Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for insomnia decreases the discrepancy between objective and subjective measures of sleep.

INTRODUCTION: Individuals with insomnia disorder often exhibit differences between reported experiences of sleep and objectively measured sleep parameters; however, the implications of this subjective-objective sleep discrepancy during treatment remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) on the discrepancy between objective and subjective measures of sleep, and to assess whether changes in clinical variables such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, and beliefs about sleep, were related to changes in discrepancy. METHODS: Twenty-five participants with insomnia disorder were enrolled in group CBT-I. Sleep measures were continually sampled from baseline until 2 weeks post-treatment with both objective (i.e., actigraphy) and subjective (i.e., sleep diary) methods. RESULTS: The subjective-objective discrepancy significantly decreased from baseline early on in treatment (following the second session) and were maintained at post-treatment for sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO) and sleep efficiency (SE). Total sleep time (TST) discrepancy and misperception decreased from baseline to post-treatment. Improvement in depression symptoms, fatigue symptoms, and negative beliefs about sleep were significantly correlated with the decrease in the discrepancy for WASO and SE. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that CBT-I resolves the mismatch between objective and subjective sleep parameters early in treatment for adults with insomnia. Sleep misperception improved from underestimating to accurately estimating TST. Improvement of psychological symptoms were related to decrease in sleep discrepancies across treatment. Future research is needed to explore how feedback on objective and subjective sleep discrepancy may impact sleep perception across treatment with CBT-I.

Eficácia de la Terapia Cognitiva Conductual Para el Trastorno Bipolar: una Revisión Sistemática

Introducción: El trastorno bipolar (TB) es una enfermedad mental grave con un curso crónico y una morbimortalidad importante. El TB tiene una tasa de prevalencia a lo largo de la vida del 1 al 1,5% y se caracteriza por episodios recurrentes de manía, depresión o una mezcla de ambas fases. Aunque tiene tratamiento farmacológico y psicoterapéutico, la terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) ha mostrado efectos beneficiosos, pero no se cuenta con suficiente información clínica en la literatura actual. Métodos: El objetivo principal es determinar la eficacia de la TCC sola o como complemento del tratamiento farmacológico para el TB. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de 17 artículos. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: investigación cuantitativa o cualitativa dirigida a examinar la eficacia de la TCC en pacientes con TB con/sin medicación, publicaciones en idioma inglés y tener 18-65 anos de edad. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: artículos de revisión y metanálisis, artículos que incluían a pacientes con otros diagnósticos además de TB y no separaban los resultados basados en dichos diagnósticos y estudios con pacientes que no cumplían los criterios de TB del DSM o ICD. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO y Web of Science hasta el 5 de enero de 2020. La estrategia de búsqueda fue: "Bipolar Disorder" AND "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". Resultados: Se incluyó en total a 1.531 pacientes de ambos sexos. La media de edad ponderada fue 40,703 arios. El número de sesiones varió de 8 a 30, con una duración total de 45-120 min. Todos los estudios muestran resultados variables en la mejora del nivel de depresión y la gravedad de la manía, mejora de la funcionalidad, disminución de recaídas y recurrencias, reducción de los niveles de ansiedad y reducción de la gravedad del insomnio. Conclusiones: Se considera que la TCC sola o complementaria para pacientes con TB muestra resultados prometedores después del tratamiento y durante el seguimiento. Los beneficios incluyen niveles reducidos de depresión y manía, menos recaídas y recurrencias y niveles más altos de funcionamiento psicosocial. Se necesitan más estudios.

Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious mental illness with a chronic course and significant morbidity and mortality. BD has a lifetime prevalence rate of 1% to 1.5% and is characterised by recurrent episodes of mania and depression, or a mixture of both phases. Although it has harmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment, cognitive behaviouraltherapy (CBT) has shown beneficial effects, but there is not enough clinical information in the current literature. Methods: The main aim was to determine the efficacy of CBT alone or as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment for BD. A systematic review of 17 articles was carried out. The inclusion criteria were: quantitative or qualitative research aimed at examining the efficacy of CBT in BD patients with/without medication; publications in English language; and) being 18-65 years of age. The exclusion criteria were: review and meta-analysis articles; articles that included patients with other diagnoses in addition to BD and that did not separate the results based on such diagnoses; and studies with patients who did not meet the DSM or ICD criteria for BD. The PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases were searched up to 5 January 2020. The search strategy was: "Bipolar Disorder" AND "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". Results: A total of 1,531 patients both sexes were included. The weighted mean age was 40.703 years. The number of sessions ranged from 8-30, with a total duration of 45120 minutes. All the studies show variable results in improving the level of depression and the severity of mania, improving functionality, reducing relapses and recurrences, and reducing anxiety levels and the severity of insomnia. Conclusions: The use of CBT alone or adjunctive therapy in BD patients is considered to show promising results after treatment and during follow-up. Benefits include reduced levels of depression and mania, fewer relapses and recurrences, and higher levels of psychosocial functioning. More studies are needed.

