Las redes académicas y la interdisciplinariedad en el proceso pedagógico de posgrado

Introducción: Las redes académicas adquieren elevada significación para la gestión colaborativa de la interdisciplinariedad en la educación de posgrado, de ahí que se suscite el análisis, para su optimización, en el proceso pedagógico de posgrado. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en revelar criterios teórico-metodológicos para el empleo de las redes académicas en función de la interdisciplinariedad en la educación de posgrado. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, comprendida entre noviembre de 2022 a septiembre de 2023. Incluyó el empleo de métodos teóricos como el análisis y síntesis, el histórico y lógico, la sistematización y la modelación. Entre los métodos empíricos se aplicó la revisión de documentos y la consulta a especialistas. También se empleó el análisis porcentual para procesar datos. Resultados: Se revelan criterios teórico-metodológicos que fundamentan el empleo de redes académicas en el posgrado, al considerar elementos asociados a la interdisciplinariedad, el trabajo colaborativo, las relaciones interprofesionales e intersectoriales y las alianzas interinstitucionales, a partir de las exigencias de ese nivel educacional. Este resultado es ampliamente generalizable al diseño y gestión de programas de posgrado en sus dos vertientes: superación profesional y formación académica. Discusión: Investigaciones precedentes evidencian un consenso sobre las potencialidades de las redes académicas para el desarrollo del aprendizaje colaborativo, la gestión de proyectos y la práctica interdisciplinaria. Los resultados de este estudio optimizan su empleo en el proceso pedagógico de posgrado. Los criterios teórico-metodológicos revelados en el presente trabajo, tienen un enfoque holístico con elevada pertinencia, según criterios valorativos de los especialistas que participaron en el estudio.

Introduction: Academic networks acquire high significance for the collaborative management of interdisciplinarity in postgraduate education, hence the analysis arises, for its optimization, in the postgraduate pedagogical process. The objective of this study was to reveal theoretical-methodological criteria for the use of academic networks based on interdisciplinarity in postgraduate education. Methods: Qualitative research, between november 2022 and september 2023. It included the use of theoretical methods such as analysis and synthesis, historical and logical, systematization and modeling. Among the empirical methods, document review and consultation with specialists were applied. Percentage analysis was also used to process data. Results: Theoretical-methodological criteria are revealed that support the use of academic networks in postgraduate studies, when considering elements associated with interdisciplinarity, collaborative work, interprofessional and intersectoral relationships and inter-institutional alliances, based on the demands of that educational level. This result is widely generalizable to the design and management of postgraduate programs in its two aspects: professional development and academic training. Discussion: Previous research shows a consensus on the potential of academic networks for the development of collaborative learning, project management and interdisciplinary practice. The results of this study optimize its use in the postgraduate pedagogical process. The theoretical-methodological criteria revealed in this work have a holistic approach with high relevance, according to the evaluation criteria of the specialists who participated in the study.

Wiki educativa para la Clínica Virtual de Salud de Santiago de Cuba / Educational Wiki for the health virtual clinic in Santiago de Cuba

El programa de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones se ha implementado en todas las instituciones pertenecientes al sector de la salud en Cuba, pues favorece la formación a través de los entornos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en función del desarrollo y las perspectivas académicas, mediante plataformas tecnológicas para facilitar el intercambio de información. En el presente artículo se destaca la necesidad de incrementar el uso de la wiki como herramienta educativa, que favorece el aprendizaje colaborativo como un proceso de creación de conocimiento a través de la web 2.0, donde no solo se publican contenidos sino que contribuye a desarrollar habilidades de cooperación en los procesos formativos de la salud pública.

The program of information and communications technologies has been implemented in all the institutions belonging to the health sector in Cuba, because it favors the training through the teaching and learning environments in function of development and academic perspectives, by means of technological platforms to facilitate the exchange of information. In this work the necessity to increase the wiki use as educational tool in enhanced, that favors the collaborative learning as a process of knowledge creation through the web 2.0, where contents are not only published but also contributes to develop cooperation abilities in the training processes of public health.

Práticas educacionais colaborativas em saúde mediadas pelas tecnologias da informação e comunicação: uma revisão de literatura / Collaborative educational practices in health mediated by information and communication technologies: a literature review / Prácticas educativas colaborativas en salud mediadas por las tecnologías de la información y comunicación: una revisión de literatura

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar elementos estruturantes do processo de trabalho das redes educacionais colaborativas em saúde mediadas por tecnologias de informação e comunicação, assinalando suas características-chave e sua dinâmica de funcionamento. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo, realiza-da nas bases de dados: Medline, Lilacs e no portal Oasisbr. Foram encontrados 1.499 estudos, dos quais, oito atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Os resultados da investigação apontam as práticas educacionais colaborativas em saúde mediados por essas tecnologias como processos amplos e complexos, envolvendo a associação de diversos fatores. Destacam-se a dimensão técnico-pedagógica, a gestão estratégica, o gerenciamento do fluxo de informações, os aspectos relacionais, as competências de cada membro e a mediação do processo colaborativo. A integração dos diferentes aspectos da rede traduz um conjunto de desafios para a estruturação dos processos colaborativos que não se limita à pura acumulação cognitiva, mas vincula-se a processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento dos sujeitos

The aim of the present study was to identify structural elements of the work process of collaborative educational networks in health, mediated by information and communication technologies, by pointing out its key characteristics and its operating dynamics. This is a scope review, accomplished in the following databases Medline and Lilacs and in the Oasisbr portal. A total of 1.499 studies were found, and eight of them met the inclusion criteria. The search results indicate the collaborative educational practices in health mediated by these technologies as broad and complex processes, involving the association of several factors. The technical-pedagogical dimension, the strategic management, the management of the information flow, the relational aspects, the competencies of each member, and the mediation of the collaborative process are highlighted. The integration of the different aspects of the network translates a set of challenges for the structuring of collaborative processes, which is not limited to pure cognitive accumulation, but is bound to learning processes and to the subjects' development.

