Effect of gradual increase of salt on performance and microbial community during granulation process.

Salinity was considered to have effects on the characteristics, performance microbial communities of aerobic granular sludge. This study investigated granulation process with gradual increase of salt under different gradients. Two identical sequencing batch reactors were operated, while the influent of Ra and Rb was subjected to stepwise increments of NaCl concentrations (0-4 g/L and 0-10 g/L). The presence of filamentous bacteria may contribute to granules formed under lower salinity conditions, potentially leading to granules fragmentation. Excellent removal efficiency achieved in both reactors although there was a small accumulation of nitrite in Rb at later stages. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in Ra were 95.31%, 93.70% and 88.66%, while the corresponding removal efficiencies in Rb were 94.19%, 89.79% and 80.74%. Salinity stimulated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion and enriched EPS producing bacteria to help maintain the integrity and stability of the aerobic granules. Heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria were responsible for NH4+-N and NO2--N oxidation of salinity systems and large number of denitrifying bacteria were detected, which ensure the high removal efficiency of TN in the systems.

Disentangling microbial coupled fillers mechanisms for the permeable layer optimization process in multi-soil-layering systems.

The multi-soil-layering (MSL) systems is an emerging solution for environmentally-friendly and cost-effective treatment of decentralized rural domestic wastewater. However, the role of the seemingly simple permeable layer has been overlooked, potentially holding the breakthroughs or directions to addressing suboptimal nitrogen removal performance in MSL systems. In this paper, the mechanism among diverse substrates (zeolite, green zeolite and biological ceramsite) coupled microorganisms in different systems (activated bacterial powder and activated sludge) for rural domestic wastewater purification was investigated. The removal efficiencies performed by zeolite coupled with microorganisms within 3 days were 93.8% for COD, 97.1% for TP, and 98.8% for NH4+-N. Notably, activated sludge showed better nitrification and comprehensive performance than specialized nitrifying bacteria powder. Zeolite attained an impressive 89.4% NH4+-N desorption efficiency, with a substantive fraction of NH4+-N manifesting as exchanged ammonium. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that aerobic and parthenogenetic anaerobic bacteria dominated the reactor, with anaerobic bacteria conspicuously absent. And the heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) process was significant, with the presence of denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating organisms (DPAOs) for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This study not only raises awareness about the importance of the permeable layer and enhances comprehension of the HN-AD mechanism in MSL systems, but also provides valuable insights for optimizing MSL system construction, operation, and rural domestic wastewater treatment.

Evaluation of the shear stability of aerobic granular sludge from a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor: Establishment of a quantitative method.

This work established a quantitative method to access the shear stability of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) and validated its feasibility by using the mature AGS from a pilot-scale (50 tons/day) membrane bioreactor (MBR) for treating real municipal wastewater. The results showed that the changing rate (ΔS) of the peak area (S) of granule size distribution (GSD) exhibited an exponential relationship (R2≥0.76) with the shear time (y=a-b·cx), which was a suitable indicative index to reflect the shear stability of different AGS samples. The limiting granule size (LGS) was defined and proposed to characterize the equilibrium size for AGS after being sheared for a period of time, whose value in terms of Dv50 showed high correlation (R2=0.92) with the parameter a. The free Ca2+ (28.44-34.21 mg/L) in the influent specifically interacted with polysaccharides (PS) in the granule's extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) as a nucleation site, thereby inducing the formation of Ca precipitation to enhance its Young's modulus, while Ca2+ primarily interacted with PS in soluble metabolic product (SMP) during the initial granulation process. Furthermore, the Young's modulus significantly affected the parameter a related to shear stability (R2=0.99). Since the parameter a was more closely related (R2=1.00) to ΔS than that of the parameter b or c, the excellent correlation (R2=0.99) between the parameter a and the wet density further verified the feasibility of this method.

Effects of aerobic exercise at different intensities on articular cartilage in mice.

