Vidas bagaços! Os processos de vulnerabilização enfrentados pelos trabalhadores-migrantes nos canaviais de São Paulo e da Bahia / Bagasse lives! The vulnerability processes faced by migrant workers in the sugarcane fields of São Paulo and Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Objetivo: compreender os processos de vulnerabilização enfrentados pelos trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros diante do avanço da mecanização. Métodos: abordagem qualitativa pautada na abordagem metodológica da Reprodução Social da Saúde proposta por Juan Samaja, nas dimensões biocumunal, tecnoeconômica e política. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com trabalhadores-migrantes canavieiros no período de abril de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: na dimensão tecnoeconômica verificou-se que na usina A o trabalhador se tornou polivalente, com a presença do trabalho em equipe e a introdução de tecnologias para aumentar o controle do trabalho. Na usina B, os trabalhadores encontram piores condições de trabalho devido à irrigação, à irregularidade dos terrenos, à presença de pedras e à exposição às queimadas. Na dimensão biocomunal, foram identificados potencialização dos acidentes, uso de agrotóxicos, distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos e problemas cardiovasculares. Na dimensão política, foi observada a precariedade da assistência à saúde do trabalhador canavieiro. Conclusão: a intensificação da mecanização na colheita de cana-de-açúcar não melhorou as condições de trabalho dos cortadores, ao contrário, provocou a perpetuação de velhos e a inserção de novos processos de vulnerabilização.

Abstract Objective: to understand the processes of vulnerability faced by sugarcane migrant workers in the face of advancing mechanization. Methods: this study adopts a qualitative approach based on the biocommunity, techno-economic and political dimensions of the social reproduction of health proposed by Juan Samaja. In total, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with sugarcane migrant workers in the period from April 2020 to December 2021. Results: in the techno-economic dimension, it was found that in Mill A workers have become polyvalent, with the presence of teamwork and the introduction of technologies to increase work control. In Mill B, the workers identified worse working conditions due to irrigation, irregular terrain, rocky geography, and exposure to burnings. In the biocommunity dimension, the greater chance of accidents, the use of pesticides, hydroelectrolytic disorders and cardiovascular problems were identified. In the political dimension the precariousness of health care for sugarcane workers was identified. Conclusion: the intensification of mechanization in sugarcane harvesting has not improved the life of sugarcane workers, on the contrary, it has caused the perpetuation of old vulnerabilities and the insertion of new ones.

Concepções da saúde sexual e reprodutiva entre mulheres curipacas em situação de mobilidade humana / Conceptions of sexual and reproductive health in Kurripaco women in conditions of human mobility / Concepciones de la salud sexual y reproductiva en mujeres kurripacos en condición de movilidad humana

Resumo A migração dos povos indígenas apresenta tensões entre as tradições ancestrais e a visão ocidental com implicações para a saúde pública, especialmente a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Este texto teve como objetivo analisar as concepções de saúde sexual e reprodutiva de mulheres indígenas curipacas de uma reserva indígena no departamento de Guainía (Colômbia). Trata-se de um estudo de caso, com uma amostra de 40 mulheres indígenas curipacas, residentes na reserva Paujil, em Guainía, provenientes de diferentes comunidades. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas elaboradas com membros da mesma comunidade e traduzidas para a língua curipaca. Três categorias resultaram da análise: impacto da mobilidade de mulheres indígenas; autonomia relativa como estrutura da sexualidade; e concepções da abordagem ocidental da saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Esta última categoria identificou que as participantes não têm conhecimento sobre a saúde sexual e reprodutiva desde o ponto de vista ocidental e vislumbram suas próprias formas de compreender a saúde-doença como parte integrante de todas as dimensões da vida/morte. A inter-relação entre as tradições ancestrais dos povos indígenas e a visão ocidental sobre a saúde requer uma abordagem intercultural de profissionais, serviços e do sistema de saúde para que reconheça a autonomia pessoal e relacional desses povos.

Abstract The migration of indigenous peoples presents tensions between ancestral traditions and the western vision, with implications for public health, particularly sexual and reproductive health. To analyze the conceptions of sexual and reproductive health of Kurripaco indigenous women from a reservation in the department of Guainía. Case study in a sample of 40 Kurripaco indigenous women, residents of the Paujil reservation, Guainía, Colombia, from different communities. Semi-structured interviews built with members of the same community and translated into the native language will be applied. Three categories emerged from the analysis: impact of mobility on indigenous women; Relative autonomy as frameworks of sexuality and conceptions against the Western approach to sexual and reproductive health. In this last category, it is found that the aspects of sexual and reproductive health as a Western construct are unknown by the participants, but instead they glimpse their own ways of understanding health-disease as an integrated part of all dimensions of life/death. The interrelationship between the ancestral traditions of native peoples and the western approach to health requires professionals, services, and the system to adopt an intercultural approach that recognizes relative personal and relational autonomy.

Resumen La migración de pueblos indígenas presenta tensiones entre las tradiciones ancestrales y la visión occidental, con implicaciones para la salud pública, particularmente en salud sexual y reproductiva. Este texto tuvo por objetivo analizar las concepciones sobre salud sexual y reproductiva de mujeres indígenas kurripacos de un resguardo del departamento de Guainía (Colombia). Se trata de un estudio de casos en una muestra de 40 mujeres indígenas kurripacos, residentes en el resguardo Paujil, en Guainía, procedentes de distintas comunidades. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas construidas con miembros de la misma comunidad y traducidas a lengua nativa. Tres categorías emergieron del análisis: Impacto de la movilidad en las mujeres indígenas; autonomía relativa como marcos de la sexualidad; y concepciones frente al abordaje occidental de la salud sexual y reproductiva. Esta última categoría identificó que los aspectos de la salud sexual y reproductiva como constructo occidental son desconocidos por las participantes, quienes vislumbran formas propias de comprender la salud-enfermedad como parte integrada a todas las dimensiones de la vida/muerte. La interrelación entre las tradiciones ancestrales de los pueblos originarios y el abordaje occidental de la salud exige a profesionales, servicios y sistema un enfoque intercultural que reconozca la autonomía relativa personal y relacional.