El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar elementos estructurantes del proceso de trabajo de las redes educativas colaborativas en salud mediadas por tecnologías de la información y comunicación, señalando sus características claves y su dinámica de funcionamiento. El trabajo presenta una revisión de escopo, realizada en las bases de datos: Medline, Lilacs y en el portal Oasisbr. Fueron encontrados 1.499 estudios, de los cuales ocho cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados de la investigación apuntan a las prácticas educativas colaborativas en salud mediadas por estas tecnologías como procesos amplios y com-plejos, que abarcan la asociación de diversos factores. Se destacan la dimensión técnico-pedagógica, la gestión estratégica, el gerenciamiento del flujo de información, los aspectos relacionales, las competencias de cada miembro y la mediación del proceso colaborativo. La integración de los diferentes aspectos de la red traduce un conjunto de desafíos para la estructuración de los procesos colaborativos, que no se limitan a la acumulación cognitiva, sino que se vinculan a los procesos de aprendizaje y desarrollo de los sujetos

Computer-Supported Collaborative Design of Standardized Clinical Cases: Algorithm Development and Validation.

Background: The creation of computer-supported collaborative clinical cases is an area of educational research that has been widely studied. However, the reuse of cases and their sharing with other platforms is a problem, as it encapsulates knowledge in isolated platforms without interoperability. This paper proposed a workflow ecosystem for the collaborative design and distribution of clinical cases through web-based computing platforms that (1) allow medical students to create clinical cases collaboratively in a dedicated environment; (2) make it possible to export these clinical cases in terms of the Health Level 7 (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) interoperability standard; (3) provide support to transform imported cases into learning object repositories; and (4) use e-learning standards (eg, Instructional Management Systems Content Packaging [IMS-CP] or Sharable Content Object Reference Model [SCORM]) to incorporate this content into widely-used learning management systems (LMSs), letting medical students democratize a valuable knowledge that would otherwise be confined within proprietary platforms. Objective: This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a workflow ecosystem based on IT platforms to enable the collaborative creation, export, and deployment of clinical cases. Methods: The ecosystem infrastructure for computer-supported collaborative design of standardized clinical cases consists of three platforms: (1) Mosaico, a platform used in the design of clinical cases; (2) Clavy, a tool for the flexible management of learning object repositories, which is used to orchestrate the transformation and processing of these clinical cases; and (3) Moodle, an LMS that is geared toward publishing the processed clinical cases and delivering their course deployment stages in IMS-CP or SCORM format. The generation of cases in Mosaico is exported in the HL7 FHIR interoperability standard to Clavy, which is then responsible for creating and deploying a learning object in Moodle. Results: The main result was an interoperable ecosystem that demonstrates the feasibility of automating the stages of collaborative clinical case creation, export through HL7 FHIR standards, and deployment in an LMS. This ecosystem enables the generation of IMS-CPs associated with the original Mosaico clinical cases that can be deployed in conventional third-party LMSs, thus allowing the democratization and sharing of clinical cases to different platforms in standard and interoperable formats. Conclusions: In this paper, we proposed, implemented, and demonstrated the feasibility of developing a standards-based workflow that interoperates multiple platforms with heterogeneous technologies to create, transform, and deploy clinical cases on the web. This achieves the objective of transforming the created cases into a platform for web-based deployment in an LMS.

PET-Saúde: contribuições para implementação da EIP e o desenvolvimento de competências colaborativas / PET-Saúde: contributions to the implementation of IPE and the development of collaborative competencies

Resumo: Introdução: Cada vez mais no cenário global vem sendo observado o avanço das iniciativas de educação interprofissional (EIP) com o intuito de gerar inovações e solucionar problemas nos cenários de saúde. Ainda que tímidas, no Brasil, tem-se notado a implantação dos seus preceitos em busca de práticas mais colaborativas, especialmente alinhadas às diretrizes e aos preceitos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a implementação da EIP e o desenvolvimento de competências colaborativas na formação dos estudantes e na prática dos preceptores e docentes que participaram do PET-Saúde/Interprofissionalidade da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que utilizou como técnica de coleta de dados a análise documental. Foram analisados quatro documentos: o edital que dispõe sobre o programa, o documento de inscrição e os relatórios, parcial e final. Resultado: Destacaram-se três aspectos nos documentos avaliados: "cumprimento dos objetivos", "desafios para efetivação da EIP" e "desenvolvimento de competências colaborativas", e, assim, notou-se que, de modo geral, houve o cumprimento dos objetivos do programa, apesar dos desafios impostos pelo modelo hegemônico de formação uniprofissional e pela pandemia da Covid-19. Além disso, foi observado o desenvolvimento de competências fundamentais para uma prática integral em saúde, como: comunicação interprofissional, trabalho em equipe, resolução de conflitos, escuta ativa e qualificada, liderança colaborativa, clareza de papéis, entre outras. Conclusão: Apesar dos percalços, houve a aplicação da EIP e o desenvolvimento de competências colaborativas, as quais favorecem a prática interprofissional e o efetivo trabalho em equipe nos cenários de saúde.

Abstract: Introduction: Interprofessional Education (IPE) initiatives are being increasingly seen on the global stage with the aim of generating innovations and solving problems in healthcare settings. Although timid, Brazil has witnessed the implementation of its precepts in search of more collaborative practices, especially aligned with the guidelines and precepts of the Unified Health System (SUS). Objective: To analyse the implementation of IPE and the development of collaborative competencies in the training of students and in the practice of preceptors and teachers who participated in the PET-Sáude/Interprofessional programme of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Methods: This is qualitative research that used document analysis as a data collection technique. Four documents were analysed: the public notice for the programme, the registration document and the partial and final reports. Results: Three aspects were highlighted in the documents evaluated: "fulfillment of the objectives", "challenges for the implementation of IPE" and "development of collaborative competencies". Accordingly, it was noted that, in general, the programme objectives were met, despite the challenges imposed by the hegemonic model of uniprofessional training and the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition, the development of fundamental competencies for comprehensive healthcare practices was observed, such as, for example: interprofessional communication, teamwork, conflict resolution, active and qualified listening, collaborative leadership, clarity of roles. Conclusion: Despite the setbacks, IPE was applied and collaborative competencies were developed, which favour interprofessional practice and effective teamwork in healthcare setttings.

