Anesthetic recovery outcomes after 2 methods of nasal mucosal preparation for endoscopic sinus surgery.

PURPOSE: Our institution uses two approaches for nasal mucosal preparation during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) to improve surgical field visualization: topical epinephrine (TE) versus topical cocaine with injection of lidocaine containing epinephrine (TCLE). We aimed to compare anesthetic outcomes after ESS using these techniques. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively identified adult patients at our institution who underwent ESS from May 2018 through January 2023 under general anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil infusions. Postoperative anesthetic outcomes, including pain and recovery time, were compared between patients who had mucosal preparation with TE versus TCLE using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to adjust for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among 1449 patients who underwent ESS, 585 had TE, and 864 had TCLE. Compared with TE, during anesthetic recovery, the TCLE group had fewer episodes of severe pain (numeric pain score ≥ 7) (IPTW-adjusted odds ratio, 0.65; 95 % CI, 0.49-0.85; P = .002), less opioid analgesic administration (IPTW-adjusted odds ratio, 0.55; 95 % CI, 0.44-0.69; P < .001), and shorter recovery room stay (IPTW-adjusted ratio of the geometric mean, 0.90; 95 % CI, 0.85-0.96; P = .002). Postoperative nausea and vomiting and postoperative sedation were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received preparation of the nasal mucosa with TCLE, compared with TE, were less likely to report severe pain or receive an opioid analgesic in the postanesthesia recovery room and had faster anesthetic recovery. This observation from our large clinical practice indicates that use topical and local anesthetic during endoscopic sinus surgery may have benefit for ambulatory ESS patients.

Trends in anaphylaxis management during COVID-19.

Background: Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that commonly occurs in the community setting and is best managed with epinephrine. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic on trends in acute at-home anaphylactic events, including emergency room (ER) visits and treatment for anaphylaxis. Methods: We used data from 2 sources: survey data from the Food Allergy Research and Education Patient Registry and the electronic medical records of patients who presented to the Tampa General Hospital ER with a diagnosis of anaphylaxis. We collected data from events during the COVID-19 epidemic as well as before and after availability of the COVID-19 vaccine. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 190 Food Allergy Research and Education survey responses were completed. Of the 190 respondents, 63 reported that the COVID-19 pandemic changed how they responded to an allergic reaction. Of the 63 patients, 71% avoided seeking medical care outside the home, 30% used self-medication more quickly than usual, and 14% delayed their use of medication. Only 87 events (46%) were treated with epinephrine. From April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2022, a total of 4358 individuals presented to the Tampa General Hospital ER with an International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, diagnosis code of anaphylaxis or allergic reaction. Only 718 individuals received epinephrine in the ER. In all, 867 patients presented 1 year before March 1, 2020 (before availability of the COVID-19 vaccine), and 1833 patients presented 1 year after April 1, 2021 (after availability of the vaccine). Conclusions: According to the survey and ER data capture, only 16% of patients received epinephrine. After COVID-19 vaccine availability there were more ER visits for anaphylaxis among patients seen in a tertiary care teaching hospital.

Impact of L-theanine and L-tyrosine on markers of stress and cognitive performance in response to a virtual reality based active shooter training drill.

Ingestion of L-theanine and L-tyrosine has been shown to reduce salivary stress biomarkers and improve aspects of cognitive performance in response to stress. However, there have been no studies to concurrently examine the impact of both L-theanine and L-tyrosine ingestion during a mental stress challenge (MSC) involving a brief cognitive challenge and a virtual reality based active shooter training drill. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of ingestion of L-theanine and L-tyrosine on markers of stress and cognitive performance in response to a virtual reality active shooter drill and cognitive challenge. The cognitive challenge involved a Stroop challenge and mental arithmetic. Eighty subjects (age = 21 ± 2.6 yrs; male = 46; female = 34) were randomly assigned L-tyrosine (n = 28; 2000 mg), L-theanine (n = 25; 200 mg), or placebo (n = 27) prior to MSC exposure. Saliva samples, state-anxiety inventory (SAI) scales, and heart rate (HR) were collected before and after exposure to the MSC. Saliva was analyzed for stress markers α-amylase (sAA) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The MSC resulted in significant increases in sAA, SIgA, HR, and SAI. Ingestion of L-theanine and L-tyrosine did not impact markers of stress. However, the L-tyrosine treatment demonstrated significantly lower missed responses compared to the placebo treatment group during the Stroop challenge. These data demonstrate that ingestion of L-theanine or L-tyrosine does not impact markers of stress in response to a MSC but may impact cognitive performance. This study was pre-registered as a clinical trial ("Impact of supplements on stress markers": NCT05592561).