[Social, clinical and psychosocial determinants associated with uncontrolled arterial hypertension in older adults. SABE Survey Colombia 2016]. / Determinantes sociales, clínicos y psicosociales asociados a hipertensión arterial no controlada en adultos mayores. Encuesta SABE Colombia 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics that are associated with uncontrolled arterial hypertension (HANC) in older adults in Colombia. METHODS: Secondary analysis of data from the National Survey of Health, Welfare and Aging (SABE Colombia 2016), in which men and women aged 60 years or older in the country who were not institutionalized were interviewed. The dependent variable was uncontrolled hypertension (HANC) (≥140/90mm Hg). The SABE survey surveyed 23694 older adults; 11264 had a diagnosis of arterial hypertension (HTA) and were taking antihypertensive medication. On the other hand, 5106 older adults, randomly selected, had their blood pressure taken. Participants previously diagnosed with HTA under medical management with antihypertensives and who had had their blood pressure taken at the same time were included, resulting in a sample of 2656 participants. Sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics were evaluated. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyzes with logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: One thousand one hundred eighty-eight (44.7%) participants presented HANC. A higher prevalence of HANC was observed in adults older than 74 years (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.09-1.57) and lower prevalence in residents of urban areas (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.42-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Age over 74 years and living in a rural area were identified as variables associated with inadequate blood pressure control in non-institutionalized older adults in Colombia.

Setting a research agenda on sexuality and migration in demographic studies: what emerges from the literature review / Estabelecendo uma agenda de pesquisa em sexualidade e migração nos estudos demográficos: o que emerge da revisão de literatura / Estableciendo una agenda de investigación sobre sexualidad y migración en los estudios demográficos: lo que emerge de la revisión de la literatura

Abstract This article systematically reviews articles published from January 2000 to June 2021, that focus on internal migration and sexuality using quantitative methods and data related to demographic research. Therefore, this article aims to map what has been studied and learned so far in demographic research regarding internal migration of sexual minorities. A second objective is to use the development of studies on sexuality and migration in Brazil as a case study for migration and sexuality in the Global South; from this retrospection I intend to identify where these studies have become stifled in the last decades as well as the gaps to fill in order to establish a research agenda.

Resumo Esse artigo faz uma revisão sistemática de textos publicados no período de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2021, com enfoque em migração interna e sexualidade, utilizando métodos quantitativos e dados relacionados a estudos demográficos. Portanto, esse trabalho tem por objetivo mapear o que se sabe até o momento em estudos demográficos associados à migração interna de minorias sexuais, bem como utilizar o desenvolvimento dos estudos de migração e sexualidade no Brasil como um estudo de caso em migração e sexualidade no Sul Global. A partir dessa retrospectiva são identificados os empecilhos encontrados nas últimas décadas e as lacunas que precisam ser preenchidas. Com isso, se estabelece uma agenda de pesquisa para estudos de migração interna de minorias sexuais em estudos demográficos com ênfase no Brasil, que englobam temas relacionados à saúde, família e raça/etnia.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática de textos publicados desde enero de 2000 hasta junio de 2021, centrados en la migración interna y la sexualidad utilizando métodos cuantitativos y datos relacionados con estudios demográficos. Por tanto, tiene como objetivo mapear lo conocido hasta el momento en los estudios demográficos vinculados a la migración interna de minorías sexuales. Un segundo objetivo es usar el desarrollo de estudios sobre migración y sexualidad en el Sur Global, perspectiva a partir de la cual se identifican los obstáculos encontrados en las últimas décadas y qué vacíos es necesario llenar. Con esto, se establece una agenda de investigación para estudios de migración interna de minorías sexuales en estudios demográficos con énfasis en Brasil que abarcan temas relacionados con la salud, la familia y la raza-etnia.

Invasões territoriais por procedimentos obstétricos em uma região de saúde do Rio Grande do Norte / Territorial Invasions in a Health Region of Rio Grande do Norte in Virtue of Obstetric Procedures / Invasiones Territoriales en una Región Sanitaria de Rio Grande do Norte en Virtud de Procedimientos Obstétricos

Introdução:No ponto de vista organizativodo Sistema Único de Saúde, a descentralização e a regionalização visam ampliar a resolutividade em nível local, reduzindo a desigualdade na assistência à saúde da população. Em meio às dificuldades de financiar os serviços dos três níveis de complexidades assistenciais em todos os municípios, opta-se pela formação de Regiões de Saúde. No Rio Grande do Norte, seus167 municípiosdividem-se em oito Regiões de Saúde. Objetivo:Identificar os procedimentos obstétricos e Estado que mais frequentemente ocasionou as invasões territoriais na assistência à saúde na VIregião de saúde do Rio Grande do Norte em 2018. Metodologia:Estudo quantitativo, de caráter exploratório e descritivo realizado com dados secundários, referentes a 2018, captadosnoDepartamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúdee bancode dados da programação pactuada e produção hospitalar cedido pela Secretaria Estadual de SaúdePública do Rio Grande do Norte.Resultados:Indicaram a existência da invasão territorial na região de saúde, afirmando maior representatividade dessa invasãopelos Estados limítrofes. Conclusões:Ainvasão territorial se mostrapresente na região de saúdee no Estado,despertando olhares sobre tal questão e suas implicações, potencializando novas inquietações (AU).