La enseñanza recíproca entre pares no-expertos: comparación entre enseñanza individual y enseñanza de pareja / Reciprocal Non-Expert Peer Teaching: Comparison between Individual and Dyadic Teaching

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar la enseñanza recíproca individual entre alumnos (pares no-expertos) con la enseñanza no-experta realizada en pareja respecto a diversos aspectos relativos a la cualidad y calidad de las mismas. La primera enseñanza tiene como destinatario al compañero de díada (en reciprocidad); la segunda es realizada conjuntamente por los integrantes de una díada y tiene como destinatario a otra díada (y recíprocamente). En general, los estudios sobre la tutoría entre pares no-expertos referida a la enseñanza de conocimientos omiten la cuestión particular de la enseñanza compartida con un alter. La hipótesis central es que este tipo de docencia no-experta compartida genera diferencias de cualidad y calidad respecto a la docencia no-experta individual. Participaron 14 estudiantes universitarios de una misma clase agrupados aleatoriamente en díadas, los que, previo aprendizaje de la episteme a enseñar provista por un texto-fuente, realizaban primero una tutoría enseñante individual dirigida al compañero/a (y viceversa), y luego una tutoría compartida con éste dirigida a los integrantes de otra díada (y viceversa). Las sesiones fueron audio-grabadas. Esta comparación individual-colectivo se refiere tanto a aspectos cualitativos de la enseñanza, como a aspectos relativos a su calidad. En cuanto a los primeros, los datos muestran significativas diferencias respecto al estilo de enseñanza y a la dependencia respecto del texto-fuente, y diferencias moderadas relativas a la calidad. Se concluye con una propuesta de diferenciación de distintas modalidades de la relación individual-colectivo.

Abstract The objective of this research is to compare individual reciprocal teaching between students (non-expert peers) with dyadic non-expert teaching. In general, studies on non-expert peer tutoring related to knowledge teaching omit the particular issue of dyadic teaching with an alter. The central hypothesis states that this type of dyadic non-expert teaching generates differences in attributes and quality with respect to individual non-expert teaching. Seven dyads of university students from the same class were randomly grouped in dyads, who, after learning the episteme to be taught provided by a source-text, they performed first an individual teaching tutoring directed to the partner (and vice versa), and then a dyadic tutoring together directed to the members of another dyad (and vice versa). These sessions were audio-recorded. This individual-dyadic comparison refers to both different attributes of teaching, as well as aspects related to its quality. Regarding the attributes, data shows significant differences in terms of teaching style and dependence on the source-text, and moderate differences regarding quality. The research concludes with a proposal to differentiate various modalities of the individual-dyadic relationship.

Efectividad de la preparación de alumnos ayudantes sustentada en el aprendizaje colaborativo / Effectiveness in the training of student teachers based on collaborative learning

Introducción: El aprendizaje colaborativo exige interacción entre los miembros del grupo y responsabilidad individual con el aprendizaje. Se utiliza como método en la preparación de alumnos ayudantes de la carrera de medicina para incorporarlos a la práctica docente en curso de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar Básico con el primer año. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del aprendizaje colaborativo como método en la preparación de alumnos ayudantes para la práctica docente. Método: Se realizó una investigación de evaluación, en la que se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis síntesis e histórico lógico; y métodos empíricos: revisión documental, observación y encuesta. La muestra intencionada estuvo conformada por 18 alumnos ayudantes, por lo que se correspondió con la totalidad de los participantes. Se organizó en dos etapas: de preparación en contenidos específicos y en educación médica, y de ejecución de las clases prácticas, con cuatro variables. Resultados: Resultaron con nivel alto la manera de comportarse los alumnos ayudantes en las actividades de preparación, en las dos áreas (FR > 0,95), y el desempeño específico en las clases prácticas (FR: 96). En ambos existió ascenso en el valor de los indicadores desde la primera hasta la última actividad. Se autoevaluó de nivel alto la práctica con los estudiantes (FR: 0,96) y el 90,74 por ciento de ellos se mostró muy satisfecho con la preparación recibida y con la práctica docente realizada. Conclusiones: La preparación de alumnos ayudantes sustentada en el aprendizaje colaborativo resultó muy efectiva para su práctica docente en el curso de reanimación cardiopulmonar básico del primer año de la carrera de medicina(AU)

Introduction: Collaborative learning requires interaction among group members, as well as individual responsibility with learning. It is used as a method for training student teachers in order to incorporate them to the teaching practice of the basic course on cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the first academic year. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of collaborative learning as a method for training student teachers to be part of teaching practice. Methods: An evaluation research was carried out using theoretical (analysis-synthesis and historical-logical), as well as empirical (document review, observation and survey) methods. The purposive sample consisted of eighteen student teachers, which corresponded to the total number of participants. The research was organized in two stages: preparation with specific contents and medical education, and execution of practical lessons. Four variables were defined. Results: The way that they student teachers behaved in the training activities were found to have a high level, in both areas (FR>0.95); as well as for the specific performance in the practical lessons (FR: 96). Both showed an increase in the value of the indicators from the first to the last activity. The practice with the students was self-evaluated as being at a high level (FR: 0.96), while 90.74 percent of them were very satisfied with the training that they received, as well as with the teaching practice carried out. Conclusions: The training of student teachers based on collaborative learning was very effective for their teaching practice in the basic course on cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the first academic year of the medical major(AU)

Reflexiones sobre el aprendizaje colaborativo desde la experiencia de estudiantes de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó / Reflections on collaborative learning from the experience of Social Work students at Universidad Católica Luis Amigó