One-year outcomes of two community-based mental health interventions for Afro-Colombian survivors of the armed conflict and displacement.

The objective of the study is to assess the middle-term effects (1 year after intervention) of two community-based mental health interventions, Common Elements Treatment Approach intervention, CETA, and Narrative Community Group Therapy intervention, NCGT, in two cities of the Colombian Pacific region (Buenaventura and Quibdó). A follow-up study was conducted on a cohort of trial participants. In this trial, the positive effects of two mental health interventions were evaluated; assessment was carried out in separate groups (CETA arm, NCGT arm and a control group) of the reduction of symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress and function impaired mentality. The participants were Afro-Colombian survivors of the armed conflict and displacement living in Buenaventura and Quibdó. They were surveyed using the same instrument used in the original trial. Intent-to-treat analyses were performed, and longitudinal mixed-effects regression models with random effects were used to analyse the middle-term effects of the interventions. At 1-year post-intervention, participants in Buenaventura who received the CETA intervention experienced a decrease in depression (-0.23; p = 0.02), post-traumatic stress symptoms (-0.23; p = 0.02) and total mental health symptoms (-0.14; p = 0.048). In Quibdó, the NCGT intervention significantly improved function impairment (-0.30; p = 0.005). CETA and NCGT interventions have the potential to maintain a reduction of mental health symptoms in participants from the Colombian Pacific region.

Testing the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioral therapy for pathological internet use among undergraduates in Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT) on pathological internet use (PIU). METHOD: The study applied a group randomized controlled trial design to assign participants to intervention and control groups. A total of 40 college students aged 18 to 30 who were pathological internet users (PIUs) participated in this study and were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. Participants completed a self-report scale entitled the Problematic Internet Use Scale (PIUS) at three time points. The intervention lasted 8 weeks. The data collected were statistically analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: The results showed that GCBT has significant efficacy, decreasing the symptoms of PIU among the GCBT participants compared to those in the control group and that the improvements were maintained at follow-up. We also found a significant interaction effect by time for PIU. CONCLUSION: From the study findings, we can conclude that GCBT has significant benefit for mitigating the severity of PIU in college students. Therefore, mental health professionals are encouraged to explore the benefits of GCBT in treating symptoms associated with PIU in school settings and beyond.

Systemic exertion intolerance disease associated to neuroendocrine dysfunction and cortical atrophy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Scarce evidence about the organic and functional abnormalities of systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID) is found in literature and the pathophysiology is still unclear. METHODS: Following the CARE Guidelines, this case report describes a patient with a 5-year history of nonspecific symptoms, lately recognized as SEID. RESULTS: Low serum thyroid- and adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone levels, and 24-h urinary cortisol excretion almost twice the upper limit were detected. Computed tomography scan found significant cortical atrophy. Low-dose modafinil improved the clinical outcome, added to nonpharmacologic approach. CONCLUSION: To ascertain an accurate SEID diagnosis and treatment are a challenge in daily clinical practice, that must be engaged based in clear methods and good practice recommendations. Thus, family practitioners should be aware of this diagnosis.