Introduction:From the organizational point of view of the Unified Health System, decentralization and regionalization aim to expand resolvability at the local level, reducing inequality in healthcare for the population. In the midst of the difficulties of financing the services of the three levels of assistance complexities in all municipalities, the option is for the formation of Health Regions. In Rio Grande do Norte, its 167 municipalities aredivided into eight Health Regions. Objective:Identify the obstetric and State procedures that most often caused territorial invasions in health care in the VI health region of Rio Grande do Norte in 2018. Methodology:Quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study conducted with secondary data, referring to 2018, captured in the Informatics Department of the Unified Health Systemand database of the agreed schedule and hospital production provided by the State Secretariat of Public Health of Rio Grande do Norte. Results:They indicated the existence of territorial invasion in the health region, affirming the greater representativeness of this invasion by neighboring states. Conclusions:The territorial invasion appears to be present in the health region and in the State, awakening views on this issue and its implications, potentiating new concerns (AU).

Introducción: Desde el punto de vista organizativo del Sistema Único de Salud, la descentralización y la regionalización apuntan a ampliar la resolubilidad a nivel local, reduciendo la desigualdad en la atención de salud de la población. En medio de las dificultades para financiar los servicios de los tres niveles de complejidad asistencial en todos los municipios, la opción es por la formación de Regiones de Salud. En Rio Grande do Norte, sus 167 municipios se dividen en ocho Regiones de Salud. Objetivo: Identificar los procedimientos obstétricos y estatales que con mayor frecuencia causaron invasiones territoriales en la atención de la salud en la VI Región de Salud de Rio Grande do Norte en 2018. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo realizado con datos secundarios,referidos a 2018, capturados en el Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud y base de datos del cronograma acordado y producción hospitalaria proporcionadapor la Secretaría de Estado de Salud Pública de Rio Grande do Norte.Resultados: Señalaron la existencia de invasión territorial en la región de la salud, afirmando la mayor representatividad de esta invasión por parte de los estados vecinos.Conclusiones: La invasión territorial parece estar presente en la región de la salud y en el Estado, despertando visiones sobre este tema y sus implicaciones, potencializando nuevas preocupaciones (AU).

Cardiometabolic risk profile and diet quality among internal migrants in Brazil: a population-based study.

PURPOSE: Studies of migrants can improve understanding of the environmental influence on the risk of chronic diseases. In continental countries, internal migration has been associated with changes in diet and health status. The objective of this study is to assess differences in diet quality and the cardiometabolic risk profile between migrants and the host population. METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in the city of São Paulo. The study population included internal migrants, defined as individuals born outside São Paulo city who had lived in the city for ten years or longer. The final population (n = 537) was divided into three groups: natives of São Paulo (45.5%), migrants from the Southeast (26.9%) and migrants from the Northeast (27.5%). The joint interim statement consensus criteria were used for diagnosing MetSyn. Diet quality was estimated using the revised version of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R). Comparisons between the data of BHEI-R, cardiometabolic risk factors and MetSyn in migrants and natives were performed using generalized linear models adjusted for confounding factors, respectively. RESULTS: Southeastern and Northeastern migrants younger than 60 years had a higher average of for whole fruit and oil components, respectively. Northeastern migrants older than 60 years had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, atherogenic ratio concentrations, lower HDL-C and were more likely to present metabolic syndrome compared to those born in São Paulo of the same age group. CONCLUSION: Native and internal migrants from Brazil resident in São Paulo exhibited differences in diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Completitud de los reportes de mortalidad en el sistema de estadísticas vitales en la Orinoquía colombiana, 2017 / Completeness of mortality reports in the vital statistics system in the Colombian Orinoquia, 2017

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la integridad, en términos de completitud, de los registros de mortalidad en el sistema de información de estadísticas vitales de la Orinoquía colombiana y sus departamentos. Metodología Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con fuente de información secundaria, procedente de los registros de defunciones no fetales reportados en los sistemas de estadísticas vitales de cada departamento. Se usaron métodos de distribución de la mortalidad de Brass, de Preston Coale, de Hill y de Bennet-Hourichi para estimar la integridad de los registros. Resultados Se encontró completitud en los registros de mortalidad de mujeres y hombres (≥95%) en Meta, y en los hombres de la Orinoquía y Arauca (≥95%), en contraste con los registros del resto de unidades territoriales, donde se presenta subregistro. Conclusiones Tanto la dinámica demográfica como la migración influyeron en los resultados obtenidos en la integridad de los registros de mortalidad y, por ende, también en la selección del método más adecuado para estimar la integridad; cuando la población no es estable, ni cerrada, se deben aplicar métodos basados en dos censos con tasas de crecimiento específica y ajuste por migración; si no existe información sobre migración, es recomendable el método de Hill.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective Estimate the integrity, in terms of completeness, of the mortality records in the vital statistics information system of the Orinoquia and its departments. Methodology A descriptive study was carried out, with a secondary source of information, from the records of non-fetal deaths reported in the vital statistics systems of each department, using methods of distribution of the mortality of Brass, Preston-Coale, Hill and Bennet-Hourichi to estimate the integrity of the records. Results Completeness was found in the mortality records of women and men (≥95%) in Meta, and in the men of Orinoquia and Arauca (≥95%), in contrast to the records of the rest of the territorial units, where under-registration is presented. Conclusions Both demographic dynamics and migration influenced the results obtained from the integrity of the mortality records, therefore, also in the selection of the most appropriate method to estimate integrity; when the population is neither stable nor closed, methods based on two censuses with specific growth rates and migration adjustment should be applied; if there is no information on migration, the Hill method is recommended.(AU)