MeNPs-PEDOT Composite-Based Detection Platforms for Epinephrine and Quercetin.

The development of low-cost, sensitive, and simple analytical tools for biomolecule detection in health status monitoring is nowadays a growing research topic. Sensing platforms integrating nanocomposite materials as recognition elements in the monitoring of various biomolecules and biomarkers are addressing this challenging objective. Herein, we have developed electrochemical sensing platforms by means of a novel fabrication procedure for biomolecule detection. The platforms are based on commercially available low-cost conductive substrates like glassy carbon and/or screen-printed carbon electrodes selectively functionalized with nanocomposite materials composed of Ag and Au metallic nanoparticles and an organic polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The novel fabrication method made use of alternating currents with controlled amplitude and frequency. The frequency of the applied alternating current was 100 mHz for the polymer deposition, while a frequency value of 50 mHz was used for the in situ electrodeposition of Ag and Au nanoparticles. The selected frequency values ensured the successful preparation of the composite materials. The use of readily available composite materials is intended to produce cost-effective analytical tools. The judicious modification of the organic conductive matrix by various metallic nanoparticles, such as Ag and Au, extends the potential applications of the sensing platform toward a range of biomolecules like quercetin and epinephrine, chosen as benchmark analytes for proof-of-concept antioxidant and neurotransmitter detection. The sensing platforms were tested successfully for quercetin and epinephrine determination on synthetic and real samples. Wide linear response ranges and low limit-of-detection values were obtained for epinephrine and quercetin detection.

A Biosensor for Simultaneous Detection of Epinephrine and Ascorbic Acid Based on Fe(III)-Polyhistidine-Functionalized Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Composites.

Epinephrine (EP) is a very important chemical transmitter in the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system of mammals. Ascorbic acid (AA) is considered to be the most important extracellular fluid antioxidant and has important antioxidant properties in the cell. In this study, a series of transition metal-polyhistidine-carboxylated multi-wall carbon nanotube nanocomposites were synthesized, and their simultaneous catalytic effects on epinephrine and ascorbic acid were investigated. The results showed that nanocomposites based on iron ions had the highest catalytic activity. The prepared biosensor expressed high selectivity toward EP and AA with LOD values of 0.1 µΜ (AA) and 0.01 µΜ (EP), and sensitivity values of 4.18 µA mM-1 with a range of 0.001-5 mM (AA), 50.98 µA mM-1 with a range of 0.2-100 µM (EP), and 265.75 µA mM-1 with a range of 0.1-1.0 mM (EP). Moreover, it showed good stability, good repeatability and high selectivity in real sample detection. This work is a reference for the design of new electrochemical enzyme-free biosensors and the detection of biomarkers.

Clinical characteristics of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in China: a multicenter retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) might markedly increase the survival of selected patients with refractory cardiac arrest. But the application situation and indications remained unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We respectively reviwed all adult patients who underwent ECPR from January 2017 to March 2021. Patient characteristics, initiation and management of ECMO, complications, and outcomes were collected and compared between the survivors and nonsurvivors. LASSO regression was used to screen risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression was performed with several parameters screened by LASSO regression. RESULTS: Data were reported from 42 ECMO centers covering 19 provinces of China. A total of 648 patients were included in the study, including 491 (75.8%) males. There were 11 ECPR centers in 2017, and the number increased to 42 in 2020. The number of patients received ECPR increased from 33 in 2017 to 274 in 2020, and the survival rate increased from 24.2% to 33.6%. Neurological complications, renal replacement therapy, epinephrine dosage after ECMO, recovery of spontaneous circulation before ECMO, lactate clearance and shockable rhythm were risk factors independently associated with outcomes of whole process. Sex, recovery of spontaneous circulation before ECMO, lactate, shockable rhythm and causes of arrest were pre-ECMO risk factors independently affecting outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: From January 2017 to March 2021, the numbers of ECPR centers and cases in mainland China increased gradually over time, as well as the survival rate. Pre-ECMO risk factors, especially recovery of spontaneous circulation before ECMO, shockable rhythm and lactate, are as important as post-ECMO management,. Neurological complications are vital risk factors after ECMO that deserved close attention. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04158479, registered on 2019/11/08. https://clinicaltrials.gov/NCT04158479.