El artículodesarrolla una reflexión conceptual sobre el aprendizaje colaborativo, en rela-ción con la mirada crítica de la experiencia de los estudiantes del programa de Trabajo Social a distancia de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó. Si bien este concepto es transversal en muchos ámbitos de la vida, es una característica fundamental en el aprendizaje a distancia; por ello, el artículo desarrolla, en primer lugar, las característi-cas del aprendizaje colaborativo, seguidamente se plantean los aspectos significativos del aprendizaje colaborativo en este programa, lo que posibilita una reflexión de esta estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje en los procesos de educación contemporáneos

The article develops a conceptual reflection on collaborative learning, in relation to the critical view of the experience of the students of Social Work of distance learning program at the Universidad Católica Luis Amigó. Although this concept is transversal to many areas of life, it is a fundamental characteristic in distance learning; therefore, the article develops, first, the characteristics of collaborative learning, then the significant aspects of collaborative learning in the Social Work program of the Catholic University Luis Amigó are presented, allowing a reflection on this teaching-learning strategy in contemporary education processes

Desenvolvimento do conhecimento profissional docente no seio de práticas colaborativas: um estudo no contexto de um programa de formação de professores / Desarrollo del conocimiento profesional docente en el seno de las prácticas colaborativas: un estudio en el contexto del programa de formación de profesorado / Development of professional teacher knowledge within collaborative practices: a study in the context of teacher initial education

Este estudo analisou a construção do conhecimento profissional docente de residentes de Educação Física no contexto do programa Residência Pedagógica no seio de uma comunidade. Participaram um professor orientador, três professores preceptores e 24 residentes, que se reuniram semanalmente, numa dinâmica de trabalho construtivo-colaborativo, totalizando 18 meses. As fontes de dados foram relatórios, casos de ensino e portfólios reflexivos, produzidos por seis residentes selecionados propositadamente. Os dados foram triangulados e submetidos à análise temática. Os residentes desenvolveram diferentes conhecimentos, mas foram as capacidades relacionadas ao agir profissional que mais se destacaram. Os dispositivos formativos contribuíram para desenvolver a racionalidade reflexiva, crítica e comunicativa dos residentes. A comunidade revelou-se espaço de partilha, de desenvolvimento de interações estreitas e horizontais entre diferentes saberes e profissionais, permitindo a transição do conhecimento-para-prática e conhecimento-na-prática para o conhecimento-da-prática, bem como a passagem de uma posição periférica e individual do conhecimento para um saber construído no coletivo. (AU)

Este estudio analizó la construcción del conocimiento profesional docente de residentes de Educación Física en el contexto del Programa Residencia Pedagógica en el seno de una comunidad. Participaron un profesor orientador, tres profesores colaboradores y 24 residentes (estudiantes en prácticas), que se reunieron semanalmente durante 18 meses en una dinámica de trabajo constructivo-colaborativo. Las fuentes de datos fueron informes, casos de enseñanza y portafolios reflexivos, producidos por seis residentes seleccionados deliberadamente. Los datos fueron triangulados y sometidos al análisis temático. Los residentes desarrollaron diferentes conocimientos, pero fueron las capacidades relacionadas al actuar profesional las que más se destacaron. Los dispositivos formativos contribuyeron para desarrollar la racionalidad reflexiva, crítica y comunicativa de los residentes. La comunidad ha demostrado ser un espacio de intercambio, de desarrollo de interacciones estrechas y horizontales entre diferentes saberes y profesionales, permitiendo la transición del conocimiento-para-práctica y conocimiento-en-práctica al conocimiento-de-la-práctica, así como el paso de una posición periférica e individual del conocimiento a un saber construido en la colectividad. (AU)

This study analyzed the construction of teaching professional knowledge of Physical Education residents in the context of the Pedagogical Residency program within a community. One supervisor, three collaborating teachers and 24 residents (undergraduate students) participated. They met weekly for 18 months in a dynamic of constructive-collaborative work. Data sources were reports, teaching cases, and reflective portfolios produced by six purposefully selected residents. Data were triangulated and subjected to thematic analysis. Residents developed different knowledge, but the skills related to professional action stood out the most. The formative devices contributed to developing the residents' reflective, critical, and communicative rationality. The community proved to be a space for sharing, for the development of close and horizontal interactions between different types of knowledge and professionals, allowing the transition from knowledge-to-practice and knowledge-in-practice to knowledge-of-practice, as well as the transition from a peripheral and individual position of knowledge for a knowledge built collectively. (AU)

Service-learning: experience of teacher-tutors in the nursing career. / Aprendizaje servicio: experiencia de docentes-tutores en la carrera de enfermería.

