Electroencephalographic activity during direct breastfeeding and breast milk expression in primiparous mothers.

Breastfeeding is recognized worldwide as the best option for infant feeding. Expressing breast milk is an alternative for mothers to provide their infants all the benefits of maternal milk. During breast milk expression, mothers receive a distinct kind of sensory stimulation, because there is no direct bodily or affective interaction with their infants, many women report feeling isolated, generating a love-hate relation with pumping, and even low levels of satisfaction while expressing breast milk. While it is well known that the prefrontal, parietal, and temporal cortices play important roles in the emotional and cognitive processing of maternal stimuli, knowledge about how these cortical areas function during breastfeeding is lacking. This study was designed to characterize EEG activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortices and the affective scores of primiparous breastfeeding mothers during two conditions of milk expression: breast milk expression and direct breastfeeding. Participants reported higher valence and arousal and a pleasant state during direct breastfeeding. In the direct breastfeeding condition, both prefrontal areas showed a higher absolute power (AP) of the slow bands, with a lower AP of the alpha band in the parietal cortex. A lower correlation between frontopolar and dorsolateral areas with a higher correlation between prefrontal and parietal cortices was obtained mainly in the right hemisphere. This EEG activity could be linked to an internal state of focused attention and, simultaneously, open monitoring of the environment that suggests an integration of the motive-emotional and cognitive processes necessary for adequate mother-baby interaction during direct breastfeeding.

Quality of human milk expressed in a human milk bank and at home / Qualidade do leite humano ordenhado em banco de leite e no domicílio

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the quality of the human milk expressed at home and at a human milk bank. Methods: This a retrospective, analytical, and observational study, performed by assessing titratable acidity records and the microbiological culture of 100 human milk samples expressed at home and at a human milk bank, in 2014. For the statistical analysis, generalized estimating equations (GEE) and the chi-squared test were used. Results: When comparing the two sample groups, no significant difference was found, with 98% and 94% of the samples being approved among those collected at the milk bank and at home, respectively. No main interaction effect between local and titratable acidity records (p = 0.285) was observed, and there was no statistically significant difference between the expected and observed values for the association between the collection place and the microbiological culture results (p = 0.307). Conclusions: The quality of human milk expressed at home and at the milk bank are in agreement with the recommended standards, confirming that the expression of human milk at home is as safe as expression at the human milk bank, provided that the established hygiene, conservation, storage, and transport standards are followed.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade do leite humano ordenhado em domicílio e no Banco de Leite Humano. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, feito por meio da avaliação dos registros da acidez titulável e dos resultados de cultura microbiológica de 100 amostras de leite humano ordenhado em domicílio e em um Banco de Leite Humano, no ano de 2014. Para análises estatísticas foram utilizadas as Equações de Estimação Generalizadas (Generalized Estimating Equations - GEE) e o teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Na comparação dos dois grupos de amostras, não foi detectada diferença significativa, sendo que 98% e 94% das amostras foram aprovadas entre as coletadas no Banco de Leite e em domicílio, respectivamente. Não foi observado efeito principal de interação entre local e grau de acidez titulável (p = 0,285) e não se constatou diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores observados e esperados para associação entre local de coleta e o resultado da cultura microbiológica (p = 0,307). Conclusões: A qualidade do leite humano ordenhado em domicílio e no Banco de Leite Humano estão de acordo com o padrão preconizado, comprovando que a ordenha de leite humano em domicílio é tão segura quanto a ordenha no Banco de Leite Humano, desde que sejam seguidas as normas de higiene, conservação, armazenamento e transporte estabelecidas.

Utilização de leite materno em lactário por bebês internados em unidades de terapia intensiva / Utilización de la leche materna en lactario de bebés ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos / Use of breast milk from milk dispensary by babies in neonatal intensive care units