Biochemical analysis of catecholamine and cortisol for the evaluation of the fetal distress in third trimester stillbirths.

BACKGROUND: Stress hormones like catecholamine and cortisol are thought to reflect the magnitude of physical stress in adults and were studied in relationship to the cause of death and agony time. Intrauterine distress, intrapartum events, and modes of delivery can affect the fetal endocrine stress response, as reflected by biochemical analyses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of catecholamines and cortisol as markers of ante-mortem fetal distress. The role of cortisol as a marker of circadian timing of delivery was also assessed. METHODS: A 2-year prospective cohort-comparison inclusion of stillbirths and newborns took place with collection of antemortem data, labor parameters, neonatal outcome, post-mortem data and blood samples. Stillbirths were classified as acute or chronic on the basis of a multidisciplinary evaluation. Heart blood of stillbirths and cord blood of newborns were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for adrenaline and noradrenaline and by immunoassay for cortisol determination. RESULTS: Fifteen stillbirths and 46 newborns, as a comparison group, delivered by spontaneous vaginal birth, elective, and emergency cesarean sections were included. Stillbirths' main cause of death was cord thrombosis. Levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline (median: 14,188 pg/ml and 230.5 pg/ml, respectively) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in stillbirths than in newborns and were also higher in acute compared to chronic distress. Cortisol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in spontaneous vaginal delivery (median: 18.2 µg/dl) compared to elective cesarean sections (median: 3.8 µg/dl). No difference in cortisol concentrations was detected between newborns delivered at morning and at afternoon/evening. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the biochemical measurement of adrenaline and noradrenaline levels might reflect a marked physical stress response during the process of death in stillbirths. On the contrary, the elevation of cortisol levels could mirror the elevation in maternal cortisol level during vaginal delivery. For the post-mortem evaluation of stillbirths, the analysis of CA levels could provide additional data on the duration of distress, useful to integrate the forensic diagnosis.

The correlation between the severity of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity and plasma catecholamine levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: There is limited literature investigating the catecholamine levels in patients with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary objective of this study was to correlate the severity of PSH (assessed using the PSH-Assessment measure [AM]) with plasma catecholamine levels at a resting state. METHODS: In this prospective case-control study, blood samples for epinephrine and norepinephrine estimation were obtained at rest on three consecutive days, only for 'cases' of PSH after severe TBI (s-TBI) and for control patients (matched for age, gender, and Glasgow coma scale [GCS]. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients with PSH and 16 controls were recruited. The median PSH-AM score was 20 and 9 in cases and controls, respectively. The epinephrine and norepinephrine levels at rest did not correlate with the severity of PSH assessed during PSH paroxysms (p = 0.949 and 0.975). Norepinephrine levels increased in PSH patients over the 3 consecutive days, once PSH was diagnosed (p = 0.022). The length of hospital stay was longer and the motor-GCS score was lower in PSH patients, with no differences in other outcomes between the groups. CONCLUSION: Catecholamine levels in the inter-paroxysmal interval cannot be correlated with PSH severity assessed during the paroxysms. However, the results of the study need to be confirmed by a larger sample size as the study is underpowered.

Aetiology and predictors of outcome in non-shockable in-hospital cardiac arrest: A retrospective cohort study from the Swedish Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

BACKGROUND: Non-shockable in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is a condition with diverse aetiology, predictive factors, and outcome. This study aimed to compare IHCA with initial asystole or pulseless electrical activity (PEA), focusing specifically on their aetiologies and the significance of predictive factors. METHODS: Using the Swedish Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, adult non-shockable IHCA cases from 2018 to 2022 (n = 5788) were analysed. Exposure was initial rhythm, while survival to hospital discharge was the primary outcome. A random forest model with 28 variables was used to generate permutation-based variable importance for outcome prediction. RESULTS: Overall, 60% of patients (n = 3486) were male and the median age was 75 years (IQR 67-81). The most frequent arrest location (46%) was on general wards. Comorbidities were present in 79% of cases and the most prevalent comorbidity was heart failure (33%). Initial rhythm was PEA in 47% (n = 2702) of patients, and asystole in 53% (n = 3086). The most frequent aetiologies in both PEA and asystole were cardiac ischemia (24% vs. 19%, absolute difference [AD]: 5.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0% to 7.7%), and respiratory failure (14% vs. 13%, no significant difference). Survival was higher in asystole (24%) than in PEA (17%) (AD: 7.3%; 95% CI 5.2% to 9.4%). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) durations were longer in PEA, 18 vs 15 min (AD 4.9 min, 95% CI 4.0-5.9 min). The duration of CPR was the single most important predictor of survival across all subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Aetiology ranked as the second most important predictor in most analyses, except in the asystole subgroup where responsiveness at cardiac arrest team arrival took precedence. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide registry study of non-shockable IHCA comparing asystole to PEA, cardiac ischemia and respiratory failure were the predominant aetiologies. Duration of CPR was the most important predictor of survival, followed by aetiology. Asystole was associated with higher survival compared to PEA, possibly due to shorter CPR durations and a larger proportion of reversible aetiologies.

