Distal rupture of the biceps brachii tendon in a female mixed martial arts athlete: a case report.

The distal rupture of the biceps brachii muscle tendon (DBT) accounts for 3% of biceps ruptures. Diagnosis typically relies on high clinical suspicion and complementary imaging studies, with >90% of cases documented in males between the fourth and sixth decades of life. Reports of DBT ruptures in females are scarce, mostly involving partial and degenerative injuries. Here, we present an unprecedented case of a 28-year-old female professional mixed martial arts athlete with a total traumatic DBT rupture. The athlete underwent surgical repair using anchor reattachment technique. No complications were observed, and the athlete showed satisfactory outcomes, being cleared for physiotherapy after 2 weeks and returning to sports after a 3-month postoperative period.

A etiqueta da violência: mestre, irmãos de treino e família na equipe de MMA / The violence etiquette: master, training brothers and family in the MMA team / La etiqueta de la violencia: maestro, hermanos de treno y familia en el equipo de MMA

O MMA, artes marciais mistas, é um esporte relativamente pouco estudado na Educação Física brasileira. Portanto, esse estudo pretende compreender de que formas as relações entre os atores de uma academia de MMA são construídas e como essas mesmas relações constroem etiquetas para lutar. A partir de uma incursão etnográfica foi possível identificar a existência de relações de interdependência entre os sujeitos da equipe: o "mestre" e os "irmãos de treino". Essas relações foram sustentadas por laços afetivos e um conjunto de etiquetas que permitiram que a equipe se identificasse como uma "família". Dentre as etiquetas que constituíram a "família", destacam-se os diferentes usos e sentidos atribuídos à violência.

MMA, mixed martial arts, is a sport relatively understudied in Brazilian Physical Education. Therefore, this study aims to understand in which ways the relationships between the actors of a mixed martial arts (MMA) gym were built and how these relationships build etiquettes to train? From an ethnographic incursion it was possible to identify the existence of interdependent relationships between the subjects of the team: the "master" and the "training brothers". These relationships were supported by affective ties and a set of etiquettes that allowed the team to identify itself as a "family". Among the labels that constituted the "family", we highlight the different uses and meanings attributed to violence.

El MMA, artes marciales mixtas, es un deporte relativamente poco estudiado en la Educación Física brasileña. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo compreender de qué manera se construyen las relaciones entre los actores de una academia de artes marciales mixtas (MMA) y como essas relaciones construyen etiquetas para entrenar? A partir de una incursión etnográfica fue posible identificar la existencia de relaciones de interdependencia entre los sujetos del equipo: el "maestro" y los "hermanos formadores". Estas relaciones se sustentaron en lazos afectivos y un conjunto de etiquetas que permitieron al equipo identificarse como una "familia". Entre las etiquetas que constituían la "familia" destacan los diferentes usos y significados atribuidos a la violencia.

Women athletes and mixed martial arts: a qualitative systematic review / Mulheres atletas e artes marciais mistas: uma revisão sistemática qualitativa / Mujeres atletas y mezcla martial arts: una revisión sistemática cualitativa

The inclusion of women athletes in combat sports breaks social stereotypes and shows new looks on femininity. This investigation aims to reflect on the state of the art of women athletes in Mixed Martial Arts. We searched databases with the specific descriptors MMA and Women, Qualitative / Essay / Interview / Discourse. After the readings and inclusion and exclusion criteria, the sample comprised eight studies, resulting in three categories: Masculinity and being a woman; The body in / out of the octagon; Physicality of female athletes. It is possible to verify that fighters subvert the speech of heteronormativity, fight and construct a social visibility beyond their body spectacularization.