Background: Maintaining intrinsic articular cartilage homeostasis is essential for the health of cartilage. However, the impact of aerobic exercise of varying intensities on the articular cartilage homeostasis has never been studied. This study aims to elucidate the influence of different aerobic exercise intensities on the anabolic and catabolic processes within articular cartilage. Methods: Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice, aged 7 weeks, were divided into 4 aerobic exercise groups and 1 control group. The aerobic exercise groups were subjected to both acute and chronic exercise protocols with varying intensities of 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 m min-1. Total RNA from the knee joint cartilage was extracted in both phases to quantify mRNA of anabolic (Sox9, Col2a1, and Acan) and catabolic (MMP-13 and ADAMTS5) markers. In the chronic exercise, articular cartilage thickness and chondrocyte density were histologically assessed. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining quantified relevant molecules involved in cartilage metabolism. Results: In the acute exercise, the 8 m min-1 group exhibited reduced ADAMTS5 expression compared to the control, 16 m min-1, and 24 m min-1 groups. Chronic exercise showed enhanced articular cartilage thickness in both the 8 and 12 m min-1 groups relative to the control group. Moreover, the 8 m min-1 group demonstrated elevated aggrecan levels in comparison to both the control and 24 m min-1 groups. Additionally, the 24 m min-1 group exhibited significantly higher ADAMTS5 levels than the control group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that consistent low-intensity aerobic exercise suppresses catabolic molecule expression in articular cartilage, thereby fostering anabolic activity. Conversely, continuous high-intensity aerobic exercise can potentially disrupt cartilage homeostasis by enhancing catabolic processes. This dichotomy underscores the need for balanced exercise regimens to maintain cartilage health.

Running-induced neurogenesis reduces CA1 perineuronal net density without substantial temporal delay.

Aerobic exercise has many effects on brain function, particularly at the hippocampus. Exercise has been shown to increase the rate of adult neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus and decrease the density of perineuronal nets in area CA1. The relationship between the rate of neurogenesis and the density of perineuronal nets in CA1 is robust; however, these studies only ever examined these effects across longer time scales, with running manipulations of 4 weeks or longer. With such long periods of manipulation, the precise temporal nature of the relationship between running-induced neurogenesis and reduced perineuronal net density in CA1 is unknown. Here, we provided male and female mice with home cage access to running wheels for 0, 1, 2, or 4 weeks and quantified hippocampal neurogenesis and CA1 perineuronal net density. In doing so, we observed a 2-week delay period prior to the increase in neurogenesis, which coincided with the same delay prior to decreased CA1 perineuronal net density. These results highlight the closely linked temporal relationship between running-induced neurogenesis and decreased perineuronal net expression in CA1.

Effect of aerobic exercise program on neuropathic pain and quality of life in person with paraplegia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) often suffer from neuropathic pain which is often disabling and negatively affects function, participation, and quality of life (QoL). Pharmacological treatments lack efficacy in neuropathic pain reduction hence studying alternatives to drug treatment is necessary. Preclinical evidence of various aerobic exercises has shown positive effects on neuropathic pain but scientific studies investigating its effect in the SCI human population are limited. METHODOLOGY: This study is a double-blind, parallel, two-group, randomized controlled trial with an interventional study design that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise program on neuropathic pain and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with chronic paraplegia. Thirty individuals with chronic paraplegia with the neurological level of injury from T2 to L2 will be recruited from the rehabilitation department at a super specialty hospital based on the inclusion criteria. Using a 1:1 allocation ratio, the participants will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups. The intervention group will perform high-intensity interval training (HIIT) aerobic exercise using an arm ergometer based on their peak heart rate, and the control group will perform free-hand arm aerobic exercise. In both groups, the intervention will be delivered as 30-min sessions, four times a week for 6 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURES: International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Basic Data Set Version 3.0 will be used for diagnosing and assessing neuropathic pain and its interference with day-to-day activities, mood, and sleep. The International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS) QoL basic data set will be used to assess QoL, and 6-min push test distance will be used to assess peak heart rate and aerobic capacity. DISCUSSION: The effectiveness of the aerobic exercise program will be assessed based on the changes in neuropathic pain score and its interference with day-to-day activities, mood, sleep, QoL, and aerobic capacity after 3 weeks mid-intervention and after 6 weeks post-intervention. The trial will provide new knowledge about the effectiveness of the aerobic exercise program in improving neuropathic pain and QoL in individuals with chronic paraplegia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Registry-India CTRI/2023/08/056257. Registered on 8 August 2023.