Early bolus epinephrine administration during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation for bradycardia with poor perfusion: an ICU-resuscitation study.

BACKGROUND: Half of pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events have an initial rhythm of non-pulseless bradycardia with poor perfusion. Our study objectives were to leverage granular data from the ICU-RESUScitation (ICU-RESUS) trial to: (1) determine the association of early epinephrine administration with survival outcomes in children receiving CPR for bradycardia with poor perfusion; and (2) describe the incidence and time course of the development of pulselessness. METHODS: Prespecified secondary analysis of ICU-RESUS, a multicenter cluster randomized trial of children (< 19 years) receiving CPR in 18 intensive care units in the United States. Index events (October 2016-March 2021) lasting ≥ 2 min with a documented initial rhythm of bradycardia with poor perfusion were included. Associations between early epinephrine (first 2 min of CPR) and outcomes were evaluated with Poisson multivariable regression controlling for a priori pre-arrest characteristics. Among patients with arterial lines, intra-arrest blood pressure waveforms were reviewed to determine presence of a pulse during CPR interruptions. The temporal nature of progression to pulselessness was described and outcomes were compared between patients according to subsequent pulselessness status. RESULTS: Of 452 eligible subjects, 322 (71%) received early epinephrine. The early epinephrine group had higher pre-arrest severity of illness and vasoactive-inotrope scores. Early epinephrine was not associated with survival to discharge (aRR 0.97, 95%CI 0.82, 1.14) or survival with favorable neurologic outcome (aRR 0.99, 95%CI 0.82, 1.18). Among 186 patients with invasive blood pressure waveforms, 118 (63%) had at least 1 period of pulselessness during the first 10 min of CPR; 86 (46%) by 2 min and 100 (54%) by 3 min. Sustained return of spontaneous circulation was highest after bradycardia with poor perfusion (84%) compared to bradycardia with poor perfusion progressing to pulselessness (43%) and bradycardia with poor perfusion progressing to pulselessness followed by return to bradycardia with poor perfusion (62%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of pediatric CPR events with an initial rhythm of bradycardia with poor perfusion, we failed to identify an association between early bolus epinephrine and outcomes when controlling for illness severity. Most children receiving CPR for bradycardia with poor perfusion developed subsequent pulselessness, 46% within 2 min of CPR onset.

Epidemiology and Triggers of Severe Perioperative Anaphylaxis: An 8-Year Single-Center Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the features, rescue measures, outcomes, re-allergic reactions, and independent risk factors associated with severe anaphylaxis during surgery. DESIGN: Instances of severe perioperative anaphylaxis were identified through perioperative electronic records, adverse event reporting records, and surveys of anesthesiologists. Confirmed cases were randomly matched 4:1 with control cases on the same operation day. Patient risk factors, surgery type, anesthetic technique, and perioperative medications, fluids, and blood transfusions were given in instances of severe perioperative anaphylaxis were compared with control cases. SETTING: A tertiary hospital in China. PATIENTS: All patients undergoing surgery and anesthesia in the operating room from January 2014 to February 2022. MEASUREMENTS: Incidence and the independent risk factors for severe perioperative anaphylaxis. MAIN RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients experienced severe perioperative allergic responses during the 266,033 surgeries performed, with an incidence rate of 3.6 per 10,000. Three of 97 anaphylaxis patients experienced a severe allergic reaction again during the second surgery. The nested case-control study revealed that the independent triggers during surgery were allergy history (odds ratio 5.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.35-11.68; p < 0.001), cisatracurium use (odds ratio 5.03; 95% CI, 1.22-20.70; p < 0.001), hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 use (odds ratio 5.36; 95% CI, 2.99-9.60; p =0.025), and allogeneic plasma (odds ratio 11.02; 95% CI, 3.78-35.95; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative severe anaphylaxis is a rare but life-threatening complication. Previous allergic history, cisatracurium, hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4, and allogeneic plasma may be the independent triggers. Early diagnosis of anaphylaxis and the timely administration of epinephrine are critical to allergic treatment. Avoiding exposure to allergens is effective for preventing severe allergic responses and the efficacy of glucocorticoids and antihistamines is controversial.