A inserção das atletas nos esportes de combate rompe estereótipos sociais e revela novos olhares sobre a feminilidade. O estudo reflete o estado da arte da presença das mulheres atletas no Mixed Martial Arts. Realizamos uma busca de estudos em bases de dados com os descritores específicos MMA e Women, Qualitative/ Essay/ Interview/ Discourse. Após as leituras e seguindo critérios de inclusão e exclusão, oito estudos compuseram a amostra, resultando tais categorias: A masculinidade e o ser mulher; O corpo in/out no octógono; Fisicalidade das mulheres atletas. É possível verificar que que as lutadoras subvertem o discurso de heternonormatividade, lutam e constroem uma visibilidade social para além da espetacularização dos corpos.

La inserción de las atletas en los deportes de combate rompe estereotipos sociales y revela nuevas visiones sobre la feminidad. El estudio refleja el estado del arte de la presencia de las mujeres atletas en Mezcla Marcial Arts. Se realizó una busqueda, en bases de datos, con los descriptores específicos MMA y Women, Qualitative/ Essay/Interview/Discourse. Después de analizar, siguiendo criterios de inclusión y exclusión, ocho estudios compusieron la muestra, resultando en las categorías: La masculinidad y el ser mujer; El cuerpo in / out en el octógono; Anatomia de las mujeres atletas. Es posible verificar que las luchadoras subvierten el discurso de heternonormatividad, luchan y construyen una visibilidad social más allá de la espectacularización de los cuerpos.

Modern unexplored martial arts - what can mixed martial arts and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu do for youth development?

Contemporarily, two martial arts have emerged as highly popular among youth; Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ). Despite their popularity, we know little of how they affect individuals sociopsychologically. The current study sought to explore how the currently underexplored martial art disciplines may contribute to sociopsychological development among young people. In addition, it was investigated whether individuals who are predisposed to different traits may favour one sport over the other. This study was conducted with a longitudinal design; over the course of 5 months, 113 participants completed training in either condition. The results show that both groups displayed increased self-control and pro-social behaviour; however, MMA practitioners also reported increased aggressiveness, whereas BJJ practitioners experienced a decline in aggression. Accordingly, individuals who trained in MMA displayed substantially higher pre-existing aggression levels than the BJJ practitioners. The current results further corroborate research suggesting that modern martial arts and MMA may not be suitable for at-risk youth to practice, whereas traditional martial arts and sports with a healthy philosophical foundation may be effective in reducing antisocial behaviour while enhancing socially desirable behaviour among young people.

Injury rate and pattern among Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners: A survey study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the 6-month incidence rate and pattern of Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ)-related injuries and characterize associations between injuries and experience level, demographic factors, and training variables. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Online survey. PARTICIPANTS: 1287 adult BJJ practitioners. OUTCOME MEASURES: 6-month BJJ-related injury incidence, anatomical pattern of injuries, and injury-associated demographic and training variable identification. RESULTS: 59.2% of practitioners reported at least one injury over 6 months. The knee was the most common site. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated 6-month injury incidence was negatively associated with years of training and body weight, and positively associated with training days per week and instructor status. More experienced athletes were more likely to report low back injury, while less experienced athletes more frequently reported head, upper extremity, and elbow injuries. None of the following variables were predictive of injury risk: gi preference, instruction on break-falling, and participation in a structured beginner's program. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factor analysis is applicable to BJJ instructors interested in reducing student injury risk. The widespread pattern of injuries and the distinction between types of injuries sustained at different levels of experience are notable findings that sports medicine practitioners should keep in mind when working with BJJ athletes.

Acute Caffeine Ingestion did not Enhance Punch Performance in Professional Mixed-Martial Arts Athletes.

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport where competitors utilize strikes (punches, kicks, knees, and elbows) and submission techniques to defeat opponents in a cage or ring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on punching performance by professional MMA athletes. The study used a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover design. Eleven professional MMA competitors (27.6 ± 4.3 years and 83.5 ± 7.8 kg of body weight) ingested a dose of caffeine (5 mg·kg-1) or placebo 60 min prior to three sets of punching. Each set consisted of 15 s, at which participants were asked to perform straight punches with maximum strength and frequency with his dominant arm. After each set, a 45 s recovery time was applied. Using a force transducer attached to a cushioned plate, the punch frequency, and mean and maximal punch force was measured. The readiness to invest in both physical (RTIPE) and mental (RTIME) effort was assessed prior to the protocol, and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded after. Caffeine ingestion did not result in increased punching frequency, mean and maximum punch force, RTIPE, RTIME, and RPE when compared to the placebo condition. Based on these results, acute caffeine ingestion did not improve punching performance in professional MMA athletes.

Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Judo, and Mixed Martial Arts Injuries Presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2008-2015.

Limited research has systematically examined injuries resulting from Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ), Judo, and mixed martial arts (MMA), especially when compared to more well-known or -established martial arts. These three combative sports differ substantially regarding their rules and techniques. BJJ emphasizes ground positioning and submission, Judo rewards throwing an opponent on their back with submission ending the match, and MMA emphasizes knocking out or forcing the submission of one's opponent. We examined injuries, among people of any age, experienced from participation in BJJ, Judo, and MMA. We analyzed data from the United States (U.S.) Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System to create estimates of injuries presenting to U.S. emergency departments (EDs). We compared injury profiles between sports, including estimated numbers of injuries, their site, type, and mechanism. Participation in BJJ, Judo, and MMA resulted in an estimated 39,181 injuries presenting to U.S. EDs from 2008 through 2015. Strains and sprains were the most common diagnoses for BJJ and Judo participants, whereas abrasions/contusions were the most commonly diagnosed MMA injury. Being struck resulted in the majority of injuries for all three sports. The head was the most injured body region for BJJ and MMA, whereas the leg was the most injured body region for Judo. Finally, the majority of BJJ and Judo injuries occurred during noncompetitive grappling, whereas most MMA injuries occurred during competition. Our study adds to the limited literature examining injuries from BJJ, Judo, and MMA using data from a probability sample and is an initial step towards understanding the national burden of injury from participation in these sports. Given the quantity and severity of injuries sustained by participants, additional research is needed to assess the riskiness of participation and the effectiveness of interventions, such as improved personal protective gear and mats, as a means to prevent commonly occurring injuries.

Artes marciais mistas: luta por afirmação e mercado da luta / Mixed martial arts: fighting for statement and market of the fight / Artes marciales mixtas: lucha por la afirmación y mercado de la lucha

Resumo O artigo analisa o processo de construção das artes marciais mistas (MMA), descreve parte da história do valetudo no Brasil, de sua internacionalização, e identifica as marcas de ruptura entre o valetudo e o MMA. Foram consideradas como características próprias da transição do valetudo para o MMA: a profissionalização da categoria; a aceitação pelos veículos de comunicação; o acirramento do controle do corpo e dos códigos de moralidade no ethos dos lutadores; a criação de um novo produto para o mercado da luta; o deslocamento identitário dos lutadores, de representantes de determinada luta para lutadores de MMA.

Abstract This paper analyses the process of construction of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Describes part of the history of "valetudo" in Brazil, its internationalization and identifies the split between "valetudo" and MMA. Own characteristics considered as the transition from "valetudo" to MMA: the professional category; acceptance by media; the tightening of body control and codes of morality in the fighters' ethos; the creation of a new product to fight market; displacement identity of the "valetudo" fighters to MMA fighters.

Resumen El artículo analiza el proceso de construcción de las artes marciales mixtas (MMA). Describe parte de la historia del valetudo en Brasil, de su internacionalización e identifica la diferencia entre el valetudo y las MMA. Se consideraron como características propias de la transición del valetudo para las MMA: la profesionalización de la categoría; la aceptación por parte de los medios de comunicación; el refinamiento del control del cuerpo y del código moral en el ethos de los luchadores; la creación de un nuevo producto para el mercado de la lucha; el cambio identitario de los luchadores, de representantes de determinada lucha a luchadores de MMA.