Brief internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural intervention for children and adolescents with symptoms of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomised controlled trial protocol.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has had major impacts in many different spheres, including mental health. Children and adolescents are especially vulnerable because their central nervous system is still in development and they have fewer coping resources than do adults. Increases in the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptomatology have been reported worldwide. However, access to mental health care is limited, especially for the paediatric population and in low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, we developed a brief internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural intervention for children and adolescents with symptoms of anxiety and depression. The aim of this proposed study is to test the efficacy of the intervention. METHODS: We will conduct a two-arm, parallel randomised controlled trial involving children and adolescents (8-11 and 12-17 years of age, respectively) with symptoms of anxiety, depression or both, according to the 25-item Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (t-score > 70). A total of 280 participants will be randomised to the intervention group or the active control group, in a 1:1 ratio. Those in the intervention group will receive five weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioural therapy via teleconference. The sessions will focus on stress responses, family communication, diaphragmatic breathing, emotions, anger management, behavioural activation and cognitive restructuring. Participants in both groups will have access to 15 videos covering the same topics. Participant-guardian pairs will be expected to attend the sessions (intervention group), watch the videos (control group) or both (intervention group only). A blinded assessor will collect data on symptoms of anxiety, depression and irritability, at baseline, at the end of the intervention and 30 days thereafter. Adolescents with access to a smartphone will also be invited to participate in an ecological momentary assessment of emotional problems in the week before and the week after the intervention, as well as in passive data collection from existing smartphone sensors throughout the study. DISCUSSION: Internet-delivered interventions play a major role in increasing access to mental health care. A brief, manualised, internet-delivered intervention might help children and adolescents with anxiety or depressive symptomatology, even outside the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05139433. Registered prospectively in November 2021. Minor amendments made in July 2022.

Effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on anxiety, depression and condom use in people with HIV in Mexico City: a pilot study.

Anxiety and depression in people living with HIV (PLWH) are negatively associated with healthy sexual behaviours. We pilot-tested a Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)-based intervention to reduce anxiety and depression, aimed to increase serostatus disclosure to sexual partners, quality of sexual life (QoSL) and condom use. The study had a single-case experimental design (AB) with follow-up measures. Eleven PLWH with moderate/severe anxiety/depression received six-module CBT intervention delivered in ten one-hour individual weekly sessions. Anxiety, depression, consistent/correct condom use and QoSL were measured. Depression and anxiety decreased after the intervention (depression baseline [BL] Mdn = 21, final [F] Mdn = 3, z = -2.934, p = .003; anxiety BL Mdn = 30, F Mdn = 4, z = -2.941, p = .003). QoSL improved (BL Mdn = 28, F Mdn = 13, z = -2.625, p = .009), along with participants' ability to use condoms (57.14 vs.100, z = -2.937, p = .003). Effect size was large, changes were maintained at follow-up measurements. The CBT intervention had positive effects in reducing anxiety and depression, which could facilitate the acquisition of healthy sexual behaviours. Further studies are important to clarify the benefits of targeting emotional variables to improve wellbeing and prevention behaviours in PLWH.

Impact of a multimodal intervention on the psychological profile of schizophrenic and bipolar I patients: A study of PRISMA programme / Efecto de una intervención multimodal en el perfil psicológico de pacientes con Esquizofrenia y TAB tipo I: Estudio del Programa PRISMA

Abstract Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia are included in the group of severe mental illness and are main causes of disability and morbidity in the local population due to the bio-psycho-social implications in patients. In the last 20 years or so, adjunctive psychological interventions been studied with the purpose of decreasing recurrences, stablishing the course of the disease, and improving the functionality in these patients. Objective: To analyse the psychological effect of a multimodal intervention (MI) vs a traditional intervention (TI) programme in BD I and schizophrenic patients. Methods: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was conducted with 302 patients (104 schizophrenic and 198 bipolar patients) who were randomly assigned to the MI or TI groups of a multimodal intervention programme PRISMA. The MI group received care from psychiatry, general medicine, neuropsychology, family therapy, and occupational therapy. The TI group received care from psychiatry and general medicine. The Hamilton and Young scales, and the Scales for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Positive Symptoms (SAPS) were used on bipolar and schizophrenic patients, respectively. The scales AQ-12, TEMPS-A, FAST, Zuckerman sensation seeking scale, BIS-11, SAI-E and EEAG were applied to measure the psychological variables. The scales were performed before and after the interventions. The psychotherapy used in this study was cognitive behavioural therapy. Results: There were statistically significant differences in socio-demographic and clinical variables in the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder group. There were no statistically significant differences in the psychological scales after conducting a multivariate analysis between the intervention groups and for both times (initial and final). Conclusion: This study did not show any changes in variables of psychological functioning variables between bipolar and schizophrenic groups, who were subjected to TI vs MI (who received cognitive behavioural therapy). Further studies are needed with other psychological interventions or other psychometric scales.

