interés especial a nivel científico y social. En la literatura forense, se han observado unas características comunes a los homicidios de autoras femeninas que los diferencian de los cometidos por hombres, tanto a nivel del acto homicida en sí mismo, como por las características de la agresora y la víctima. Nuestro objetivo es averiguar si en España los homicidios cometidos por las mujeres presentan dichas características o hay diferencias sustanciales.Material y métodosanalizamos una serie de casos (n = 18) de homicidios cometidos por mujeres. Valoramos la biografía de las mujeres, las características del homicidio, el historial de trastorno mental y el consumo de tóxicos, y datos de interés del proceso judicial.Resultadosen nuestra muestra, como diferencias destacadas entre nuestro estudio y otros, encontramos un menor número de antecedentes biográficos traumáticos entre las mujeres condenadas por homicidio, así como una menor cantidad de agresiones y amenazas previas por parte de las víctimas.Consideraciones finalesson necesarios más estudios para confirmar estos hallazgos. (AU)

Introduction: Homicides committed by women are of special scientific and social interest. In forensic literature, common characteristics differentiating women's homicide of those committed by men have been observed. These characteristics concern the act of homicide itself, and also the victims and aggressors characteristics. Our objective is to find if in Spain, homicides committed by women present such characteristics or substantial differences exist.Material and methodWe analysed a case series (n = 18) of homicides committed by women. We evaluated their biography, homicide characteristics, previous mental illness history and drug use, and data of interest concerning the legal procedure.ResultsIn our sample, as highlighted differences between our study and others, we found less traumatic events in the biography of women who have a homicide conviction. We also found less history of previous aggresions and threats to the women by their victims.Final considerationsMore studies are necessary to confirm these findings. (AU)

Implicações para homens do afastamento do(a) filho(a) devido medida protetiva de urgência / Impacto en los hombres del distanciamiento del(la) hijo(a) debido a medida protectora de urgencia / Implications for men of separation from their children due to emergency protective measure

Resumo Objetivo Desvelar as implicações para os homens do afastamento pai-filho(a) em decorrência de medida protetiva por violência conjugal. Métodos Estudo descritivo exploratório, abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com nove homens que respondiam a processo judicial por violência conjugal junto às 1ª e 2ª Varas de Justiça pela Paz em Casa de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. A pesquisa ocorreu por meio da entrevista semiestruturada, tendo seu conteúdo gravado, transcrito e, em seguida, submetido à validação pelos homens. Os dados foram sistematizados com base nos passos preconizados pela análise de conteúdo temática categorial. Resultados O estudo revela que o afastamento pai-filho em decorrência da medida protetiva de urgência suscita no rompimento do vínculo paterno, fomentando o desenvolvimento de problemas psicoemocionais, como ansiedade, depressão e ideação suicida, muitas vezes somatizados e expressos desde cefaleia até condições que necessitam de cuidados hospitalares. Conclusão O comprometimento do exercício da paternidade viola também o direito de crianças e adolescentes ao convívio com a figura paterna. Deste modo, há grande necessidade de que a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde dos Homens contemple uma gestão que priorize ações preventivas para a violência, assim como desempenhe acompanhamento psicossocial aos homens.

Resumen Objetivo Revelar el impacto en los hombres del distanciamiento padre-hijo(a) como consecuencia de medidas protectoras por violencia conyugal. Métodos Estudio descriptivo exploratorio, enfoque cualitativo, llevado a cabo con nueve hombres que respondían a juicio por violencia conyugal en el 1º y 2º Juzgado de Justicia por la Paz en Casa de Salvador, estado de Bahia, Brasil. La investigación se realizó a través de encuesta semiestructurada, con grabación y transcripción del contenido, y luego sometido a su validación por los hombres. Los datos fueron sistematizados con base en los pasos preconizados por el análisis de contenido temático de la categoría. Resultados El estudio revela que el distanciamiento padre-hijo como consecuencia de medidas protectoras de urgencia provoca la ruptura del vínculo paterno y fomenta el desarrollo de problemas psicoemocionales, como ansiedad, depresión e ideación suicida, muchas veces somatizados y expresados desde una cefalea hasta condiciones que necesitan cuidados hospitalarios. Conclusión El comprometimiento del ejercicio de la paternidad también viola el derecho de niños y adolescentes a convivir con la figura paterna. De este modo, hay una gran necesidad de que la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a la Salud de los Hombres contemple una gestión que establezca prioridades en acciones preventivas contra la violencia, así como también realice un seguimiento psicosocial de los hombres.