PAF1/HIF1α axis rewires the glycolytic metabolism to fuel aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: PAF1/PD2 deregulation contributes to tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and cancer stem cell maintenance in Pancreatic Cancer (PC). Recent studies demonstrate that metabolic reprogramming plays a role in PC progression, but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we focused on examining the role of PAF1/PD2 in the metabolic rewiring of PC. METHODS: Cell lines were transfected with shRNAs to knockdown PAF1/PD2. Metabolic genes regulated by PAF1/PD2 were identified by qPCR/western blot, and metabolic assays were performed. Immunoprecipitations/ChIP were performed to identify PAF1/PD2 protein partners and confirm PAF1/HIF1α sub-complex binding to LDHA. RESULTS: PAF1 and LDHA showed progressively increased expression in human pancreatic tumor sections. Aerobic glycolysis genes were downregulated in PAF1-depleted PC cells. Metabolic assays indicated a decreased lactate production and glucose uptake in knockdown cells. Furthermore, PAF1/PD2 depletion showed a reduced glycolytic rate and increased oxidative phosphorylation by ECAR and OCR analysis. Interestingly, we identified that HIF1α interacts and co-localizes with PAF1, specifically in PC cells. We also observed that the PAF1/PD2-HIF1α complex binds to the LDHA promoter to regulate its expression, reprogramming the metabolism to utilize the aerobic glycolysis pathway preferentially. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results indicate that PAF1/PD2 rewires PC metabolism by interacting with HIF1α to regulate the expression of LDHA.

Vascular endothelial function and its response to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in trained and untrained healthy young men.

30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per day is recommended, but the response and adaptation of endothelial function (EF) to this exercise remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in EF in endurance trained and untrained individuals before and after this exercise and to compare the differences between trained and untrained individuals. Twelve endurance-trained male college athletes (trained group) and 12 untrained male college students (untrained group) performed a 30-min run at an intensity of 60% VO2max. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before exercise, 30 min and 60 min after exercise, and the following morning. Resting diameter and maximum diameter showed large time effects (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.533; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.502). Resting diameters at 30 and 60 min after exercise were higher than before exercise in both the untrained and trained groups (p < 0.05), and maximum diameters at 30 min after exercise were higher than before exercise in both the untrained and trained groups (p < 0.01). Resting diameter and maximum diameter also exhibited some group effects (p = 0.055, η2 = 0.157; p = 0.041, η2 = 0.176). Resting diameters and maximum diameters were higher in the trained group than in the untrained group before exercise (p < 0.05). FMD (%) showed no time, group, or time-group interaction effects. 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can increase resting and maximal arterial diameters in both trained and untrained young men, but has no effect on FMD. Long-term endurance training has the potential to increase resting and maximal arterial diameters in young men, but not necessarily FMD.

A novel PDHK inhibitor restored cognitive dysfunction and limited neurodegeneration without affecting amyloid pathology in 5xFAD mouse, a model of Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Although drugs focusing on reducing amyloid ß slow progression, they fail to improve cognitive function. Deficits in glucose metabolism are reflected in FDG-PET and parallel the neurodegeneration and synaptic marker loss closely preceding cognitive decline, but the role of metabolic deficits as a cause or consequence of neurodegeneration is unclear. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is lost in AD and an important enzyme connecting glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. It is negatively regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) through phosphorylation. METHODS: In the present study, we assessed the in vitro/ in vivo pharmacological profile of the novel PDHK inhibitor that we discovered, Compound A. We also assessed the effects of Compound A on AD-related phenotypes including neuron loss and cognitive impairment using 5xFAD model mice. RESULTS: Compound A inhibited human PDHK1, 2 and 3 but had no inhibitory activity on PDHK4. In primary neurons, Compound A enhanced pyruvate and lactate utilization, but did not change glucose levels. In contrast, in primary astrocytes, Compound A enhanced pyruvate and glucose utilization and enhanced lactate production. In an efficacy study using 5xFAD mice, Compound A ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction in the novel object recognition test and Morris water maze. Moreover, Compound A prevented neuron loss in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of 5xFAD without affecting amyloid ß deposits. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest ameliorating metabolic deficits by activating PDH by Compound A can limit neurodegeneration and is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating AD.

Niche-specification of aerobic 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid biodegradation by tfd-carrying bacteria in the rice paddy ecosystem.