Spatial Dynamics of Internal Migration Flows of the Skilled and Unskilled in Mexico / Dinámica espacial de los flujos de migración interna de personas calificadas y no calificadas en México

Abstract The dynamics of the internal migration is a crucial element in the composition of the workforce of a certain region, so its analysis contributes to the better understanding of labor markets and sociodemographic changes in a region. In order to characterize the most recent patterns of migratory flows of skilled and unskilled labor, census data are considered for the periods 1995-2000, 2005-2010 and 2010- 2015. The analysis considers different indicators that describe the intensity and relative concentration of interstate migration. Changes in migratory patterns are evident; a lower concentration of internal migration whose effect is more marked for unskilled labor. That is, it is observed that the number of states that play a preponderant role in the redistribution of labor in Mexico has increased. The relationship of domestic labor mobility is evident to the regional transformation as a result of new geographical patterns of location of investment, production and economic agglomeration.

Resumen La dinámica de la migración interna en México es un elemento determinante en la composición de la mano de obra de cierta región, por lo que su análisis coadyuva, entre otras cosas, al mejor entendimiento de los mercados laborales y cambios sociodemográficos de la región. Con la finalidad de caracterizar los patrones más recientes de los flujos migratorios de la mano obra calificada y no calificada, se consideran datos censales para los periodos 1995-2000, 2005-2010 y 2010-2015. Con esto se estiman diferentes indicadores que describen la intensidad y concentración relativa de la migración interestatal. Se evidencian cambios en los patrones migratorios y una menor concentración de la migración interna, cuyo efecto es más marcado para la mano de obra no calificada. Es decir, se observa que el número de entidades que juegan un rol preponderante en la redistribución de la mano obra en México ha aumentado. La relación de la movilidad laboral interna se hace evidente con el dinamismo regional y como resultado de nuevos patrones geográficos de ubicación de inversión, producción y aglomeración económica.

Lethal Violence and Migration in Mexico: An Analysis of Internal and International Moves.

We analyze the effect of homicide in Mexico on patterns and processes of internal and international migration. Linking municipal-level homicide rates from 1990 through 2018 with data from the Mexican Migration Project, we estimate a series of multinomial discrete time event history models to assess the effect that exposure to lethal violence has on the likelihood of migration within Mexico and to the United States without documents. Statistical estimates indicate that the homicide rate negatively predicts the likelihood of taking a first undocumented trip to the United States but positively predicts the likelihood of taking a first trip within Mexico. Among those undocumented migrants who have already taken a first U.S. trip, lethal violence also negatively predicts the likelihood of taking a second undocumented trip. Among returned internal migrants whose first trip was to a Mexican destination, the odds of taking a first U.S. trip were also negatively predicted by the municipal homicide rate. We conclude that rising violence in Mexico is not a significant driver of undocumented migration to the United States. Instead it contributes to the decline in undocumented out-migration observed since 2007, in combination with the rising age of those at risk of migration and the growing access of Mexicans to legal entry visas.

Analizamos el efecto de homicidio en México sobre patrones y procesos de migración interna y internacional. Conectando tasas de homicidio municipales desde 1990 a 2018 con datos del Proyecto Mexicano de Migración, estimamos una serie de modelos multinomiales de tiempo discreto para evaluar el efecto de la violencia mortal sobre la probabilidad de migrar dentro de México o hacia los Estados Unidos sin documentos. Estimaciones indican que la tasa de homicidio predice negativamente la probabilidad de tomar un primero viaje a los Estandos uniods per predice positivamente la probabilidad de tomar un primero viaje dentro de México. Entre los migrantes indocumentados quien ya se han hecho un primer viaje a los Estados Unidos, violencia mortal también predice negativamente la probabilidad de hacer un segundo viaje indocumentado. Entre migrantes retornados de un primer viaje dentro de México, la probabilidad de hacer un primero viaje indocumentado a los EE. UU. también están predicidos negativamente por la tasa de homicide municipal. Concluimos que el crecimiento de violencia mortal en México no es una causa de la migración indocumentada a los Estados Unidos. Al contrario, la violencia contribuya a la la disminución en migración indocumentada observada desde 2007, en combinación con el aumento de la edad promedia y el acceso creciente a visas legales para entrar los EE. UU.

A Análise Fílmica no Contexto do Deslocamento Forçado de uma Comunidade: Articulações entre a Psicologia e a Cultura, / Film Analysis in the Context of Forced Displacement in a Community: Links between Psychology and Culture

Resumo Os deslocamentos forçados na Amazônia são um padrão migratório que envolve os estudos de diferentes disciplinas. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as experiências das famílias no contexto do deslocamento forçado registradas no documentário "Pinheirópolis, vida, festa, futuro...", dirigido por José Iramar em 2000, à luz da Teoria dos Sistemas Bioecológicos. Após a decupagem das cenas e as transcrições dos depoimentos, foram geradas as nuvens de palavras e organizadas as categorias de análise: (a) formação do povoado, (b) atividades econômicas, (c) reações/sentimentos ao deslocamento, (d) o último festejo e o luto antecipatório. O método fílmico possibilitou adquirir informações do período anterior à remoção, o que sugere a utilização deste recurso nos estudos avaliativos sobre as comunidades impactadas por barragens.