Abstract Objective To unveil the implications for men of father-son estrangement as a result of a protective measure for conjugal violence. Methods This is an exploratory descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, developed with nine men who were responding to a lawsuit for conjugal violence at the 1st and 2nd Courts of Justice of the Peace in Casa de Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The research took place through a semi-structured interview, with its content recorded, transcribed and then submitted for validation by the men. Data were systematized based on the steps recommended by the categorical thematic content analysis. Results The study reveals that the father-son estrangement as a result of an emergency protective measure causes paternal bond rupture, promoting the development of psycho-emotional problems, such as anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, often somatized and expressed from headache to conditions that require hospital care. Conclusion The commitment to the exercise of paternity also violates the right of children and adolescents to live with their father figure. Thus, there is a great need for the Brazilian National Policy for Comprehensive Care for Men's Health to include a management that prioritizes preventive actions against violence as well as providing psychosocial support to men.

Percepción de la violencia durante las relaciones de pareja en población adolescente / Perception of violence during intimate partner relationships among the adolescent population

Objetivo: conocer las percepciones de la población adolescente sobre la violencia de pareja y valorar la influencia del sexo, edad, orientación sexual y presencia de una relación sentimental.Método: diseño transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por chicos y chicas de 12-19 años, matriculados/as en dos institutos de Educación Secundaria de la Región de Murcia (España). Respondieron al cuestionario Acceptance of Dating Violence, que incluye dos esferas, violencia física y sexual, y nueve ítems. Para valorar la esfera psicológica se utilizaron cuatro ítems procedentes de las afirmaciones del Semáforo de la Violencia de Género. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y analítico. Se consideró estadísticamente significativa la diferencia si p< 0,05.Resultados: participaron 286 sujetos de estudio. El 58,4% (n= 167) fue mujer. Prevalecieron los alumnos/as de 12-15 años (n= 245; 85,7%). El 46,2% (n= 132) del alumnado afirmó tener o haber tenido una relación de pareja. La orientación sexual predominante fue la heterosexual con un 90,9% (n= 260). La aceptación de la violencia en sus tres esferas fue muy baja y condicionada. Los hombres manifiestaron actitudes que toleran más la violencia en comparación con las mujeres, en las tres esferas estudiadas: física (p= 0,003), sexual (p= 0,005) y psicológica (p= 0,001). Haber tenido o no pareja, la edad y la orientación sexual no mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ningún subtipo de este tipo de violencia.Conclusiones: la aceptación de la violencia en relaciones de pareja en adolescentes es muy baja. Profundizar en estas percepciones puede ayudar a comprender mejor el origen de este tipo de violencia.(AU)

Objectives: to understand the perceptions by the adolescent population about intimate partner violence, and assess the influence of gender, age, sexual orientation, and presence of an intimate partner relationship.Method: a cross-sectional design. The sample was made of 12-to-19-year-old boys and girls, enrolled in two High Schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain). They answered the Acceptance of Dating Violence questionnaire, which includes two areas, physical and sexual violence, and nine items. In order to assess the psychological area, four items were used from the “Semáforo de la Violencia de Género” (Gender-based Violence Traffic Lights Test). Descriptive and analytic analysis was conducted; the difference was considered statistically significant if p< 0.05.Results: the study included 286 participants; 58.4% (n= 167) were female, with a prevalence of 12-to-15-year-old students (n= 245; 85.7%). Out of the student group, 46.2% (n= 132) claimed that they had an intimate partner relationship currently or in the past. The predominant sexual orientation was heterosexual, with 90.9% (n= 260). Violence of acceptance in its three areas was very low and conditioned. Men presented attitudes more tolerant towards violence compared with women, in the three areas studied: physical (p= 0.003), sexual (p= 0.005) and psychological (p= 0.001). Having a partner or not, age, and sexual orientation, showed no statistically significant differences in any sub-type of this type of violence.Conclusions: there is a very low acceptance of violence in intimate partner relationships among adolescents. An in-depth study of these perceptions can help to understand better the source of this type of violence.(AU)

Masculine Gender Role Stress as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Justifi cation of Dominance and Aggression and Male Adolescent Dating Violence Against Women / El Estrés de Rol de Género Masculino Como Mediador Entre la Justifi cación del Dominio y la Agresión y la Violencia de Género de los Chicos Adolescentes

