Exploring the relationship between early cognitive ability and age-60 sleep quality: The Newcastle Thousand Families Study birth cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Poor sleep quality has been linked to adverse health outcomes. It is important to understand factors contributing to sleep quality. Previous research has suggested increased cognition and education duration have a protective effect on sleep quality in old age. This study aimed to assess the hypothesis that age-11 intelligence quotient and highest achieved education level are associated with subjective sleep quality at age 60. METHODS: Participants are members of the Newcastle Thousand Families Study birth cohort, all born in 1947. Data included a calculated intelligence quotient score based on participant's 11-plus exam results, highest achieved education level, social class at ages 25 and 50 and global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at age 60. Multivariable regression analysis was used to investigate effect sizes of variables on global PSQI, which formed the basis of a path analysis model. RESULTS: After excluding participants with incomplete data, and those who had been diagnosed with sleep apnea, 251 participants were included in the path analysis model. Education level was associated with global PSQI (R=-0.653; 95% CI -1.161, -0.145; P = .012) but age-11 intelligence quotient was not. While a similar association was seen for women in the stratified analysis, no such associations were seen for men. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show an inverse relationship between education level, but not childhood intelligence quotient, and sleep quality in later life, in women only. Future research is needed to examine the mechanism underlying this relationship.

Path analysis reveals combined winter climate and pollution effects on the survival of a marine top predator.

Marine ecosystems are experiencing growing pressure from multiple threats caused by human activities, with far-reaching consequences for marine food webs. Determining the effects of multiple stressors is complex, in part, as they can affect different aspects of biological organisation (behaviour, individual traits and demographic rates). Determining the combined effects of stressors, through different biological pathways, is key to predict the consequences for the viability of populations threatened by global change. Due to their position in the food chain, top predators such as seabirds are considered more sensitive to environmental changes. Climate change is affecting the prey resources available for seabirds, through bottom-up effects, while organic pollutants can bioaccumulate in food chains with the greatest impacts on top predators. However, knowledge of their combined effects on population dynamics is scarce. Using a path analysis, we quantify the effects of climate change and pollution on the survival of adult great black-backed gulls, both directly and through effects of individuals' body mass. Warmer ocean temperatures in gulls' winter foraging areas in the North Sea were correlated with higher survival, potentially explained by shifts in prey availability associated with global climate change. We also found support for indirect negative effects of organochlorines, highly toxic pollutants to seabirds, on survival, which acted, in part, through a negative effect on body mass. The results from this path analysis highlight how, even for such long-lived species where variance in survival tends to be limited, two stressors still have had a marked influence on adult survival and illustrate the potential of path models to improve predictions of population variability under multiple stressors.

Dynamic path analysis for exploring treatment effect mediation processes in clinical trials with time-to-event endpoints.

Why does a beneficial treatment effect on a longitudinal biomarker not translate into overall treatment benefit on survival, when the biomarker is in fact a prognostic factor of survival? In a recent exploratory data analysis in oncology, we were faced with this seemingly paradoxical result. To address this problem, we applied a theoretically principled methodology called dynamic path analysis, which allows us to perform mediation analysis with a longitudinal mediator and survival outcome. The aim of the analysis is to decompose the total treatment effect into a direct treatment effect and an indirect treatment effect mediated through a carefully constructed mediation path. The dynamic nature of the underlying methodology enables us to describe how these effects evolve over time, which can add to the mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes. In this paper, we present a detailed description of the dynamic path analysis framework and illustrate its application to survival mediation analysis using simulated and real data. The use case analysis provides clarity on the specific exploratory question of interest while the methodology generalizes to a wide range of applications in drug development where time-to-event is the primary clinical outcome of interest.

Factors influencing recommendation intentions for autonomous vehicles: A path analysis in a pilot study.

Over the past decade, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has propelled the transition of autonomous vehicles from laboratories to real-world applications. However, autonomous vehicles are a long way from fully integrating into most people's lives. Previous studies indicate that the word-of-mouth effect is often used by consumers to determine the quality of innovative technologies. Word-of-mouth recommendation can not only increase the income of enterprises by attracting new customers, but also greatly reduce the promotion and publicity expenses of enterprises. Through the word-of-mouth effect, the intention to recommend can contribute to the growth of the autonomous driving market. Therefore, current research explores the mechanisms among the perceived risk of privacy safety, perceived defect, perceived behavioral control, intention to use, and intention to recommend through path analysis. Our findings, based on 433 online questionnaires, indicate that the perceived risk of privacy safety, perceived defects, and perceived behavioral control influence the intention to recommend. Notably, perceived risk of privacy safety and perceived defect directly affects the intention to recommend and also correlates with perceived behavioral control. These findings provide some empirical evidence for the recommendation of autonomous vehicles and the expansion of consumer groups.

Composition and influencing factors of hospitalization expenses for epilepsy patients based on path analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to understand the composition and influencing factors of epilepsy patients' hospitalization expenses, thus providing a reference for reducing the disease burden of epilepsy patients in low- and middle-income developing countries. METHODS: A total of 4206 hospitalized cases of epilepsy from 2018 to 2020 were collected. Descriptive statistics were used to understand the patient cost composition, path analysis was used to understand the direct and indirect factors of hospitalization expenses. RESULTS: From 2018 to 2020, the average hospitalization expenses for epilepsy patients was 4,299.93 RMB yuan, and the average length of stay was 2.47 days. The highest proportion of hospitalization expenses was diagnosis costs (> 50%), followed by comprehensive medical service costs and drug costs. In terms of the total effect coefficient, the major factors affecting the hospitalization expenses were length of stay (0.880), emergency admission(0.463), and the comorbidities and complications(> 0.250). Hospital length of stay, discharge mode(death) and number of hospitalizations(2 times) affect hospitalization expenses through direct effect. Long-term hospitalization (> 30 days), admission routes(emergency), the comorbidities and complications, presence of drug allergy, and age also affect hospitalization expenses through indirect effects. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis costs and length of stay are important factors affecting the medical expenses of epilepsy inpatients. In general, the quality control of the hospital is good, but it still needs to standardize the diagnosis and treatment behavior of medical staff through the clinical path.