Fallon Fox: um corpo queer no octógono / Fallon Fox: A queer body in the octagon / Un cuerpo queer en el octógono

Based on gender studies and Queer Theory, this paper analyzes Fallon Fox's place as a professional athlete in Mixed Martial Arts, more specifically, Fox' fight against Allanna Jones at the semifinals of the Championship Fighting Alliance. It examines 510 comments posted on three specific cultural media related to fighting sports, seeking to understand their users' discourses about participation of a transgender athlete. By analyzing empirical data, we found that the arguments pointing out the improper nature of the dispute were based on two perspectives: the use of legal and medical discourses to prove Fallon Fox's advantage over the opponent and transphobia, understood as aversion or repulsion

Fundamentado nos estudos de gênero e na teorização queer, este texto analisa a inserção de Fallon Fox como atleta profissional do Mixed Martial Arts, mais especificamente, a luta contra Allanna Jones nas semifinais do Championship Fighting Alliance. Para tanto, analisa 510 comentários postados em três artefatos culturais específicos de lutas, buscando apreender os discursos que seus usuários produziram sobre a participação de uma atleta transgênero. Da análise dos dados empíricos, foi possível identificar que os argumentos utilizados para justificar o caráter impróprio da disputa estavam assentados em duas perspectivas: a utilização de discursos jurídicos e médicos para atestar a vantagem de Fallon Fox sobre sua oponente e a transfobia, entendida como a aversão ou repulsa a pessoas trans

Fundamentado en los estudios de género y en la teorización queer, este texto analiza la inserción de Fallon Fox como atleta profesional del Mixed Martial Arts, más específicamente la lucha contraAllanna Jones en las semifinales Championship Fighting Alliance. Por lo tanto, analiza 510 comentarios publicados en tres artefactos culturales específicos de luchas, buscando aprehender los discursos que sus usuarios produjeron sobre la participación de una atleta transgénero. Del análisis de los datos empíricos, fue posible identificar que los argumentos utilizados para justificar el carácter impropio de la disputa estaban establecidos en dos perspectivas: la utilización de discursos jurídicos y médicos para certificar la ventaja de Fallon Fox sobre su oponente y la transfobia, entendida como la aversión o repulsión a las personas trans

Assessment of Injuries During Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Competition.

BACKGROUND: Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a unique style of martial arts with rapid growth in the United States and internationally. Although studies have examined injuries in other martial arts and combat sports, to date, no published medical study has examined injuries in BJJ competitions. PURPOSE: (1) To estimate the incidence of injuries in BJJ competitions and (2) to identify and describe the types and mechanisms of injuries associated with competitive BJJ. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: Injury data were obtained from records of on-site medical coverage at 8 statewide BJJ tournaments in Hawaii, USA, between 2005 and 2011. RESULTS: The identified injury incidence on the day of matches was 9.2 per 1000 exposures (46 injuries out of 5022 exposures, ie, match participations). Orthopaedic injuries were the most common and accounted for 78% of all injuries (n = 36), followed by costochondral or rib injuries (n = 7) and lacerations requiring medical care (n = 3). The elbow was found to be the joint most commonly injured during BJJ competitions, with the arm bar being the most common mechanism. We propose that this BJJ-specific injury mechanism, the "arm bar," be recognized as another mechanism of hyperextension injury to the elbow in sports. CONCLUSION: Comparison of the BJJ injury data with injury data reported for judo, taekwondo, wrestling, and mixed martial arts showed that BJJ competitors were at substantially lower risk of injury compared with these other sports. With orthopaedic injuries being most common and the elbow being the area most vulnerable to injury in BJJ, it is important that participants, referees, and physicians be properly educated about the unique mechanisms of injury that can occur, particularly to the elbow.