This study aimed for a better understanding of the niche specification of bacteria carrying the tfd-genes for aerobic 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degradation in the rice paddy ecosystem. To achieve this, a dedicated microcosm experiment was set up to mimic the rice paddy system, with and without 2,4-D addition, allowing spatial sampling of the different rice paddy compartments and niches, i.e., the main anaerobic bulk soil and the aerobic surface water, surface soil, root surface and rhizosphere compartments. No effect of 2,4-D on the growth and morphology of the rice plant was noted. 2,4-D removal was faster in the upper soil layers compared to the deeper layers and was more rapid after the second 2,4-D addition compared to the first. Moreover, higher relative abundances of the 2,4-D catabolic gene tfdA and of the mobile genetic elements IncP-1 and IS1071 reported to carry the tfd-genes, were observed in surface water and surface soil when 2,4-D was added. tfdA was also detected in the root surface and rhizosphere compartment but without response to 2,4-D addition. While analysis of the bacterial community composition using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing did not reveal expected tfd-carrying taxa, subtle community changes linked with 2,4-D treatment and the presence of the plant were observed. These findings suggest (i) that the surface soil and surface water are the primary and most favorable compartements/niches for tfd-mediated aerobic 2,4-D biodegradation and (ii) that the community structure in the 2,4-D treated rice paddy ecosystem is determined by a niche-dependent complex interplay between the effects of the plant and of 2,4-D.

[Method of manual-physical correction in the treatment of hypertensive disease and normalization of psychoneurological status in patients with degenerative-dystrophic processes of the musculoskeletal system]. / Metod manual'no-fizicheskoi korrektsii pri lechenii gipertonicheskoi bolezni i normalizatsii psikhonevrologicheskogo statusa u patsientov s degenerativno-distroficheskimi protsessami oporno-dvigatel'nogo apparata.

There are some non-communicable diseases (NCD) associated with arterial hypertension (AHT) that are cured after recovery from AHT. Recently confirmed the theory of centralized aerobic-anaerobic energy balance compensation (TCAAEBC) originated some NCDs with the obstructions of arterial blood flow access to the rhomboid fossa. For some sergeants, this has already been demonstrated. Since neurological NCDs are similarly considered by TCAAEBC, it is logical to analyze dynamics of such musculoskeletal neurological problem as isolated musculoskeletal chest pain (IMCP) in connection with the therapy based on TCAAEBC. We retrospectively evaluated the medical records of adult patients with AHT, simultaneously suffering from IMCP. All these patients underwent complex treatment including manual techniques that restore arterial blood flow to the rhomboid fossa, followed by therapy that strengthens the muscular corset primarily of the cervical region. This, in addition to the normalization of AHT, led to a decrease in the musculoskeletal pain syndrome. The dynamic of pain was recorded according to four questionaries - Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), and the Quality-of-life assessment questionnaire (SF-12). The collected data were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, which confirms the recovery of the patients from both AHT and IMCP.

[Influence of cardiorespiratory training program on the intercellular adhesion molecule level in patients with postmastectomy syndrome]. / Vliyanie programmy kardiorespiratornykh trenirovok na uroven' molekul mezhkletochnoi adgezii u patsientok s postmastektomicheskim sindromom.

Postmastectomy syndrome (PMS) is a complex neurovascular set of symptoms that develops in most patients after breast cancer (BC) treatment and significantly reduces the quality of life. One of the potential mechanisms of its occurrence is considered to be an endothelial dysfunction. The possible method of reducing manifestation of endothelial dysfunction is systematic aerobic dynamic training. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of 12-week aerobic dynamic training program of moderate intensity on the endothelial dysfunction laboratory markers and life quality in patients with PMS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Single-center prospective randomized trial included 40 patients with PMS divided into study (20 patients) and comparative (20 patients) groups, as well as 20 healthy female volunteers. The expression level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) were evaluated in all participants at baseline by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and additionally psychological and physical component of health by SF-36 questionnaire were assessed in patients with PMS.Patients of study group received a course of 12-week partially controlled aerobic dynamic training of moderate intensity lasting 45 minutes with frequency equal 5 times per week. Patients with PMS were re-evaluated for ICAM-1 and PECAM-1, as well as for life quality. RESULTS: The group of patients with PMS after BC treatment had increased level of ICAM-1 in long-term period, that may indicate endothelial dysfunction. Statistically significant decrease of endothelial dysfunction laboratory markers was revealed in patients with PMS, who underwent the course of cardiorespiratory training. In the same time, the dynamics of changes in ICAM-1 was higher in the study group than in comparative group. Further, improvement of physical and psychological components of health by SF-36 questionnaire was found. CONCLUSIONS: The program of cardiorespiratory trainings of moderate intensity in patients, who had BC treatment a year ago, decreases intercellular adhesion molecules level that may show an improvement of endothelial dysfunction.