INTRODUCTION: The learning process demands appropriate and effective strategies. Furthermore, the service-learning methodology implies significant challenges for both the student and the teacher-tutor. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the experience of community-based teacher-tutors work with nursing students from the Austral University of Chile, using the service-learning methodology. METHOD: Descriptive and exploratory qualitative research through an intrinsic case study. Non-probabilistic and intentional sample of cases by criteria and convenience. Five teachers from the Austral University of Chile Nursing Institute hired by the university were interviewed. They fulfilled the role of teacher-tutor after signing the informed consent. The information was obtained through semi-structured interviews, and the analysis was carried out through the data reduction methodology, which considers the analysis of results at three levels. The Scientific Ethics Committee of the Austral University of Chile School of Medicine approved the study. RESULTS: At level 1: One hundred and seven (107) units of meaning were identified, grouped into five descriptive categories. At level 2, three meta-categories were formed: "opinion of the tutor-teachers on working with the service-learning methodology", "factors that influence working with the service-learning methodology" and "generic competencies developed with the service-learning methodology. Finally, at level 3, two qualitative domains were identified: "Teacher-tutors appreciation for the development of the service-learning methodology" and "Contributions of the service-learning methodology for developing generic competencies". CONCLUSIONS: The efficient implementation of the methodology requires training and motivation of tutors, teachers, students and community partners.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El proceso de aprendizaje demanda la utilización de estrategias pertinentes y efectivas. La utilización de la metodología aprendizaje servicio implica grandes desafíos tanto para el estudiante como para el docente-tutor. OBJETIVO: Develar la experiencia de docentes-tutores a partir del trabajo comunitario con estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Austral de Chile, utilizando la metodología aprendizaje servicio. MÉTODO: Investigación cualitativa descriptiva y exploratoria mediante un estudio intrínseco de casos. Muestra no probabilística e intencionada de casos por criterios y conveniencia. Se entrevistaron a cinco docentes del Instituto de Enfermería de la Universidad Austral de Chile contratados por la universidad, que cumplieron el rol de docente-tutor previa firma del consentimiento informado. La información fue obtenida mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis se realizó a través de la metodología de reducción de datos, que considera el análisis de resultados en tres niveles. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité Ético Científico de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Austral de Chile. RESULTADOS: En el nivel 1 se identificaron 107 unidades de significado, agrupadas en cinco categorías descriptivas. En el nivel 2 se formaron tres metacategorías: “opinión de las docentes-tutoras con relación al trabajo con la metodología aprendizaje servicio”, “factores que inciden en el trabajo con la metodología aprendizaje servicio” y “competencias genéricas desarrolladas con la metodología aprendizaje servicio”. En el nivel 3 se identificaron dos dominios cualitativos: “apreciación de las docentes-tutoras para el desarrollo de la metodología aprendizaje servicio” y “aportes de la metodología aprendizaje servicio para el desarrollo de competencias genéricas”. CONCLUSIONES: La implementación de la metodología de manera eficiente requiere de capacitación y motivación de docentes-tutores, estudiantes y socios comunitarios.

Aprendizaje servicio: experiencia de docentes-tutores en la carrera de enfermería / Service-learning: experience of teacher-tutors in the nursing career

Introducción El proceso de aprendizaje demanda la utilización de estrategias pertinentes y efectivas. La utilización de la metodología aprendizaje servicio implica grandes desafíos tanto para el estudiante como para el docente-tutor. Objetivo Develar la experiencia de docentes-tutores a partir del trabajo comunitario con estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad Austral de Chile, utilizando la metodología aprendizaje servicio. Método Investigación cualitativa descriptiva y exploratoria mediante un estudio intrínseco de casos. Muestra no probabilística e intencionada de casos por criterios y conveniencia. Se entrevistaron a cinco docentes del Instituto de Enfermería de la Universidad Austral de Chile contratados por la universidad, que cumplieron el rol de docente-tutor previa firma del consentimiento informado. La información fue obtenida mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis se realizó a través de la metodología de reducción de datos, que considera el análisis de resultados en tres niveles. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité Ético Científico de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Resultados En el nivel 1 se identificaron 107 unidades de significado, agrupadas en cinco categorías descriptivas. En el nivel 2 se formaron tres metacategorías: "opinión de las docentes-tutoras con relación al trabajo con la metodología aprendizaje servicio", "factores que inciden en el trabajo con la metodología aprendizaje servicio" y "competencias genéricas desarrolladas con la metodología aprendizaje servicio". En el nivel 3 se identificaron dos dominios cualitativos: "apreciación de las docentes-tutoras para el desarrollo de la metodología aprendizaje servicio" y "aportes de la metodología aprendizaje servicio para el desarrollo de competencias genéricas". Conclusiones La implementación de la metodología de manera eficiente requiere de capacitación y motivación de docentes-tutores, estudiantes y socios comunitarios.

Introduction The learning process demands appropriate and effective strategies. Furthermore, the service-learning methodology implies significant challenges for both the student and the teacher-tutor. Objective To reveal the experience of community-based teacher-tutors work with nursing students from the Austral University of Chile, using the service-learning methodology. Method Descriptive and exploratory qualitative research through an intrinsic case study. Non-probabilistic and intentional sample of cases by criteria and convenience. Five teachers from the Austral University of Chile Nursing Institute hired by the university were interviewed. They fulfilled the role of teacher-tutor after signing the informed consent. The information was obtained through semi-structured interviews, and the analysis was carried out through the data reduction methodology, which considers the analysis of results at three levels. The Scientific Ethics Committee of the Austral University of Chile School of Medicine approved the study. Results At level 1: One hundred and seven (107) units of meaning were identified, grouped into five descriptive categories. At level 2, three meta-categories were formed: "opinion of the tutor-teachers on working with the service-learning methodology", "factors that influence working with the service-learning methodology" and "generic competencies developed with the service-learning methodology. Finally, at level 3, two qualitative domains were identified: "Teacher-tutors appreciation for the development of the service-learning methodology" and "Contributions of the service-learning methodology for developing generic competencies". Conclusions The efficient implementation of the methodology requires training and motivation of tutors, teachers, students and community partners.

A hybrid approach for composing groups in collaborative learning contexts.

Considering that there are many alternatives in the literature for composing groups in collaborative learning contexts, we present a proposal that exhibits several features. First, and from the operational point of view, our proposal is highly flexible because i) it allows for several group sizes and an arbitrary array of grouping attributes, and ii) it may be easily adapted to consider several homogeneity/heterogeneity criteria. Second, and from the algorithmic point of view, it combines the best of two apparently opposite worlds: it uses a local brute-force search within an iterative process guided by a randomized heuristic criterion. Thus, this approach is still Non-Polynomic (NP) but in terms of the size of the groups, whereas is Polynomic (P) in terms of the number of students. Third, the experiments with several datasets, with student numbers varying from 20 to 3500, demonstrate reasonable performance and running times for this approach. We contrasted these times with those reported in 19 related works and, first taking into account certain considerations, we found that ours were lower in most cases. Nevertheless, and as the fourth feature, we make available both the datasets and the source code to allow for more objective comparisons of approaches, including our own.