Resenha do livro "filho teu não foge a luta: como os lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial", escrito por Fellipe Awi, Editora Intrínseca, 2012 / A review of book "Filho teu não foge à luta: como lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial" / Un reseña del libro "Tu hijo no se niega a la lucha: cómo los luchadores brasileños convirtieron a los MMAs en un fenómeno mundial"

Resumo: A resenha do livro "Filho teu não foge à luta: como os lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial", fala da história do MMA (Mixed Martial Arts - Artes Marciais Mistas), escritas pelo jornalista Fellipe Awi. O autor traça a trajetória do esporte, a partir da criação do Jiu Jitsu brasileiro e dos desafios promovidos pela Familia Gracie, para tentar mostrar a superioridade de sua arte, que foi desenvolvida a partir das técnicas de uma arte marcial japonesa chamada Jujutsu. As lutas e eventos do antigo Vale-tudo e as modificações para esportivizar a modalidade foram uma das justificativas fundamentais para o crescimento deste esporte no entendimento do autor, além dos relatos dos personagens que fazem parte desta história. Algumas críticas são feitas de acordo com referências obtidas pelos resenhistas, existindo até algumas discordâncias com os relatos do autor do livro. Awi narra a história, mostrando os brasileiros como principais personagens e peças fundamentais para o surgimento do MMA, além de todo o processo que tornou esta luta em um esporte mais aceito pelo público, retirando a pecha de violento, e que movimenta grandes somas em dinheiro no inicio deste século XXI. A resenha conta as histórias narradas pelo autor, com relatos de personagens famosos do mundo das lutas e que fizeram parte da criação do fenômeno esportivo que está entre um dos que mais cresce no mundo.

Abstract: A review of book "Filho teu não foge à luta: como lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial" is about of MMA ( Mixed Martial Arts), written by journalist Santino Awi (2012). The author writes the history of the sport from the point of the creation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and the fighters promoted by Gracie Family in the beginning of last century. Showing the superiority of this fight/art, the author argues that developed of these techniques are taken from Japanese martial art called Jujutsu. The well-known fights in the past named "Vale-Tudo" and the necessary changes to make MMA less violent are the reasons for the audience interest in this fight in author opinion. In addition of that, some of the most important MMA characters are part of the book narrative, showing how difficult was in the begging to make MMA become a sport with rules and penalties accepted for all federations. Some critics are made by the reviewers and they are included in the book review. Specific author information's are different from reviewer's references. Awi also tells the main role of Brazilian fighters. Their traveling around the world, mainly to USA and the spread of fighters clubs in this country. The book review tells the stories narrated by the author, with reports of famous characters from the world of fighting and took part in the creation of sporting phenomenon that is among the fastest growing and well successful in the world.

Resumen: Un reseña del libro "Tu hijo no se niega a la lucha: cómo los luchadores brasileños convirtieron a los MMAs en un fenómeno mundial", cuenta la historia de los MMA (Mixed Martial Arts - Artes Marciales Mixtas), escrita por el periodista Fellipe Awi. El autor traza la trayectoria de este deporte, desde la creación del Jiu Jitsu brasileño y los desafíos promovidos por la familia Gracie, para tratar de demostrar la superioridad de su arte, que se desarrolló a partir de las técnicas de un arte marcial japonés llamado Jujutsu. Según el autor, las luchas y los eventos de la antigua Vale-Todo y las modificaciones hechas para convertir la modalidad en un deporte fueron una de las razones fundamentales para el crecimiento de este deporte, junto con los relatos de los personajes que forman parte de esta historia. Algunas críticas se hacen con base en las referencias obtenidas por los reseñistas, inclusivamente presentando unas discordancias con los relatos del autor del libro. Awi narra la historia, mostrando a los brasileños como personajes principales y piezas fundamentales para el surgimiento de los MMA junto con todo el proceso que convirtió a esta lucha en un deporte más aceptado por el público, eliminando su mancha violenta, y que mueve grandes sumas de dinero desde el inicio de este siglo XXI. La reseña cuenta las historias narradas por el autor, con relatos de personajes famosos del mundo de las luchas que participaron en la creación de este fenómeno deportivo que hoy cuenta con una de las mayores tasas de crecimiento del mundo