The Effects of a 6-Week Plyometric and Sprint Interval Training Intervention on Soccer Player's Physical Performance.

Despite the well-documented benefits of sprint interval training (SIT) and plyometric training (PT) in improving the physical fitness of soccer players, it remains unclear which of these training methods is superior for enhancing players' aerobic and anaerobic performance. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of SIT and PT on physical performance measures of male soccer players. Thirty male soccer players were randomly assigned to PT (n = 10), SIT (n = 10), and an active control group (CON, n = 10). Before and after the training period, participants underwent a battery of tests consisting of vertical jump, Wingate, linear sprint with and without ball dribbling, change of direction, ball kick, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) tests. Both groups exhibited similar improvements in maximal kicking distance (PT, effect size [ES] = 0.68; SIT, ES = 0.92) and measures of aerobic fitness including maximum oxygen uptake (PT, ES = 1.24; SIT, ES = 1.26) and first (PT, ES = 0.85; SIT, ES = 1.08) and second (PT, ES = 0.86; SIT, ES = 0.98) ventilatory thresholds. However, PT intervention resulted in greater changes in vertical jump (ES = 1.72 vs. 0.82, p = 0.001), anaerobic power (peak power, ES = 1.62 vs. 0.97, p = 0.009; mean power, ES = 1.15 vs. 1.20, p = 0.05), linear speed (20-m, ES = -1.58 vs. -0.98, p = 0.038; 20-m with ball, ES = -0.93 vs. 0.71, p = 0.038), and change of direction ability (ES = -2.56 vs. -2.71, p = 0.046) than SIT. In conclusion, both PT and SIT demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing aerobic performance among male soccer players. However, PT yielded superior improvements in anaerobic power, vertical jump, linear speed, and change of direction performance compared to SIT. These findings suggest that PT may offer additional benefits beyond aerobic conditioning.

A Comparative Analysis of High-Intensity Technique-Specific Intervals and Short Sprint Interval Training in Taekwondo Athletes: Effects on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Anaerobic Power.

Technique-specific high-intensity interval training (HIITTS) has been proven to be an effective method to enhance the sport-specific bio-motor abilities of taekwondo athletes. However, studies regarding its effects on comprehensive measures of cardiorespiratory fitness are limited. Furthermore, there is a lack of clarity regarding the extent of individual adaptations to this method compared to HIIT in the form of repeated sprints (HIITRS). This study compared the individual adaptations to HIITRS and HIITTS on cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power in trained taekwondo athletes (age = 19.8 ± 1.3 years; body mass = 75.4 ± 9.1 kg; height = 1.73 ± 0.0 .m). All participants completed three sessions per week of a 60-minute regular taekwondo training. Following the 60-minute training, participants completed 3 sets of 10 × 4 s all-out HIITRS or same sets of repeated kicks with both legs (HIITTS) over a 6-week training period. In both groups, rest intervals were set at 15 seconds between efforts and one minute between sets. Before and after the training period, participants underwent a series of lab- and field-based tests to evaluate cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities. Both interventions resulted in significant improvements in maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), O2 pulse (V̇O2/HR), first ventilatory threshold (VT1), second ventilatory threshold (VT2), cardiac output (Q̇max), stroke volume (SV), peak power output (PPO), average power output (APO), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ). However, linear speed (20-m speed time) and taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT) only responded to HIITRS. HIITRS resulted in greater changes in V̇O2max, V̇O2/HR, VT2, and Q̇max, and higher percentage of responders in measured parameters than HIITTS. In addition, HIITRS elicited lower inter-individual variability (CV) in percent changes from pre- to post-training in all measured variables. These results suggest that incorporating 3 sessions per week of HIITRS into regular taekwondo training results in significantly greater and more homogenized adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities than HIITTS among trained taekwondo athletes.

NO EFFECT OF AEROBIC FITNESS ON EXERCISE-INDUCED DIAPHRAGM FATIGUE IN FEMALES.