Catecholamine concentration as a predictor of mortality in emergency surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Trauma and emergency surgery are major causes of morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether serum levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine are associated with aging and mortality. METHODS: This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted in a surgical critical care unit. We included 90 patients who were admitted for postoperative care, because of major trauma, or both. We collected demographic and clinical variables, as well as serum levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. RESULTS: For patients in the > 60-year age group, the use of vasoactive drugs was found to be associated with an undetectable epinephrine level (OR [95% CI] = 6.36 [1.12, 36.08]), p = 0.05). For the patients with undetectable epinephrine levels, the in-hospital mortality was higher among those with a norepinephrine level ≥ 2006.5 pg/mL (OR [95% CI] = 4.00 [1.27, 12.58]), p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between age and mortality. Undetectable serum epinephrine, which is more common in older patients, could contribute to poor outcomes. The use of epinephrine might improve the clinical prognosis in older surgical patients with shock.

Atypical Antiadrenergic Effect of Refralon as a Mechanism of High Antiarrhythmic Effectiveness.

We studied the effect of Refralon on the electrophysiological properties of the supraventricular myocardium against the background of adrenergic (epinephrine) influence in the zone of the pulmonary veins, the area where 50-90% of atrial arrhythmias is triggered. The experiments were carried out on isolated tissue preparations of Wistar rats. The multichannel microelectrode array technique was used to record action potentials simultaneously in the atrium and in the ostium and distal parts of the pulmonary veins. Epinephrine application (12-50 nM) led to depolarization of the resting potential and the conduction block in the distal part of the pulmonary veins. Refralon (30 µg/kg) restored the resting potential in the distal part of the pulmonary veins. Against the background of epinephrine, Refralon did not significantly change the duration of the action potential at 90% repolarization in comparison with control. At the same time, the comparison drug E-4031 against the background of epinephrine significantly increased the duration of action potential in the atrium and in the ostium of the pulmonary veins, and sotalol increased it only in the ostium. Neither E-4031, nor sotalol restored conduction in their distal part. Refralon has a biphasic effect under conditions of adrenergic stimulation: the fast component is responsible for stabilizing the resting potential in the pulmonary vein and reduces the dispersion of action potential duration in the atrium and pulmonary vein and is also quickly washed away, and the slow component is responsible for the increase of the action potential duration and is slowly washed away.

Chronic Epinephrine-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum and Oxidative Stress Impairs Pancreatic ß-Cells Function and Fate.

Epinephrine influences the function of pancreatic ß-cells, primarily through the α2A-adrenergic receptor (α2A-AR) on their plasma membrane. Previous studies indicate that epinephrine transiently suppresses insulin secretion, whereas prolonged exposure induces its compensatory secretion. Nonetheless, the impact of epinephrine-induced α2A-AR signaling on the survival and function of pancreatic ß-cells, particularly the impact of reprogramming after their removal from sustained epinephrine stimulation, remains elusive. In the present study, we applied MIN6, a murine insulinoma cell line, with 3 days of high concentration epinephrine incubation and 2 days of standard incubation, explored cell function and activity, and analyzed relevant regulatory pathways. The results showed that chronic epinephrine incubation led to the desensitization of α2A-AR and enhanced insulin secretion. An increased number of docked insulin granules and impaired Syntaxin-2 was found after chronic epinephrine exposure. Growth curve and cell cycle analyses showed the inhibition of cell proliferation. Transcriptome analysis showed the occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and oxidative stress, such as the presence of BiP, CHOP, IRE1, ATF4, and XBP, affecting cellular endoplasmic reticulum function and survival, along with UCP2, OPA1, PINK, and PRKN, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Consequently, we conclude that chronic exposure to epinephrine induces α2A-AR desensitization and leads to ER and oxidative stress, impairing protein processing and mitochondrial function, leading to modified pancreatic ß-cell secretory function and cell fate.