Creating a platform to enable collaborative learning in One Health: The Joint Initiative for Teaching and Learning on Global Health Challenges and One Health experience.

The "Joint Initiative for Teaching and Learning on Global Health Challenges and One Health" targets education and training in Global Health Challenges and One Health, focusing on surpassing issues that affect One Health training programs. The present work describes the planning, implementation, and challenges to develop an international educational initiative among six partner institutions from four different countries, to build a collaborative teaching and learning environment. The course applies collaborative online international learning principles and is addressed to graduate students of universities from Brazil, Germany, Mozambique, and Kosovo. A pilot curriculum was developed with modules on intercultural competence, interprofessional and collaborative practice in One Health; One Health; healthcare, surveillance, and One Health; bioethics in One Health and careers in Global Health. The course combines synchronous and asynchronous activities developed in groups by mixing students from different institutions and countries. Forty-four experts from 22 institutions of the Americas, Africa, Europe, and Asia collaborated with the course content. Some challenges to implementing the course were the different criteria to assign credits across institutions, the lack of bibliographic material across all partners, limited overlap hours and periods for synchronous activities, and short semester overlap across institutions. Despite the challenges for implementation, the entire process of planning and delivering the course involves intense international collaboration, contributing to the curriculum internationalization, benefiting all institutions involved, promoting exchange even in the challenging scenario of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Experiencias en Cuba sobre la utilización de métodos colaborativos de aprendizaje en asignaturas de la carrera Ciencias de la Información / Cuban experiences in the use of collaborative learning methods in Information Sciences undergraduate courses

Los métodos colaborativos permiten desarrollar habilidades y actitudes en los estudiantes para descubrir y construir conocimientos por ellos mismos, a la vez que promueven la interdependencia a la hora de resolver problemas profesionales. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo mostrar las experiencias y los resultados del trabajo con métodos colaborativos en tres asignaturas de la carrera Ciencias de la Información de dos universidades cubanas. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el que se utilizaron métodos empíricos, como un análisis documental clásico, entrevistas semiestructuradas a los jefes de equipos y encuestas estructuradas a 70 estudiantes (100 por ciento) que constituyeron la población. Se constató que, de forma general, la aplicación de técnicas didácticas activas mostró resultados positivos tanto en la evaluación de los resultados docentes como en la asistencia a clases. De igual manera, se logró que los alumnos diseñaran su estructura de interacciones y asumieran diferentes roles para intervenir en las comunidades desde una perspectiva informacional. Las opiniones de los estudiantes se tuvieron en cuenta para realizar mejoras en el diseño de las asignaturas. Por las condiciones impuestas por la pandemia COVID 19, las clases se adaptaron a condiciones no presenciales, lo que conllevó un incremento en el uso de las redes sociales digitales para la comunicación entre los alumnos y los profesores(AU)

Collaborative methods provide students with the skills and attitudes required to discover and build knowledge by themselves, and foster interdependence when solving professional problems. The purpose of the study was to present the experiences and results obtained from the use of collaborative methods in three Information Sciences undergraduate courses taught in two Cuban universities. A descriptive study was conducted based on empirical methods such as classic document analysis, semi-structured interviews with team leaders, and structured surveys to 70 students (100 percengt), who made up the study population. It was found that the use of active didactic techniques generally led to positive academic results and better attendance to class. Students could also design their own structure of interactions, taking on different roles to intervene in communities from an information perspective. Students' opinions were taken into account for curriculum development. Due to the limitations imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, classes were not attended physically, expanding the use of digital social networking for communication between students and teachers(AU)

Promoting critical thinking in an online, project-based course.

Education institutions are expected to contribute to the development of students' critical thinking skills. Due to COVID-19, there has been a surge in interest in online teaching. The aim of this study is therefore to design a strategy to promote critical thinking in an online setting for first year undergraduates. An intervention was carried out with 834 students at an engineering school; it comprised five activities designed to develop critical thinking. Both the control and experimental groups worked with a project-based learning strategy, while the experimental group was provided with scaffolding for a socially shared regulation process. All students answered an identical pre- and post-test so as to analyze the impact on critical thinking. Both strategies performed significantly better on the post-test, suggesting that online project-based learning improves critical thinking. However, following a socially shared regulation scaffolding led to a significantly greater improvement. In this sense, the socially shared regulation scaffolding provided to the experimental group proved to be key, while feedback was also an important element in the development of critical thinking. This study shows that online project-based learning fosters the development of critical thinking, while providing a socially shared regulation scaffolding also has a significant impact.

Contribuciones de las actividades de extensión académica en la formación de terapeutas ocupacionales, desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes / Contribuições das atividades de extensão acadêmica na formação de terapeutas ocupacionais, na perspectiva dos estudantes / Contributions of academic extension activities in the training of occupational therapists, from the students´ perspective

Resumen Introducción Este texto presenta la experiencia acumulada durante 10 años en las Jornadas de Terapia Ocupacional del Bio Bio en Chile, actividad de extensión académica y recreativa en la cual se tratan temas relevantes para la formación de terapeutas ocupacionales. Objetivo Analizar los principales aprendizajes y contribuciones a la formación profesional de las metodologías de enseñanza que se exponen en estas Jornadas, a través de la opinión de los estudiantes que han participado como asistentes. Método se desarrolla una sistematización, ya que esta metodología permite la reflexión crítica a partir de la experiencia vivida. La información se produce a través de entrevistas a 12 estudiantes. Se realiza análisis del contenido de temas predefinidos, que corresponden a pensamiento crítico, herramientas para la intervención y valores compartidos. Resultados El grupo de estudiantes valoran las metodologías de carácter práctico, participativas y dialogantes que permitan compartir opiniones y experiencias. Las herramientas que se adquieren corresponden a habilidades relacionales que facilitan el trato y manejo terapéutico. Los valores compartidos que los estudiantes identifican se encuentran presentes en las Jornadas incluyen la solidaridad, el respeto a la diversidad y la empatía. Conclusiones Las actividades de extensión académica enriquecen la formación profesional porque acerca a los estudiantes con la realidad social, fortalecen la identidad disciplinar y promoverían su formación ciudadana. Los desafíos de las actividades de extensión son generar transformaciones en las vidas cotidianas de los/as sujetos/as de intervención, y que éstos/as puedan participar activamente en los ajustes curriculares de los planes de estudios.