We tested the hypothesis that the incidence and magnitude of diaphragm fatigue following high-intensity exercise would be lower in females with a high aerobic capacity (Hi-Fit) compared to healthy females with an average aerobic fitness (Avg-Fit). Participants were assigned to groups based on their peak O2 uptake (V̇O2peak) obtained during cycle exercise: Hi-Fit n=9, V̇O2peak > 56.1±3.4 mL·kg-1·min-1 vs. Avg-Fit n=9, V̇O2peak < 35.7±4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1. On a second day, diaphragm fatigue was assessed before and after constant load exercise test to exhaustion. Magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve roots was used to non-volitionally assess diaphragm fatigue by measurement of transdiaphragmatic twitch pressure (Pdi,tw). Both groups exercised at > 90% of V̇O2peak for a similar duration (Hi-Fit: 546.1 ± 177.8 vs Avg-Fit: 559.3 ± 175.0 seconds, p = 0.9). Diaphragm fatigue was defined as a > 15% reduction in Pdi,tw, approximately 2 times greater than the coefficient of variation. The mean group average reduction in Pdi,tw following exercise in the Hi-Fit (17.5%) and Avg-Fit groups (12.2%) was not different between groups (p = 0.2). The Hi-Fit group performed exercise at a higher absolute work rate that elicited significantly greater ventilatory work and inspiratory muscle force output. The Hi-Fit group did not experience greater fatigue compared to the Avg-Fit group, which we attribute to a greater reliance on accessory respiratory muscle recruitment, to training-induced increases in the aerobic capacity of the diaphragm, or a combination of the two. In summary, aerobic fitness is not predictive of exercise-induced diaphragm fatigue in healthy females.

Cattle manure composting driven by a microbial agent: A coupled mechanism involving microbial community succession and organic matter conversion.

Aerobic composting has been used as a mainstream treatment technology for agricultural solid waste resourcing. In the present study, we investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of the addition of a microbial agent (LD) prepared by combining Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus paralicheniformis and Irpex lacteus in improving the efficiency of cattle manure composting. Our results showed that addition of 1.5 % LD significantly accelerated compost humification, i.e., the germination index and lignocellulose degradation rate of the final compost product reached values of 92.20 and 42.29 %, respectively. Metagenomic sequencing results showed that inoculation of cattle manure with LD increased the abundance of functional microorganisms. LD effectively promoted the production of humus precursors, which then underwent reactions through synergistic abiotic and biotic pathways to achieve compost humification. This research provides a theoretical basis for the study of microbial enhancement strategies and humus formation mechanisms in the composting of livestock manure.

The Effects of Ketogenic Diets and Ketone Supplements on the Aerobic Performance of Endurance Runners: A Systematic Review.

CONTEXT: Ketogenic diets and ketone supplements have gained popularity among endurance runners given their purported effects: potentially delaying the onset of fatigue by enabling the increased utilization of the body's fat reserve or external ketone bodies during prolonged running. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review was conducted to evaluate the effects of ketogenic diets (>60% fat and <10% carbohydrates/<50 g carbohydrates per day) or ketone supplements (ketone esters or ketone salts, medium-chain triglycerides or 1,3-butadiol) on the aerobic performance of endurance runners. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Pro Quest, and Science Direct for publications up to October 2023. STUDY SELECTION: Human studies on the effects of ketogenic diets or ketone supplements on the aerobic performance of adult endurance runners were included after independent screening by 2 reviewers. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. DATA EXTRACTION: Primary outcomes were markers of aerobic performance (maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max], race time, time to exhaustion and rate of perceived exertion). RESULTS: VO2max was assessed by incremental test to exhaustion. Endurance performance was assessed by time trials, 180-minute running trials, or run-to-exhaustion trials; 5 studies on ketogenic diets and 7 studies on ketone supplements involving a total of 132 endurance runners were included. Despite the heterogeneity in study design and protocol, none reported benefits of ketogenic diets or ketone supplements on selected markers of aerobic performance compared with controls. Reduction in bodyweight and fat while preserving lean mass and improved glycemic control were reported in some included studies on ketogenic diets. CONCLUSION: This review did not identify any significant advantages or disadvantages of ketogenic diets or ketone supplements for the aerobic performance of endurance runners. Further trials with larger sample sizes, more gender-balanced participants, longer ketogenic diet interventions, and follow-up on metabolic health are warranted.