Resumen Introducción: El Trastorno Afectivo Bipolar (TAB) y la Esquizofrenia están incluidos dentro de las enfermedades mentales severas y hacen parte de las primeras causas de discapacidad y morbilidad en la población local debido al compromiso biopsicosocial en los pacientes. En las últimas décadas se han estudiado intervenciones psicológicas adjuntas con el fin de prevenir recurrencias, estabilizar el curso de la enfermedad o mejorar la funcionalidad de los pacientes con dichas patologías. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto psicológico de un programa de intervención multimodal (IM) vs la intervención tradicional en sujetos con TAB I y esquizofrenia. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, terapéutico-comparativo, con una muestra de 302 pacientes (104 pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia y 198 pacientes con TAB) que fueron asignados aleatoriamente a un grupo de IM o IT dentro de un Programa de Salud Mental con énfasis en reducción de la carga, el daño y el gasto social de la enfermedad mental PRISMA. Los pacientes asignados a la IM recibían atención por psiquiatría, medicina general, psicología, neuropsicología, terapia de familia y terapia ocupacional y, los pacientes asignados a IT recibían atención por psiquiatría y medicina general. Las escalas realizadas antes y después de las intervenciones fueron las escalas de Hamilton y Young y, las escalas SANS y SAPS, para pacientes bipolares y esquizofrénicos, respectivamente. Para evaluar las variables psicológicas se aplicaron las escalas AQ-12, TEMPS-A, FAST, Búsqueda de sensaciones de Zuckerman, BIS-11, SAI-E y EEAG. La psicoterapia usada en el componente de psicología fue la terapia cognitivo conductual. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las variables socio-demográficas y clínicas entre el grupo de pacientes con TAB y esquizofrenia. Luego de hacer un análisis multivariado MANCOVA, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los resultados entre el momento inicial y final en los grupos de pacientes TAB y esquizofrenia en ninguna de las escalas aplicadas. Conclusión: El presente estudio no evidenció un cambio a nivel psicológico en los pacientes con TAB y con esquizofrenia que estuvieron bajo IT vs IT (quienes recibieron terapia cognitivo conductual). Futuros estudios aplicando otras psicoterapias adjuntas y usando otras escalas psicométricas podrían ser considerados.

[Impact of a Multimodal Intervention on the Psychological Profile of Schizophrenic and Bipolar I Patients: A Study of PRISMA Program]. / Efecto de una intervención multimodal en el perfil psicológico de pacientes con Esquizofrenia y TAB tipo I: Estudio del Programa PRISMA.

BACKGROUND: Bipolar Disorder (BD) and schizophrenia are included in the group of severe mental illness and are main causes of disability and morbidity in the local population due to the bio-psycho-social implications in patients. In the last 20 years or so, adjunctive psychological interventions been studied with the purpose of decreasing recurrences, stabilising the course of the disease, and improving the functionality in these patients. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the psychological effect of a multimodal intervention (MI) vs a traditional intervention (TI) program in BD I and schizophrenic patients. METHODS: A prospective, longitudinal, therapeutic-comparative study was conducted with 302 patients (104 schizophrenic and 198 bipolar patients) who were randomly assigned to the MI or TI groups of a multimodal intervention program PRISMA. The MI group received care from psychiatry, general medicine, neuropsychology, family therapy, and occupational therapy. The TI group received care from psychiatry and general medicine. The Hamilton and Young scales, and the Scales for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Postive Symptoms (SAPS) were used on bipolar and schizophrenic patients, respectively. The scales AQ-12, TEMPS-A, FAST, Zuckerman sensation seeking scale, BIS-11, SAI-E and EEAG were applied to measure the psychological variables. The scales were performed before and after the interventions. The psychotherapy used in this study was cognitive behavioural therapy. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences in socio-demographic and clinical variables in the schizophrenia and bipolar disorder group. There were no statistically significant differences in the psychological scales after conducting a multivariate analysis between the intervention groups and for both times (initial and final). CONCLUSION: This study did not show any changes in variables of psychological functioning variables between bipolar and schizophrenic groups, who were subjected to TI vs MI (who received cognitive behavioural therapy). Further studies are needed with other psychological interventions or other psychometric scales.

Booster Sessions after Cognitive-Behavioural Group Therapy for Panic Disorder: Impact on Resilience, Coping, and Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: Panic disorder (PD) has a chronic nature, especially as a result of maladaptive coping strategies to deal with stressful events. AIMS: To evaluate the impact of booster sessions with cognitive techniques on coping strategies, resilience, and quality of life (QoL) in patients previously submitted to standard cognitive-behavioural group therapy (CBGT) for PD. METHOD: A controlled clinical trial with 44 patients with PD (intervention = 20; control = 24) who had previously completed a 12-week CBGT protocol. PD, anxiety, and depression severity symptoms were assessed at baseline and 1, 6, and 12 months after the booster sessions. Coping strategies, resilience, and QoL were assessed by Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI), Resilience Scale, and WHOQOL-BREF respectively. RESULTS: Over time, a significant improvement in PD and depression symptoms was observed in both groups. A significant increase in the QoL social relations domain was found in the booster group, considering a time/group interaction. Coping and other QoL domains did not change after the booster sessions. Changes in resilience were dependent on the intensity of symptoms, with negative but non-significant correlations. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in PD and depression symptoms for both groups may be a result of the group format of the intervention. Group booster sessions after CBGT are useful to maintain the benefits obtained with CBGT.