Abstract Forced displacements in the Amazon region are a migratory pattern that involves studies of various disciplines. The objective of this paper was to identify the experiences of the families in the context of a forced displacement registered in the documentary "Pinheirópolis, vida, festa, futuro...", directed by José Iramar in 2000, based on Theory of Bioecological Model. After decoupling the scenes and the transcriptions of the narratives, the analysing categories were identified: (a) formation of the village, (b) economic activities; (c) response / feelings towards the displacement; (d) the last festivity and anticipatory mourning. The filmic method enables us to obtain information from the pre-relocation, suggesting the use of this tool in evaluative research about the communities impacted by dams.

Uma periferia, dois centros: o município de Praia Grande no contexto da formação da macrometrópole paulista no começo do século XXI / One periphery, two centers: the municipality of Praia Grande in the context of the formation of the macrometropolis of São Paulo at the beginning of the 21st century / Una periferia, dos centros: el municipio de Praia Grande en el contexto de la formación de la macrometrópolis de São Paulo a principios del siglo XXI

O presente estudo tem dois objetivos principais: discutir os impactos, consequências e respostas demográficas do processo de expansão e estruturação de grandes aglomerações urbanas, com especial enfoque no caso do município de Praia Grande/SP na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (RMBS); e examinar, com mais detalhes, as nuances da mobilidade populacional e, em particular, das modalidades migratórias (e suas características), como elementos importantes da peculiar inserção regional do referido município enquanto "periferia simultânea" de duas regiões metropolitanas. A partir do uso exaustivo dos dados censitários, em especial dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010, analisam-se o crescimento e a expansão territorial de Praia Grande, enfatizando, em nível intramunicipal, o papel das distintas modalidades de migração (intrametropolitana e inter-regional). Além disso, procura-se associá-las a diferentes motivações a partir de um olhar detalhado para o perfil sociodemográfico dos fluxos estabelecidos. Como principais resultados do trabalho, observou-se que o papel de Praia Grande enquanto área de expansão metropolitana da RMBS se encontra lastreado pelos crescentes fluxos migratórios intrametropolitanos provenientes do polo regional, realidade esta que igualmente pode ser vista em outros contextos metropolitanos. No entanto, enquanto peculiaridade de seu processo de ocupação e inserção regional, parte majoritária dessa migração é originária de fora da RMBS, mais precisamente do município de São Paulo, centro de outra importante área de metropolitana, fato que contribui para caracterizar Praia Grande como uma "periferia com dois centros".

The present study has two main objectives: the first one is to discuss the impacts, consequences and demographic responses of the process of expansion and structuring of large urban agglomerations, with special focus on the case of Praia Grande/SP in the Metropolitan Area of Baixada Santista; the second one, to examine in more detail the nuances of population mobility and, in particular, migratory modalities (and their characteristics), as important elements of the peculiar regional insertion of that municipality as "simultaneous periphery" of two metropolitan areas. Based on the exhaustive use of census data, especially the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010, this study presents an analysis of the growth and territorial expansion of Praia Grande emphasizing, at intra-municipal level, the role of the different migration modalities (intra-metropolitan and inter-regional). In addition, it seeks to associate them to different motivations from a detailed look at the sociodemographic profile of established flows. As main results of the work, it was observed that the role of Praia Grande as an area of metropolitan expansion of RMBS is supported by the growing intra-metropolitan migratory flows from the regional core, a reality that can also be observed in other metropolitan contexts. However, as a peculiarity of its process of occupation and regional insertion, a major part of this migration comes from outside the RMBS, more precisely, from the municipality of São Paulo, the center of another important metropolitan area, a fact that contributes to characterize Praia Grande as a "periphery with two centers".

El presente estúdio tiene dos objetivos principales: el primero, discutir los impactos, las consecuencias y las respuestas demográficas del proceso de expansión y estructuración de grandes aglomeraciones urbanas, con énfasis en el caso de Praia Grande (São Paulo) en la Región Metropolitana de Baixada Santista (RMBS); el segundo, examinar con más detalle los matices de la movilidad de la población y, en particular, de las modalidades migratorias (y sus características), como elementos importantes de la peculiar inserción regional del município como una "periferia simultánea" de dos regiones metropolitanas. A partir de los datos del censo, especialmente de los censos de 2000 y 2010, el estúdio presenta un análisis del crecimiento y la expansión territorial de Praia Grande con énfasis en el proceso intramunicipal, el papel de las diferentes modalidades de migración (intrametropolitana e interregional). Además, busca asociar estos movimientos a diferentes motivaciones a partir de una mirada sobre el perfil sociodemográfico de los flujos establecidos. Como resultado principal del trabajo, se observó que el papel de Praia Grande como área de expansión metropolitana de la RMBS es respaldado por el incremento de los flujos migratórios intrametropolitanos con origen en el polo regional, una realidad que también se puede ver en otros contextos metropolitanos. Sin embargo, como peculiaridad de su proceso de ocupación e inserción regional, parte significativa de esa migración se origina fuera de la RMBS, más precisamente, en la ciudad de São Paulo, cientro de otra región metropolitana (la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo), hecho que contribuye a caracterizar el municipio de Praia Grande como una "periferia de dos centros".

Internal migration and the health of Indigenous Mexicans: A longitudinal study.