Resumo Introdução Este texto apresenta a experiência acumulada ao longo de 10 anos na Conferência de Bio Bio Terapia Ocupacional no Chile, uma atividade de extensão acadêmica e recreativa na qual são discutidos temas relevantes para a formação de terapeutas ocupacionais. Objetivo Analisar as principais aprendizagens e contribuições das metodologias de ensino expostas nestes Congressos para a formação profissional, através da opinião dos alunos que participaram como assistentes. Método desenvolveu-se uma sistematização, uma vez que esta metodologia permite a reflexão crítica a partir da experiência vivida. As informações foram produzidas por meio de entrevistas com 12 alunos e efetuada análise de conteúdo de temas predefinidos, que corresponderam ao pensamento crítico, ferramentas de intervenção e valores partilhados. Resultados O grupo de alunos valoriza as metodologias de carácter prático, participativo e dialógico que lhes permitem partilhar opiniões e experiências. As ferramentas adquiridas correspondem a habilidades relacionais que facilitam o tratamento e o manejo terapêutico. Os valores partilhados que os alunos identificaram presentes na Conferência incluem solidariedade, respeito pela diversidade e empatia. Conclusões As atividades de extensão acadêmica enriquecem a formação profissional, pois aproxima os alunos da realidade social, fortalece a identidade disciplinar e promove sua formação cidadã. Os desafios das atividades de extensão são gerar transformações no cotidiano dos sujeitos da intervenção e que eles possam participar ativamente das adequações curriculares dos planos de estudos.

Abstract Introduction This text shows the experience accumulated over 10 years in the Bio Bio Occupational Therapy Conference in Chile, an academic extension and recreational activity in which relevant topics for the training of occupational therapists are discussed. Objective To analyze the main learning and contributions to the professional training of the teaching methodologies that are exposed in this conference, through the opinion of the students who have participated as assistants. Method systematization is developed since this methodology allows critical reflection from the lived experience. The information is produced through interviews with 12 students. Analysis of the content of predefined topics is carried out, which correspond to critical thinking, tools for intervention, and shared values. Results The group of students values the methodologies of a practical, participatory, and dialogue nature that allow them to share opinions and experiences. The tools that are acquired correspond to relational skills that facilitate treatment and therapeutic management. The shared values that the students identify are present in the conference, including solidarity, respect for diversity, and empathy. Conclusions The academic extension activities enrich professional training because it brings students closer to social reality, strengthens disciplinary identity and promotes their citizenship training. The challenges of extension activities are to generate transformations in the daily lives of the intervention subjects, and that they can actively participate in the curricular adjustments of the study plans.

Discusión de casos en equipos como estrategia para ejercitar el razonamiento clínico desde el ciclo básico / Case discussion in teams as a strategy for practicing clinical reasoning since the basic cycle

Las estrategias curriculares que persiguen la integración entre las ciencias básicas y las ciencias clínicas se enriquecen con la introducción de las discusiones de casos desde los primeros años de la carrera de medicina. En este sentido, este trabajo tuvo el objetivo de reflexionar sobre el valor educacional de una propuesta de ambiente de aprendizaje mediante el método de discusión colectiva de los casos clínicos para los estudiantes de los primeros años de la carrera. Al soporte teórico del trabajo se adicionó un ejemplo de caso adaptado para estudiantes que cursan el ciclo básico de la carrera de medicina. Los métodos activos de aprendizaje desplazan el protagonismo al educando; el entregar y el recibir han sido sustituidos por crear juntos. Subdividir la clase en pequeños grupos (equipos), facilitados por un docente, estimula la interacción estudiantil. El caso clínico sitúa al paciente en el centro del proceso, y la dirección de la discusión se negocia a través del análisis de las pistas que la situación ofrece, desde las diversas interpretaciones de los participantes, ayudados por el profesor. Esta reflexión no pretende sustituir otros escenarios necesarios para comprender el contenido de las disciplinas individuales, porque ese, al ser el primer nivel de conocimiento, necesita reactivarse y analizarse durante la discusión de los casos. La evocación de tópicos en casos clínicos diversos, y la elaboración en el equipo, se espera faciliten la penetración en su esencia (abstracción) y en consecuencia su aplicación en nuevos pacientes(AU)

The curricular strategies that pursue integration between basic sciences and clinical sciences are enriched with the introduction of case discussions from the first academic years of the medical major. In this respect, this work had the objective of reflecting on the educational value of a proposal of a learning setting, through the method of collective discussion of clinical cases for students in the first academic years of the major. The theoretical foundations of the work were added a case example adapted for students at the basic cycle of Medicine. Active learning methods shift prominence to the learner; giving and receiving have been replaced by creating together. Subdividing the class into small groups (teams), facilitated by a teacher, stimulates student interaction. The clinical case places the patient at the center of the process, while the direction of the discussion is negotiated through the analysis of the clues offered by the situation, from the different interpretations of the participants, helped by the teacher. This reflection is not aimed at substituting other settings necessary to understand the content of individual disciplines, because that one, as long as it is the first level of knowledge, needs to be reactivated and analyzed during the case discussions. The evocation of topics through various clinical cases, and team creation, are expected to facilitate the penetration in its essence (abstraction) and consequently its application in new patients(AU)

Estudio secuencial de la interacción sociocognitiva durante la resolución de problemas lógicos / Sequential study of the socio-cognitive interaction in logical problem solving