Terapia cognitivo-comportamental em pacientes neurológicos: uma revisão sistemática / Cognitive-behavioral therapy in neurological patients: a systematic review

Pacientes neurológicos frequentemente apresentam alterações emocionais e comportamentais. O uso da terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) tem sido sugerido para manejar sintomas de depressão e de ansiedade nessa população. O objetivo dessa revisão sistemática foi o de verificar a aplicabilidade da TCC em pacientes com AVC, TCE e epilepsia. Verificaram-se as bases de dados PUBMED, LILACS, Scielo Brasil, SCOPUS, PsycINFO e EMBASE. Analisaram-se artigos empíricos, redigidos em inglês, espanhol ou português, com população adulta e publicados entre os anos 2002 e 2013. Dentre os 1397 artigos encontrados, avaliaram-se 21 trabalhos. A população mais investigada foi a de TCE e o principal objetivo da TCC foi para promover melhora nos sintomas depressivos. De acordo com os resultados, a TCC em pacientes neurológicos sugere ser aplicável, porém necessita de investigações que forneçam evidências de efeito terapêutico mais confiáveis, protocolos mais estruturados, assim como estudos de follow up.

Patients with neurological damage often have emotional and behavioral changes. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested to manage symptoms of depression and anxiety in this population. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the applicability of CBT in patients with stroke, TBI and epilepsy. The databases PubMed, LILACS, SciELO Brazil, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were consulted. Analyzed empirical articles, written in English, Spanish or Portuguese, with adults and published between 2002 and 2013. Among the 1397 articles found, 21 studies were evaluated. The population with the largest number of studies was TBI and the main goal of CBT is to promote improvement in depressive symptoms. According to the results, CBT in neurological patients suggests positive results, but requires investigations that provide evidence of therapeutic effect more reliable, more structured protocols, as well as follow-up studies.

Terapia cognitivo-comportamental em pacientes neurológicos: uma revisão sistemática / Cognitive-behavioral therapy in neurological patients: A systematic review

Pacientes neurológicos frequentemente apresentam alterações emocionais e comportamentais. O uso da terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) tem sido sugerido para manejar sintomas de depressão e de ansiedade nessa população. O objetivo dessa revisão sistemática foi o de verificar a aplicabilidade da TCC em pacientes com AVC, TCE e epilepsia. Verificaram-se as bases de dados PUBMED, LILACS, Scielo Brasil, SCOPUS, PsycINFO e EMBASE. Analisaram-se artigos empíricos, redigidos em inglês, espanhol ou português, com população adulta e publicados entre os anos 2002 e 2013. Dentre os 1397 artigos encontrados, avaliaram-se 21 trabalhos. A população mais investigada foi a de TCE e o principal objetivo da TCC foi para promover melhora nos sintomas depressivos. De acordo com os resultados, a TCC em pacientes neurológicos sugere ser aplicável, porém necessita de investigações que forneçam evidências de efeito terapêutico mais confiáveis, protocolos mais estruturados, assim como estudos de follow up.(AU)

Patients with neurological damage often have emotional and behavioral changes. The use of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested to manage symptoms of depression and anxiety in this population. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the applicability of CBT in patients with stroke, TBI and epilepsy. The databases PubMed, LILACS, SciELO Brazil, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were consulted. Analyzed empirical articles, written in English, Spanish or Portuguese, with adults and published between 2002 and 2013. Among the 1397 articles found, 21 studies were evaluated. The population with the largest number of studies was TBI and the main goal of CBT is to promote improvement in depressive symptoms. According to the results, CBT in neurological patients suggests positive results, but requires investigations that provide evidence of therapeutic effect more reliable, more structured protocols, as well as follow-up studies.(AU)