Background: This research explores the role of masculine gender role stress (MGRS) in male adolescent dating violence (MADV). Previous research has found that progress towards gender equality between men and women is in certain contexts related to the greater prevalence of male intimate partner violence against women. These studies of adult men found that masculine gender role stress could help explain this surprising result. Method: The incidental sample of this study consisted of 339 boys residing in Madrid, Spain, aged 13 to 16. MGRS was assessed by two factors from the Eisler & Skidmore scale (1987): subordination to women (SW) and intellectual inferiority (II). MADV against women was assessed according to two subscales of the Revised Confl ict Tactics Scale, CTS2: psychological aggression and physical aggression. Results Show for the fi rst time in adolescents that MGRS caused by situations of subordination to women is an important MADV risk factor both in terms of physical and psychological violence. Our study also found that MGRS mediates the relationship between MADV against women and the justifi cation of intimate partner violence against women (JIPVW). Conclusions: This article discusses the implications of these results for the prevention of MADV against women. (AU)

Antecedentes: el avance hacia la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres se relaciona en determinados contextos con una mayor prevalencia de violencia de género. Los estudios con adultos habían encontrado que el estrés de rol de género masculino (SRGM) podría ayudar a explicarlo. Este estudio explora el papel del SRGM en la violencia de género de los chicos adolescentes (VGA). Método: se basa en una muestra incidental de 339 chicos, de 13-16 años. El SRGM se evalúa a través de los factores de subordinación a la mujer (SM) e inferioridad intelectual de la escala de Eisler & Skidmore (1987). La VGA se evalúa a través de los factores de agresión psicológica y agresión física de la escala Revised Conflict Tactics CTS2. Resultados: se encuentra, por primera vez en adolescentes, que el factor subordinación a la mujer del SRGM es una importante condición de riesgo de la VGA, tanto para la agresión física como para la psicológica, y que el SRGM media en la relación entre VGA y la justificación de dicha violencia. Conclusiones: a partir de estos resultados se proponen pautas para la prevención de la violencia de género y la construcción de la igualdad. (AU)

Links among Ambivalent sexism, Gender Role Ideology and domestic and care work in Argentinian households

Abstract The present empirical study inquires on the relations among sexism, gender role ideology and domestic and care work in heterosexual women who share a home with their couples and at least one child, in CABA and GBA (Argentina) in 2019. Two previously existent (Moya, Expósito & Padilla, 2006; Glick & Fiske, 1996) and validated in Argentina scales were used, and a new scale for measuring domestic and care activities was created. A correlational and transversal study with a quantitative approach was carried out, and the data was recollected through an auto-administrated evaluation instrument sent by Facebook and Whatsapp social media. The sample includes 437 cases. Regarding the constructed scale, reliability, exploratory and confirmatory analysis were performed. Additionally, a moderate positive correlation among the dependent and independent variables was identified. It is possible to suggest that the hypothesis presented in this study is partially corroborated, that is, that the domestic and care work type of division is explained by the level of adhesion to the Gender Role Ideology.

Resumen El presente estudio empírico indaga respecto a las relaciones entre el sexismo, la adhesión a la ideología del rol de género y la división del trabajo doméstico y de cuidados en mujeres heterosexuales que viven en pareja y tienen al menos une hije compartiendo el mismo hogar, en CABA y GBA (Argentina) en 2019. Se utilizaron dos escalas existentes (Moya, Expósito y Padilla, 2006; Glick y Fiske, 1996) previamente validadas en Argentina, y se construyó una escala nueva para medir las tareas domésticas y de cuidado. Se realizó un estudio correlacional de corte transversal con un abordaje cuantitativo y los datos fueron recolectados a través de un instrumento de evaluación de índole autoadministrable mediante las redes sociales Facebook y Whatsapp. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 437 casos. Se realizaron los correspondientes análisis de fiabilidad, exploratorio y confirmatorio para la escala construida. Asimismo, se identificó una correlación positiva moderada entre la variable dependiente y las variables independientes. Es posible sugerir que se corrobora parcialmente la hipótesis planteada en este trabajo, es decir, que el tipo de división del trabajo doméstico y de cuidados se explica por el nivel de adhesión a la ideología del rol de género.