Effect of different exercise types on quality of life in patients with breast cancer: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is a rehabilitation strategy for patients with breast cancer; however, the optimal type of exercise remains uncertain. This study aimed to compare the effects of five exercise types on the quality of life of patients with breast cancer and provide a basis for their exercise rehabilitation. METHODS: As of May 2024, we searched four databases: Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, and included randomized controlled trials that analyzed the effect of exercise on the quality of life of patients with breast cancer. A network meta-analysis was performed using a frequency-based framework. RESULTS: Forty-five papers involving 4092 participants were included. The five types of exercises included were all significant in the direct comparison with the control group, except yoga and mind-body exercises. Aerobic, resistance, and combination exercises were associated with quality of life. However, in indirect comparisons, only mind-body exercise versus resistance exercise had a significant effect. The effect of exercise on the quality of life(total health status) of patients with breast cancer was ranked based on surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values combined with effect sizes as follows: aerobic exercise (SUCRA = 84.1) > combined exercise (SUCRA = 78.8) > resistance exercise (SUCRA = 66.4) > yoga (SUCRA = 39.3) > mind-body exercise (SUCRA = 27.2) > usual care (SUCRA = 4.1). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise can rehabilitate the quality of life of patients with breast cancer, and aerobic exercise may be the best type of exercise to improve their quality of life(total health status).

Correcting systematic error in PO2 measurement to improve measures of oxygen supply capacity (α).

An organism's oxygen supply capacity, measured as a ratio of a metabolic rate to its critical oxygen partial pressure, describes the efficacy of oxygen uptake and transport. This metric is sensitive to errors in oxygen measurement, especially near anoxia where the magnitude of instrument error as a proportion of total signal is magnified. Here, we present a conceptual and mathematical method that uses this sensitivity to identify, quantify, and therefore correct oxygen measurements collected using inaccurately calibrated sensors. When appropriate, adding a small correction value to each oxygen measurement counteracts the effects of this error and provides results that are comparable to data from accurately calibrated oxygen probes. We demonstrate, using simulated, laboratory, and literature datasets, how this method can be used post hoc to diagnose error in, correct the magnitude of, and reduce the variability in repeat measures of traits relevant to oxygen tolerance.

Timeframe of aerobic biodegradation of bioplastics differs under standard conditions and conditions simulating technological composting with biowaste.

To determine the actual timeframe of biodegradation, bioplastics (BPs) (based on polylactic acid (PLA), starch (FS), polybutylene succinate (PBS), cellulose (Cel)) were degraded with biowaste (B), which simulates real substrate technological conditions during composting. For comparison, standard conditions (with mature compost (C)) were also applied. The 90-day aerobic tests, both with C or B, were carried out at 58 ± 2 °C. This comparison enables understanding of how BPs behave in real substrate conditions and how C and B affect the time or completeness of degradation based on oxygen consumption (OC) for BPs, the ratio of OC to theoretical oxygen consumption (OC/Th-O2), and the decrease in volatile solids (VS). Additionally, for deeper insight into the biodegradation process, microscopic, microbial (based on 16S rDNA), FTIR, and mechanical (tensile strength, elongation at break) analyses were performed. There was no association between the initial mechanical properties of BPs and the time necessary for their biodegradation. BPs lost their mechanical properties and remained visible for a shorter time when degraded with C than with B. OC for Cel, FS, PLA, and PBS biodegradation was 1143, 1654, 1748, and 1211g O2/kg, respectively, which amounted to 83, 70, 69, and 60% of the theoretical OC (Th-O2), respectively. Intensive OC took place at the same time as an intensive decrease in VS content. With C, Cel was most susceptible to biodegradation (completely biodegrading within 11 days), and PLA was least susceptible (requiring 70 days for complete biodegradation). With B, however, the time required for biodegradation was generally longer, and the differences in the time needed for complete biodegradation were smaller, ranging from 45 d (FS) to 75 d (PLA). The use of C or B had the greatest effect on Cel biodegradation (10 d vs 62 d, respectively), and the least effect on PLA (70 d vs 75 d). Specific bacterial and fungal community structures were identified as potential BP biodegraders; the communities depended on the type of BPs and the substrate conditions. In conclusion, the time needed for biodegradation of these BPs varied widely depending on the specific bioplastic and the substrate conditions; the biodegradability decreased in the following order: Cel â‰« FS â‰« PBS â‰« PLA with C and FS â‰« Cel = PBS â‰« PLA with B. The biodegradability ranking of BPs with B was assumed to be ultimate as it simulates the real substrate conditions during composting. However, all of the BPs completely biodegraded in less than 90 days.