RATIONALE: Indigenous peoples have historically comprised a substantial part of migration streams around the world, yet our understanding of the effects of migration on indigenous health is limited. OBJECTIVE: To explore the migration-indigenous health relationship by assessing the impact of internal migration on the self-rated health trajectories of indigenous Mexicans. DATA AND METHOD: Using three waves of data (2002-2012) from the Mexican Family Life Survey, I estimated linear growth curves to examine differences in initial self-rated health and changes in self-rated health between indigenous and non-indigenous respondents (N = 12,533). Then, I investigated whether migrating domestically during the study period shaped indigenous health trajectories. RESULTS: At the baseline interview (before migration), indigenous migrants reported significantly better self-rated health than indigenous non-migrants and than all non-indigenous respondents. In spite of their better initial health, indigenous migrants' health deteriorated substantially after migration, such that by the time of the last interview they reported the worst health. The self-rated health of all other groups improved during the same period. CONCLUSION: Findings provide evidence of pre-migration health selection and post-migration health deterioration among Mexican indigenous migrants. These results suggest that internal migration is a risk factor that has an independent effect on indigenous health even after adjusting for personal, family, socioeconomic, and health care factors.

Aproximación a la relación entre la malaria y la economía de la coca en Guaviare, Colombia, 1979-1989 / Approach to the relationship between malaria and the coca economy in Guaviare, Colombia, 1979-1989

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar el comportamiento de la malaria en relación con la economía de la coca en la región del Guaviare, Colombia entre 1978 y 1989. Métodos Revisión documental retrospectiva, a través del análisis de archivos históricos, entrevistas y fuentes secundarias. Resultados Se identificaron dos periodos de crisis de la bonanza coquera o cocalera durante el tiempo de estudio, con fluctuaciones en el número de habitantes. Al analizar la relación entre las variaciones del precio de la cocaína y los casos de malaria, se encontró que hay un incremento de casos en épocas de crisis. Conclusiones El aumento de casos de malaria en la región posiblemente se deba a que las personas que estaban en las zonas rurales se desplazaron a las cabeceras urbanas, motivadas por la baja producción de la pasta de coca. Esto incrementó la concentración de población susceptible y, por tanto, el aumento de casos, o probablemente existió un aumento en el registro de la enfermedad.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship between malaria and coca economy in the region of Guaviare, Colombia between 1978 and 1989. Materials and Methods Retrospective documentary analysis using historical archives, interviews and secondary sources. Results Two critical periods for the coca bonanza, with population fluctuations, were identified between 1978 and 1989. After analyzing the relationship between variations in the price of cocaine and positive cases of malaria, an increase in cases was identified during those crises. Conclusions The increase of malaria cases in the region is possibly associated to the migration of people from rural areas to urban centers, motivated by the low production of coca paste. This increased the concentration of susceptible population and, therefore, the number of cases; however, it is possible that the report of these cases experienced an upsurge.(AU)

Migration and Mental Health in Mexico: Domestic Migrants, Return U.S. Migrants, and Non-Migrants.

In this paper, we use survey data from the Mexican Retrospective Demographic Survey (Encuesta Demográfica Retrospectiva) and National Survey of Households (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares) collected in 2017 to examine self-reports of depression, anxiety, chronic fatigue, and pain among domestic migrants, returned U.S. migrants, and non-migrants. Although self-reports do not always correspond to clinical diagnoses, they offer some insight into mental health, especially for those without a diagnosis because of limited access to services or stigma. Regression results reveal that domestic migrants, e.g., those who moved within Mexico, reported more anxiety, chronic fatigue, and pain, but risks for U.S. migrants were comparable to non-migrants, controlling for other characteristics. Findings from the decomposition analysis helps explain these findings. While domestic migrant vs. non-migrant differences result both from different migrant demographic attributes, such as age and gender, and differences in the effects of these characteristics between the groups, U.S. migrant vs. non-migrant differences in anxiety and pain emerge only after allowing for the relationship between each observed characteristic and the mental health outcome to vary. Thus, compared to domestic migrants, U.S. migrants are selected on characteristics associated with good mental health-they are positively selected-but those characteristics are not protective for them.

A circularidade dos médicos em cinco regiões de São Paulo, Brasil: padrões e fatores intervenientes / Physicians' commuting in five health regions in São Paulo, Brazil: patterns and intervening factors / La circularidad de los médicos en cinco regiones de salud de São Paulo, Brasil: patrones y factores intervinientes

O artigo objetiva analisar a movimentação dos médicos, sob nova perspectiva, verificando seu deslocamento e oferta de trabalho entre as Regiões de Saúde, especificamente em cinco regiões do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Denominou-se essa movimentação como circularidade médica, definida pela diversidade de vínculos constituintes do exercício profissional observada ao longo de um determinado período em determinados espaços geográficos. A metodologia usada foi de estudo de casos múltiplos com aplicação de abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas. Todos os médicos cadastrados na base do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES), em março de 2015, foram categorizados em: "médicos exclusivos", com vínculos exclusivamente na região em foco; e "médicos não exclusivos", com vínculo na região e em outras. Analisaram-se os dados socioeconômicos e de saúde da região e a estrutura assistencial de saúde. A dependência regional de médicos externos variou de 30% a 40%, mais elevada nas regiões mais desenvolvidas e menor nas menos desenvolvidas. A dependência interna, entre municípios, fica próxima de 40% nas regiões com maior desenvolvimento econômico e chega a 60% nas as regiões menos desenvolvidas. Médicos não exclusivos são mais especializados, com maior atuação em especialidades cirúrgicas e de diagnóstico, e os exclusivos atuam mais em especialidades básicas e clínicas, indicando que a movimentação pode estar associada à organização da prestação da assistência, nos seus diferentes arranjos. Identifica-se uma crescente participação de arranjos terceirizados e a importância de ações pactuadas regionalmente. Tais estudos podem orientar melhor as políticas redistributivas mais integradas.