Cognitive-behavioural group therapy improves a psychophysiological marker of stress in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Family caregivers of patients with dementia frequently experience psychological stress, depression and disturbed psychophysiological activity, with increased levels of diurnal cortisol secretion. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of a cognitive-behavioural group therapy (CBT) to a psychoeducation group programme (EDUC) on cortisol secretion in caregivers of patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD: Caregivers of AD outpatients were semi-randomly allocated to one of two intervention programmes (CBT or EDUC) consisting of eight weekly sessions. Twenty-six participants completed the study. Before and after intervention, salivary cortisol was collected at four different times of the day. Effects of the interventions were evaluated with self-report psychological scales and questionnaires related to functional abilities and neuropsychiatric symptoms of the AD relative. RESULTS: Only in the CBT group did salivary cortisol levels significantly decrease after intervention, with a large effect size and high achieved power. Both groups reported a reduction of neuropsychiatric symptoms of their AD relative after intervention. CONCLUSION: Psychoeducation for caregivers may contribute to a reduction of neuropsychiatric symptoms of AD patients while CBT additionally attenuates psychophysiological responses to stressful situations in caregivers, by reducing diurnal cortisol levels. This may lead to a positive impact in the general health of the caregiver, eventually resulting in better care of the AD patient.

Principales desarrollos y enfoques sobre alianza y relación terapéutica / Major developments and approaches on alliance and therapeutic relationship

Existe un consenso general de que una parte importante del éxito de un tratamiento psicoterapéutico depende de la relación entre paciente y terapeuta. Los diferentes modelos psicoterapéuticos conceptualizan la relación terapéutica de diversas maneras; en par t icular, dicho concepto presenta importantes diferencias entre la perspectiva psicoanalítica y la cognitivo-conductual. En el presente artículo, se intenta reseñar dichas diferencias en la literatura pertinente proponiendo, de este modo, una actualización del estado de conocimiento sobre el tema. En función de ello, se mencionan los principales antecedentes históricos del concepto de relación terapéutica y las líneas clásicas y actuales de investigación sobre el mismo. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los trabajos disponibles en las bases de datos EBSCO y Jstore. Las palabras clave utilizadas son: Relación Terapéutica, Alianza Terapéutica, Psicoanálisis, TCC. Se tomaron en cuenta principalmente los trabajos realizados a partir de 1990.

There is general consensus that an important part of the success of psychotherapy depends on the relationship between patient and therapist. Psychotherapeutic models conceptualize the therapeutic relationship in various ways; in particular, this concept has important differences between the psychoanalytic perspective and the cognitive-behavioral one. In this article, we attempt to outline the differences in the relevant literature and update the state of knowledge on this subject. According to these objectives, we discussed the main historical background of the therapeutic relationship and the classic and current lines of research on it. This article is a literature review of the information available in EBSCO and Jstore databases. The keywords used are: therapeutic relationship, therapeutic alliance, Psychoanalysis, CBT. We used data that was published after 1990.

Principales desarrollos y enfoques sobre alianza y relación terapéutica / Major developments and approaches on alliance and therapeutic relationship

Existe un consenso general de que una parte importante del éxito de un tratamiento psicoterapéutico depende de la relación entre paciente y terapeuta. Los diferentes modelos psicoterapéuticos conceptualizan la relación terapéutica de diversas maneras; en par t icular, dicho concepto presenta importantes diferencias entre la perspectiva psicoanalítica y la cognitivo-conductual. En el presente artículo, se intenta reseñar dichas diferencias en la literatura pertinente proponiendo, de este modo, una actualización del estado de conocimiento sobre el tema. En función de ello, se mencionan los principales antecedentes históricos del concepto de relación terapéutica y las líneas clásicas y actuales de investigación sobre el mismo. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los trabajos disponibles en las bases de datos EBSCO y Jstore. Las palabras clave utilizadas son: Relación Terapéutica, Alianza Terapéutica, Psicoanálisis, TCC. Se tomaron en cuenta principalmente los trabajos realizados a partir de 1990.(AU)

There is general consensus that an important part of the success of psychotherapy depends on the relationship between patient and therapist. Psychotherapeutic models conceptualize the therapeutic relationship in various ways; in particular, this concept has important differences between the psychoanalytic perspective and the cognitive-behavioral one. In this article, we attempt to outline the differences in the relevant literature and update the state of knowledge on this subject. According to these objectives, we discussed the main historical background of the therapeutic relationship and the classic and current lines of research on it. This article is a literature review of the information available in EBSCO and Jstore databases. The keywords used are: therapeutic relationship, therapeutic alliance, Psychoanalysis, CBT. We used data that was published after 1990.(AU)