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar, desde una perspectiva secuencial, la interacción sociocognitiva durante la resolución colaborativa de problemas lógicos, en díadas de estudiantes de quinto y sexto grado de educación primaria, con composiciones sociocognitivas asimétricas y simétricas. Se trató de un estudio cuasi-experimental de casos, de dos fases: la primera consistió en la resolución individual de ítems lógicos, para evaluar el nivel de competencia específica inicial de cada sujeto. Con base en dicho criterio, se conformaron díadas asimétricas (un compañero de alta competencia con un par de baja competencia) y simétricas (ambos compañeros de baja competencia), que resolvieron la tarea de manera colaborativa. La interacción sociocognitiva fue codificada por un sistema de categorías adaptado. Se realizó un análisis secuencial de la interacción, es decir, de probabilidades de transición entre códigos (eventos); esto se dio al interior de cada condición (asimétrica y simétrica), para detectar patrones secuenciales diferenciales. Los resultados indican patrones de interacción diferentes según la composición de la díada: en las díadas asimétricas, la posibilidad de establecer secuencias de co-construcción de conocimiento depende principalmente de la intervención inicial emitida por el sujeto más competente; en cambio, en las díadas simétricas se constataron niveles altos de alternancia de la participación por ambos compañeros durante la secuencia de interacción. Se ratifica la hipótesis de la influencia de la composición sociocognitiva de la díada sobre la interacción, pero con aporte de considerar a ésta desde una perspectiva secuencial y diacrónica.

Abstract This study aims at analyzing the socio-cognitive interaction during the collaborative resolution of logical problems, from a sequential perspective. It is focused on dyads of fifth and sixth graders, with asymmetric and symmetric socio-cognitive compositions. The design was a quasi-experimental case study with two phases: the first was an individual resolution of logical items to evaluate the initial specific competence level of each subject. Then, it was made up asymmetrical dyads (a high-competence partner with a pair of low competence) and symmetrical (both low-competence partners), which solved the task collaboratively. The socio-cognitive interaction was codified by a system of adapted categories. A sequential analysis of the interaction was performed (analysis of probabilities of transition between codes or events). This was done in relation to each condition (asymmetric and symmetric), to detect differential sequential patterns. The results indicate different interaction patterns depending on the composition of the dyad: asymmetric dyads showed that the possibility of establishing co-construction knowledge sequences depends mainly on the initial intervention issued by the most competent subject; symmetric dyads showed high levels of alternation referred to participation issued by both partners during the interaction sequence. The hypothesis that the influence of the socio-cognitive composition of the dyad on the interaction is ratified, but it is considered from a sequential diachronic perspective.

A Collaborative Learning Assessment of Developmental Care Practices for Infants in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: Assess differences in approaches to and provision of developmental care for infants undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. STUDY DESIGN: A collaborative learning approach was used to stratify, assess, and compare individualized developmental care practices among multidisciplinary teams at 6 pediatric heart centers. Round robin site visits were completed with structured site visit goals and postvisit reporting. Practices of the hosting site were assessed by the visiting team and reviewed along with center self-assessments across specific domains including pain management, environment, cue-based care, and family based care coordination. RESULTS: Developmental care for infants in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) varies at both a center and individual level. Differences in care are primarily driven by variations in infrastructure and resources, composition of multidisciplinary teams, education of team members, and use of developmental care champions. Management of pain follows a protocol in most cardiac intensive care units, but the environment varies across centers, and the provision of cue-based infant care and family-based care coordination varies widely both within and across centers. The project led to proposed changes in clinical care and center infrastructure at each participating site. CONCLUSIONS: A collaborative learning design fostered rapid dissemination, comparison, and sharing of strategies to approach a complex multidisciplinary care paradigm. Our assessment of experiences revealed marked variability across and within centers. The collaborative findings were a first step toward strategies to quantify and measure developmental care practices in the cardiac intensive care unit to assess the association of complex inpatient practices with long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Retos de la implementación del aprendizaje basado en equipos en los programas de medicina / The challenges of implementing team-based learning to the medical major programs

Introducción: El aprendizaje basado en equipos es una estrategia de enseñanza y de aprendizaje centrada en el alumno, en la cual el profesor tiene un rol facilitador. Este constituye un método pedagógico de aprendizaje activo que mejora la motivación hacia el aprendizaje y lleva a los alumnos a aplicar sus conocimientos para resolver problemas y combinar la teoría con la práctica. Los avances en educación médica a nivel mundial han llevado a las escuelas de medicina a optar por este tipo de estrategias. Objetivo: Identificar los retos de la implementación del aprendizaje basado en equipos en los programas de medicina. Resultados: Mediante la aplicación del aprendizaje basado en equipos en los programas de medicina, se identificaron los factores de sobrecarga laboral y de estudio con incidencia en los participantes en la estrategia, la necesidad de garantizar entrenamiento previo a los actores del proceso, la importancia de la realización de una adecuada distribución de los grupos de trabajo, y los recursos adicionales que deben garantizarse. Conclusiones: Para obtener beneficios pedagógicos de forma plena, la implementación del aprendizaje basado en equipos debe ser sistemática, lo que requiere procesos de formación y preparación, tanto de los estudiantes como de los profesores. Como cualquier cambio, demandará convicción, tiempo y ajustes a lo largo del proceso(AU)

Introduction: Team-based learning is a student-centered teaching and learning strategy, in which the teacher has the role of a facilitator. It constitutes an active learning pedagogical method that improves motivation towards learning and leads students to apply their knowledge to solve problems and combine theory with practice. Advances in medical education worldwide have led medical schools to opt for such strategies. Objective: To identify the challenges of implementing team-based learning in the medical major programs. Results: Through the application of team-based learning to the medical major programs, such factors as work and study overloads were identified as having an impact on the strategy participants, together with the need to guarantee prior training to the process stakeholders, the importance of adequate distribution of the working groups, and the additional resources that must be guaranteed. Conclusions: In order to obtain full pedagogical benefits, the implementation of team-based learning must be systematic, a process requiring training and preparation processes for both students and teachers. Like any change, it will demand conviction, time and adjustments throughout the process(AU)