The article aims to analyze physicians' commuting from a new perspective, verifying their movement and work supply between health regions, specifically in five regions in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. This movement was referred to as physicians' commuting, defined as the diversity of job situations over the course of a given time period in given geographic territories. The methodology used was a multiple case study with quantitative and qualitative approaches. All the physicians registered in the National Registry of Healthcare Establishment (CNES) in March 2015 were categorized as either "exclusive physicians", with employment contracts exclusively in the target health region or "non-exclusive physicians", with employment contracts both in that region and in other regions. We analyzed the region's socioeconomic and health characteristics and healthcare structure. The region's dependence on external physicians, namely those residing in other regions, varied from 30 to 40%; dependence was higher in the more economically developed regions and less in the less developed regions. Internal dependence, among municipalities, was close to 40% in the regions with higher economic development and reached 60% in the less developed regions. Non-exclusive physicians tended to be more specialized, working more in surgical and diagnostic specialties, while exclusive physicians worked more in basic and clinical specialties, suggesting that the commuting patterns are associated with the organization of different arrangements of healthcare provision. We identified a growing share of outsourced arrangements and the importance of regionally negotiated actions. Such studies can better orient more integrated redistributive policies.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el movimiento de los médicos, desde una nueva perspectiva, verificando su desplazamiento y oferta de trabajo entre regiones de salud, específicamente, en cinco regiones del estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se denominó este movimiento circularidad médica, y se definió por la diversidad de los vínculos que se constituyen durante el ejercicio profesional, observado a lo largo de un determinado período, en determinados espacios geográficos. La metodología utilizada fue la del estudio de casos múltiples con aplicación de abordajes cuantitativos y cualitativos. Todos los médicos registrados en la base del Registro Nacional de Establecimientos (CNES), en marzo de 2015, se categorizaron como: "médicos exclusivos", con vínculos exclusivamente en la región en cuestión; y "médicos no exclusivos", con vínculos en esta región y en otras. Se analizaron los datos socioeconómicos y de salud de la región y la estructura asistencial de salud. La dependencia regional de médicos externos varió de un 30 a un 40%, fue más elevada en las regiones más desarrolladas y menor en las menos desarrolladas. La dependencia interna, entre municipios, es cercana al 40% en las regiones con mayor desarrollo económico, y llega a un 60% en las regiones menos desarrolladas. Los médicos no exclusivos están más especializados, con una mayor actuación en especialidades quirúrgicas y de diagnóstico, mientras que los exclusivos actúan más en especialidades básicas y clínicas, indicando que el movimiento puede estar asociado a la organización de la prestación de la asistencia, en sus diferentes configuraciones. Se identifica una creciente participación de soluciones tercerizadas, así como la importancia de las acciones consensuadas regionalmente. Este tipo de estudios pueden orientar mejor las políticas redistributivas e integrarlas más.

Investigating Health Selection Within Mexico and Across the US Border.

Despite acquiring lower levels of attainment and earnings, Mexican immigrants exhibit favorable health outcomes relative to their native-born counterparts. And while scholars attempt to reconcile this so-called paradoxical relationship with a variety of theoretical and empirical approaches, patterns of selective migration continue to receive considerable attention. The present study contributes to the literature on health selection by extending the healthy migrant hypothesis in a number of ways. First, we rely on a unique combination of data sets to assess whether the healthy are disproportionately more likely to migrate. We use the latest wave of the Mexican Family Life Survey and the 2013 Migrante Study, a survey that is representative of Mexican-born persons who are actively migrating through Tijuana. Pooling these data also allow us to differentiate between internal and US-bound migrants to shed light on their respective health profiles. Results provide modest support for the healthy migrant hypothesis. Although those who report better overall health are more likely to migrate, we find that the presence of certain chronic conditions increases migration risk. Our findings also suggest that internal migrants are healthier than those traveling to the US, though this is largely because those moving within Mexico reflect a younger and more educated population. This study takes an important step in uncovering variation across migrant flows and highlights the importance of the timing at which health is measured in the migration process.

Internal migration of physicians who graduated in Brazil between 1980 and 2014.

BACKGROUND: The internal migration of physicians from one place to another in the same country can unbalance the supply and distribution of these professionals in national health systems. In addition to economic, social and demographic issues, there are individual and professional factors associated with a physician's decision to migrate. In Brazil, there is an ongoing debate as to whether opening medicine programmes in the interior of the country can induce physicians to stay in these locations. This article examines the migration of physicians in Brazil based on the location of the medical schools from which they graduated. METHODS: A cross-sectional design based on secondary data of 275,801 physicians registered in the Regional Councils of Medicine (Conselhos Regionais de Medicina-CRMs) who graduated between 1980 and 2014. The evaluated outcome was migration, which was defined as moving away from the state where they completed the medicine programme to another state where they currently work or live. RESULTS: 57.3% of the physicians in the study migrated. The probability of migration ratio was greater in small grouped municipalities and lower in state capitals. 93.4% of the physicians who trained in schools located in cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants migrated. Fewer women (54.2%) migrated than men (60.0%). More than half of the physicians who graduated between 1980 and 2014 are in federative units different from the unit in which they graduated. Individual factors, such as age, gender, time of graduation and specialty, vary between the physicians who did or did not migrate. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of migration ratio was greater in small municipalities of the Southeast region and strong in the states of Tocantins, Acre and Santa Catarina. New studies are recommended to deepen understanding of the factors related to the internal migration and non-migration of physicians to improve human resource for health policies.