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a quantidade de leite materno coletado e com destino à Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) Neonatal, em um hospital amigo da criança, no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal e analítico, realizado no lactário do Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul, no período de julho a dezembro de 2016. Foram coletados dados da quantidade de leite materno, considerando: entrada total para todos os setores, entrada e saída com destino à UTI Neonatal, desprezos por alta/óbito, degelo vencido e validade expirada. As variáveis categóricas estão apresentadas em números absolutos e percentuais e variáveis contínuas, como média ± desvio padrão. Realizou-se análise estatística através do programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 20.0, considerando significância estatística p<0,05. RESULTADOS: O valor de entrada total no lactário foi de 177.053 mL, a entrada de leite materno para a UTI Neonatal apresentou-se em 153.898 mL, e teve como saída 87,21% desse volume. Os números de desprezo representaram 4,04, 1,14 e 0,55%, respectivamente, sendo por alta/óbito, degelo e validade. A média diária do semestre de esgota para a UTI Neonatal foi 836,40±382,67 mL, e a média diária de utilização de leite materno para a UTI Neonatal de 729,44±341,54 mL. CONCLUSÃO: O lactário apresentou alta porcentagem de esgota e utilização de leite materno e baixo desprezo, demonstrando bom controle de armazenamento e sua importância dentro do hospital amigo da criança. (AU)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the amount of breast milk collected and destined for the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at a baby-friendly hospital in the South of Brazil. METHODS: An analytical, observational cross-sectional study, carried out in the milk dispensary of Caxias do Sul General Hospital, in the period from July to December 2016. Data on the amount of breast milk was collected, considering: total intake for all hospital units, entry and exit of milk destined for the Neonatal ICU, and discarded amounts due to discharge/death, expired thaw and expired validity. Categorical variables are presented in absolute numbers and percentages and continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0, considering p<0.05 as statistical significance level. RESULTS: The total milk intake to the milk dispensary was 177,053 mL; the breast milk entry to the Neonatal ICU was 153,898 mL, and 87.21% of this volume was used. The disposal figures due to discharge/death, thaw and validity represented 4.04, 1.14 and 0.55%, respectively. The mean daily milk expression in the semester for the Neonatal ICU was 836.40 ± 382.67 mL, and the mean daily consumption of human milk for the Neonatal ICU was 729.44 ± 341.54 mL. CONCLUSION: The milk dispensary presented a high percentage of human milk expresstion and consumption and a low disposal, demonstrating a good storage control and its value within the baby-friendly hospital. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la cantidad de leche materna extraída y destinada a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) Neonatal de un hospital amigo del niño en el Sur de Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico realizado en el lactario del Hospital General de Caxias del Sur en el período entre julio y diciembre de 2016. Se recogieron los datos de la cantidad de leche materna considerando la entrada total para todos los sectores, la entrada y salida para la UCI Neonatal, el desprecio por la alta/el óbito, el deshielo caducado y la validez espirada. Las variables categóricas se presentan con valores absolutos y porcentuales y las variables continuas con la media ± desviación típica. Se realizó un análisis estadístico a través del programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) versión 20.0 con la estadística significativa de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: El valor de la entrada total en el lactario ha sido de 177.053 ml, la entrada de la leche materna para la UCI Neonatal ha sido de 153.898 ml y la salida del 87,21% de ese volumen. Los números del desprecio representaron el 4,04, 1,14 y el 0,55%, respectivamente, por la alta/el óbito, el deshielo y la validez. La media diaria del semestre de la leche agotada para la UCI Neonatal ha sido de 836,40±382,67 ml y la media de la utilización de la leche materna para la UCI Neonatal a diario de 729,44±341,54 ml. CONCLUSIÓN: El lactario presentó alto porcentaje de la leche agotada y de la utilización de la leche materna y bajo desprecio lo que señala un buen control de almacenamiento y su importancia para el hospital amigo del niño. (AU)

Quality of human milk expressed in a human milk bank and at home.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of the human milk expressed at home and at a human milk bank. METHODS: This a retrospective, analytical, and observational study, performed by assessing titratable acidity records and the microbiological culture of 100 human milk samples expressed at home and at a human milk bank, in 2014. For the statistical analysis, generalized estimating equations (GEE) and the chi-squared test were used. RESULTS: When comparing the two sample groups, no significant difference was found, with 98% and 94% of the samples being approved among those collected at the milk bank and at home, respectively. No main interaction effect between local and titratable acidity records (p=0.285) was observed, and there was no statistically significant difference between the expected and observed values for the association between the collection place and the microbiological culture results (p=0.307). CONCLUSIONS: The quality of human milk expressed at home and at the milk bank are in agreement with the recommended standards, confirming that the expression of human milk at home is as safe as expression at the human milk bank, provided that the established hygiene, conservation, storage, and transport standards are followed.

The effect of breastfeeding on spontan resolution of monosymptomatic enuresis

ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of this study was to examine whether the duration of breastfeeding during infancy was associated with the time of spontaneous resolution of monosymptomatic enuresis (SRME). Materials and Methods A total of 1500 people were surveyed at four centers. One hundred and eighty-one people with a history of monosymptomatic enuresis (ME) who received no treatment and had no day time symptoms were included in the study. The relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and SRME was assessed by considering the duration of breastfeeding as both continuous and categorical (cut-off value 5 months) variable. The multivariate general linear model was used to identify independent predictors such as gender, family history, and educational status of parents. Results Pearson correlation analysis of the age of SRME and duration of breastfeeding found no statistically significant relationship. However, there was a significant difference in the age of SRME of those who were breastfed for 5 months or less compared to those who were breastfed for more than 5 months. According to the multivariate analysis, gender and educational status of parents were not effective on the age of SRME. Stepwise linear regression model showed that breastfeeding for five months or less and family history could affect the age of SRME. The regression formula was: age of SRME=9.599 + (3.807×five months or less of breastfeeding) + (1.258×positive family history). Conclusions It was found that when breastfeeding lasted for more than 5 months, there was a positive contribution to SRME.

Feeding at the Breast and Expressed Milk Feeding: Associations with Otitis Media and Diarrhea in Infants.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations of substance fed and mode of breast milk delivery with occurrence of otitis media and diarrhea in the first year of life. STUDY DESIGN: At 12 months postpartum, women (n = 813; 62% response) completed a questionnaire that assessed sociodemographics, infant occurrence of otitis media and diarrhea, and the timing of starting/stopping feeding at the breast, expressed milk, and formula. Women who intended to "bottle feed" exclusively were not recruited. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were conducted in the full sample (n = 491) and no-formula (n = 106) and bottle-only (n = 49) subsamples. RESULTS: Longer duration of expressed milk feeding was associated with increased odds of experiencing otitis media (6-month OR [OR6-month] 2.15, 95% CI 1.01-4.55) in the no-formula subsample. Longer durations of breast milk feeding (OR6-month 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.92; 6-month incidence rate ratio [IRR6-month] 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.91), and feeding at the breast (OR6-month 0.70, 95% CI 0.54-0.89; IRR6-month 0.74, 95% CI 0.63-0.88) were associated with less diarrhea, and longer formula feeding duration was associated with increased risk of diarrhea (IRR6-month 1.34, 95% CI 1.13-1.54) in the full sample. CONCLUSION: Substance fed and mode of breast milk delivery have different contributions to infant health depending on the health outcome of interest. Feeding at the breast may be advantageous compared with expressed milk feeding for reducing the risk of otitis media, and breast milk feeding compared with formula may reduce the risk of diarrhea.