ß-adrenergic stimulation after rewarming does not mitigate hypothermia-induced contractile dysfunction in rat cardiomyocytes.

Victims of severe accidental hypothermia are frequently treated with catecholamines to counteract the hemodynamic instability associated with hypothermia-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction. However, we previously reported that the inotropic effects of epinephrine are diminished after hypothermia and rewarming (H/R) in an intact animal model. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of Epi treatment on excitation-contraction coupling in isolated rat cardiomyocytes after H/R. In adult male rats, cardiomyocytes isolated from the left ventricle were electrically stimulated at 0.5 Hz and evoked cytosolic [Ca2+] and contractile responses (sarcomere length shortening) were measured. In initial experiments, the effects of varying concentrations of epinephrine on evoked cytosolic [Ca2+] and contractile responses at 37 °C were measured. In a second series of experiments, cardiomyocytes were cooled from 37 °C to 15 °C, maintained at 15 °C for 2 h, then rewarmed to 37 °C (H/R protocol). Immediately after rewarming, the effects of epinephrine treatment on evoked cytosolic [Ca2+] and contractile responses of cardiomyocytes were determined. At 37 °C, epinephrine treatment increased both cytosolic [Ca2+] and contractile responses of cardiomyocytes in a concentration-dependent manner peaking at 25-50 nM. The evoked contractile response of cardiomyocytes after H/R was reduced while the cytosolic [Ca2+] response was slightly elevated. The diminished contractile response of cardiomyocytes after H/R was not mitigated by epinephrine (25 nM) and epinephrine treatment reduced the exponential time decay constant (Tau), but did not increase the cytosolic [Ca2+] response. We conclude that epinephrine treatment does not mitigate H/R-induced contractile dysfunction in cardiomyocytes.

Changes in the hormonal and inflammatory profile of young sprint- and endurance-trained athletes following a sports camp: a nonrandomized pretest-posttest study.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to compare catecholamine, cortisol, and immune response in sprint- and endurance-trained athletes under the same training, aiming to observe if their sport specialization affects these markers during a 9-day training camp. METHODS: The study involved twenty-four young male (age 15.7 ± 1.6 years) and female (age 15.1 ± 1,3 years) athletes specializing in sprint and endurance athletics discipline. Blood samples for all measured parameters were taken at rested baseline, on the 4th day, and on the 9th day of training. RESULTS: In both investigated groups a nonsignificant decrease in catecholamine levels was observed after 4 days of training, which remained stable throughout the camp. The cortisol level increased significantly in both athlete groups (sprint: T-0 vs. T-1 p = 0.0491; T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0001; endurance: T-0 vs. T-1 p = 0.0159; T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0005). The level of hs-CRP (sprint: T-0 vs. T-1 p = 0.0005; T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0001; endurance: T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0005), and myoglobin (sprint: T-0 vs. T-1 p = 0.0014; T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0001; endurance: T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0005) have increased and of hs-CRP and myoglobin level was significantly higher in sprint compared to endurance athletes (p < 0.05). The leukocyte level significantly decreased until the end of camp in both groups (sprint: T-0 vs. T-1 p = 0.0178; T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0175; endurance: T-0 vs. T-1 p = 0.0362; T-0 vs. T-3 p = 0.0362). CONCLUSIONS: The applied training loads had a strong physiological impact leading to changes in stress hormones and immune responses depending on athletes` sport specialization. Training loads caused stronger responses in sprint athletes. However, both groups showed signs of severe fatigue development. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06150105, retrospectively registered on 29.11.2023.

Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of Cutibacterium acnes biofilms and planktonic cultures in presence of epinephrine.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis were performed on 72 h biofilms of the acneic strain Cutibacterium acnes and planktonic cultures in the presence of epinephrine. Epinephrine predominantly downregulated genes associated with various transporter proteins. No correlation was found between proteomic and transcriptomic profiles. In control samples, the expression of 51 proteins differed between planktonic cultures and biofilms. Addition of 5 nM epinephrine reduced this number, and in the presence of 5 µM epinephrine, the difference in proteomic profiles between planktonic cultures and biofilms disappeared. According to the proteomic profiling, epinephrine itself was more effective in the case of C. acnes biofilms and potentially affected the tricarboxylic acid cycle (as well as alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase Kgd), biotin synthesis, cell division, and transport of different compounds in C. acnes cells. These findings are consistent with recent research on Micrococcus luteus, suggesting that the effects of epinephrine on actinobacteria may be universal.