Internal migration of physicians who graduated in Brazil between 1980 and 2014

Background: The internal migration of physicians from one place to another in the same country can unbalance the supply and distribution of these professionals in national health systems. In addition to economic, social and demographic issues, there are individual and professional factors associated with a physician’s decision to migrate. In Brazil, there is an ongoing debate as to whether opening medicine programmes in the interior of the country can induce physicians to stay in these locations. This article examines the migration of physicians in Brazil based on the location of the medical schools from which they graduated. Methods: A cross-sectional design based on secondary data of 275,801 physicians registered in the Regional Councils of Medicine (Conselhos Regionais de Medicina-CRMs) who graduated between 1980 and 2014. The evaluated outcome was migration, which was defined as moving away from the state where they completed the medicine programme to another state where they currently work or live. Results: 57.3% of the physicians in the study migrated. The probability of migration ratio was greater in small grouped municipalities and lower in state capitals. 93.4% of the physicians who trained in schools located in cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants migrated. Fewer women (54.2%) migrated than men (60.0%). More than half of the physicians who graduated between 1980 and 2014 are in federative units different from the unit in which they graduated. Individual factors, such as age, gender, time of graduation and specialty, vary between the physicians who did or did not migrate. Conclusions: The probability of migration ratio was greater in small municipalities of the Southeast region and strong in the states of Tocantins, Acre and Santa Catarina. New studies are recommended to deepen understanding of the factors related to the internal migration and non-migration of physicians to improve human resource for health policies.

Rural to urban migration is associated with increased prevalence of childhood wheeze in a Latin-American city.

INTRODUCTION: The urbanisation process has been associated with increases in asthma prevalence in urban and rural areas of low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, although rural to urban migration and migration between cities are considered important determinants of this process, few studies have evaluated the effects of internal migration on asthma in urban populations of LMICs. The present study evaluated the effects of internal migration on the prevalence of wheeze in an urban area of Latin America. METHODS: We did a cross-sectional analysis of 2510 schoolchildren living in the city of Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Logistic regression was used to analyse associations between childhood wheeze and different aspects of migration among schoolchildren. RESULTS: 31% of schoolchildren were migrants. Rural to urban migrants had a higher prevalence of wheeze, (adj.OR=2.01,95% CI1.30 to 3.01, p=0.001) compared with non-migrants. Age of migration and time since migration were associated with wheeze only for rural to urban migrants but not for urban to urban migrants. Children who had migrated after 3 years of age had a greater risk of wheeze (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.56 to 3.97, p=0.001) than non-migrants while migrants with less than 5 years living in the new residence had a higher prevalence of wheeze than non-migrants (<3 years: OR=2.34, 95% CI 1.26 to 4.33, p<0.007 and 3-5 years: OR=3.03, 95% CI 1.49 to 6.15, p<0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides evidence that rural to urban migration is associated with an increase in the prevalence of wheeze among schoolchildren living in a Latin-American city. Age of migration and time since migration were important determinants of wheeze only among migrants from rural areas. A better understanding of the social and environmental effects of internal migration could improve our understanding of the causes of the increase in asthma and differences in prevalence between urban and rural populations.

Estrés percibido e intención de migrar al interior del país en médicos y enfermeros que residen en Lima: un análisis exploratorio de la encuesta nacional de satisfacción de usuarios en salud (Ensusalud), 2015 / Perceived stress and intention to migrate to the interior of peru among physicians and nurses who reside in Lima: exploratory analysis of the national survey of satisfaction of users in health, 2015

RESUMEN Objetivos. Identificar la frecuencia de intención de migrar al interior del país y valorar la asociación entre el estrés percibido (EP) y la intención de migrar al interior del país (IMIP) en médicos y enfermeros que residían en Lima Metropolitana durante el 2015. Materiales y métodos. Análisis secundario de datos, empleando la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud (ENSUSALUD) del año 2015. Se incluyeron únicamente a aquellos profesionales que residían en Lima Metropolitana. Se definió como IMIP a aquellos que manifestaron su intención de trabajar en algún departamento diferente de Lima. Para medir el EP se empleó la Perceived stress scale de 14 preguntas, validada en español. Se empleó regresión logística para valorar la asociación planteada. La medida de asociación reportada fue el odds ratio (OR), con su intervalo de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados. Se analizaron datos de 796 profesionales, de los cuales el 54,8% fueron enfermeros. La edad promedio fue de 45,2 años. El 4,9% (37) de los participantes tuvieron IMIP, de los cuales, el 64,9% (24) fueron enfermeros. En el análisis de regresión logística multivariado, se encontró asociación entre una mayor percepción de estrés con la IMIP (OR=1,31; IC95%:1,07-1,60). Conclusiones. La IMIP se presentó en uno de cada 20 profesionales y se asoció a un mayor EP en el personal de la salud estudiado.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To identify the frequency of intention to migrate to the interior of Peru (IMIP) and assess the association between perceived stress (PS) and IMIP among physicians and nurses residing in metropolitan Lima in 2015. Materials and methods. This was a secondary analysis of data obtained from the National Survey of Satisfaction of Users in Health (Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud-ENSUSALUD) in 2015. Only professionals residing in Metropolitan Lima were included for the analysis. IMIP was defined as the intention to work in a geographical region other than Lima. PS was measured using the 14-question perceived stress scale validated in Spanish. Logistic regression was used to evaluate this association; the measure of association was the odds ratio (OR) with the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results. Data from 796 professionals were analyzed, 54.8% of whom were nurses. The average age was 45.2 years; 4.9% (37) of the participants had IMIP, 64.9% (24) of whom were nurses. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated an association between higher PS and IMIP (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07-1.60). Conclusions. The IMIP was reported by one of every 20 professionals and was associated with higher PS in the study group.