Fundamentalismo Religioso y su Relación con Variables Psicosociales en Judíos Ortodoxos / Religious Fundamentalism and its Relation to Psychosocial Variables in Orthodox Jews

Resumen El fundamentalismo religioso expresa un conjunto de creencias basadas en una interpretación literal de un manuscrito considerado sagrado, con una exigencia intransigente de sometimiento a una doctrina. Diferentes variables psicosociales como el autoritarismo, la dominancia social, la necesidad de cierre y la ideología del rol de género han sido estudiadas en relación con fundamentalismo religioso. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar estas relaciones y proponer un modelo teórico que las vincula, en una muestra de judíos ortodoxos. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de judíos ortodoxos, compuesta por 426 adultos entre hombres y mujeres, con un rango etario de 18 a 69 años. Los resultados observados, en convergencia con estudios previos, confirman las relaciones positivas entre el fundamentalismo religioso y la necesidad de cierre cognitivo, el autoritarismo del ala de derechas, la orientación a la dominancia social y la ideología de roles de género. A partir de ello, se propone un modelo teórico en el que autoritarismo y dominancia social modulan los niveles de necesidad de cierre y fundamentalismo religioso los que, a su vez, inciden en los niveles de ideología del rol de género. Los hallazgos de este estudio pueden contribuir al análisis de los efectos de la radicalización y brindar insumos para el desarrollo e implementación de las medidas preventivas necesarias. Se discuten los alcances y límites de la propuesta teórica.

Abstract Religious fundamentalism expresses a set of beliefs based on a literal interpretation of a manuscript considered sacred, with an intransigent demand for submission to a doctrine. Different psychosocial variables such as authoritarianism, social dominance, the need for closure and the gender role ideology have been studied in relation to religious fundamentalism. On the one hand, authoritarianism and social dominance have been considered as predictors of religious fundamentalism while, on the other hand, the need for closure and the gender role ideology have been studied in their relations with religious fundamentalism. The aim of this work was to review these relationships and propose a theoretical model that links them, in a sample of Orthodox Jews. We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of Orthodox Jews, composed of 426 adults between men and women, with an age range of 18 to 69 years. The results observed, in convergence with previous studies, confirm the positive relationships between religious fundamentalism and the need for cognitive closure, the authoritarianism of the right wing, the orientation to social dominance and the ideology of gender roles. From this, a theoretical model is proposed in which authoritarianism and social dominance modulate the levels of need for closure and religious fundamentalism which, in turn, affect the levels of ideology of the gender role. The scope and limits of the theoretical proposal are discussed.

Validación de un inventario de roles de masculinidad hegemónica en varones colombianos / Validation of an inventory of hegemonic masculinity roles in Colombian men

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de un inventario para medir el concepto de masculinidad hegemónica en varones residentes en una ciudad colombiana intermedia. Se seleccionaron mediante muestreo no probabilístico por disponibilidad 600 participantes con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 65 años (M=29, DE=10.7). Se aplicó un inventario de 30 ítems que mide la adherencia a los roles de masculinidad hegemónica versión modificada (IRMH-M). El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) arrojó cinco factores que explican el 64 % de la varianza común. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) confirmó muy buen ajuste de este modelo pentafactorial en una versión reducida de 17 ítems S-B x2 =343.29, gl =109, NNFI =0.97; CFI=0.98. RMSEA = 0.06 IC95 % (0.053 - 0.067). Los coeficientes Alfa y Omega obtenidos para estimar consistencia interna estuvieron entre 0.70 y 0.79. El constructo "roles de masculinidad hegemónica" discriminó adecuadamente según la edad, el nivel educativo, el estrato y la ocupación. Se concluye que IRMH-M posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of an inventory to measure the hegemonic masculinity in men residing in an intermediate city in Colombia. A sample of 600 participants between 18 to 65 years old were selected using a non-probabilistic sampling for availability (M = 29, SD = 10.7). A 30 items inventory that measure the adherence to the roles of hegemonic masculinity modified version MNRI-M was applied. Exploratory Factor Analysis EFA showed five factors that explain 64 % of the common variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis CFA confirmed very good fit of this penta-factorial model in a reduced version of 17 items S-B x2 = 343.29, gl = 109, NNFI = 0.97; CFI = 0.98. RMSEA = 0.06 IC95 % (0.053, 0.067). Internal consistency, Alpha and Omega coefficients, were between 0.70 and 0.79. Constructed roles of hegemonic masculinity discriminated adequately according to age, educational level, socioeconomic classification, and occupation. It is concluded that MNRI-M has adequate psychometric properties.