The relationship between good governance, social support, and perceived discrimination with mental health through the mediation role of quality of life: a cross-sectional path analysis in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Recognizing the established link between social determinants of health, such as social support, good governance, and perceived discrimination, and individual mental health, this study aims to delve deeper into the specific relationships within the Iranian adult population. It seeks to elucidate the potential mediating role of quality of life in the association between mental health disorders (MHDs) and these social factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study employed path analysis to investigate the relationships between social determinants of health and MHDs among 725 Iranian adults in Tabriz, Northwest Iran. Data collection occurred between March and September 2022, utilizing a multi-stage and cluster sampling approach. Good governance, social support, perceived discrimination, MHDs, and quality of life were assessed using valid questionnaires. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS-24 and Lisrel-8 software, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: This study found that nearly 70.0% of the participants reported experiencing mental health problems. The path analysis showed that good governance had a significant indirect and negative effect on MHDs via quality of life (ß = -0.05; P < 0.05). Major racial discrimination had a positive relationship in the direct and indirect paths (ß = 0.24; P < 0.01). While, social support was a directly and indirectly significant predictor of decreased MHDs (ß = -0.17, p < 0.01). Furthermore, quality of life had a negative relationship on the indirect path with MHDs (ß = -0.24, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a significant burden of mental health issues among Iranian adults. It highlights the crucial role of social factors like good governance, social support, and perceived discrimination in shaping mental health through their impact on quality of life. Consequently, addressing these factors through improved governance, strengthened social support systems, and active efforts to reduce discrimination is essential for promoting mental well-being.

Diet specialization mediates drivers of Cucurbita herbivory in a semi-arid agroecosystem.

Herbivory is a major fitness pressure for plants and a key driver of crop losses in agroecosystems. Dense monocultures are expected to favor specialist herbivorous insects, particularly those who primarily consume crop species; yet, levels and types of herbivory are not uniform within regional cropping systems. It is essential to determine which local and regional ecological factors drive variation in herbivory in order to support functional agroecosystems that rely less on chemical inputs. Crops in the genus Cucurbita host a suite of both generalist and specialist herbivores that inflict significant damage, yet little is known about the relative contribution of these herbivores to variation in herbivory and how local- and landscape-scale Cucurbita resource concentrations, management practices, and natural enemies mediate this relationship. In this study, we tested whether three foundational ecological hypotheses influenced Cucurbita herbivory across 20 pumpkin fields in the semi-arid Southern High Plains Region of Texas. We used generalized linear mixed models and confirmatory path analysis to assess whether the Density-dependent Herbivory Hypothesis, Resource Concentration Hypothesis, or the Natural Enemies Hypothesis, could explain variation in Cucurbita herbivory and insect dynamics in the context of conventional agronomic practices. We found that herbivory increased over time, indicating that herbivores were causing sustained damage throughout the growing season. We also found that fields with higher local Cucurbita resources had lower herbivory, suggesting a resource dilution effect. Natural enemy communities were more abundant and taxonomically rich in sites with greater generalist herbivore abundance, though predator abundance declined over time, indicating that late-season crop fields are most at risk given high herbivory and low natural enemy-based control. Our findings also suggest that while local resource availability may drive the abundance and richness of arthropod communities, additional agronomic and phenological information is needed to anticipate herbivory risk in an agriculturally dominated landscape.

The relationship between attachment, primary emotions and positive/negative spirituality: a path analysis.

Objective: The present study investigates what may influence individuals to experience their religiosity/spirituality as either subjectively positive [religious or spiritual (r/s) wellbeing] or as negative (r/s struggles). Drawing on existing literature attachment insecurity and the seven primary emotions as outlined by Jaak Panksepp in Affective Neuroscience are identified as likely influences. Methods: The final sample consisted of 340 participants (age: M = 36, SD = 14.2; 68.5% = female), among which 65% self-identified as religious/spiritual. A path analysis was conducted to test a proposed mediation model in which the expected effects of primary emotions (B-ANPS) on r/s wellbeing (MI-RSWB) and r/s struggles (RSSS) were mediated through attachment insecurity (ECR-RD8). Results: The data indicated that attachment insecurity fully mediated the relationships between the primary emotions SADNESS and LUST with r/s struggles. Furthermore, the primary emotions FEAR and ANGER displayed small direct effects on both r/s struggles and r/s wellbeing. Overall, the model, which demonstrated excellent model fit, was able to explain 30% of the variance of r/s struggles, 24% of attachment insecurity and 5% of r/s wellbeing. Conclusions: The findings suggest that primary emotions such as SADNESS and LUST substantially explain r/s struggles and that these relationships seem to be mediated through attachment. Moreover, r/s struggles seem to be qualitatively distinct from r/s wellbeing. Finally, a moderate link between LUST and attachment suggests that sexuality plays a significant role in (adult) attachment processes.

In what ways does placeness affect people's behavior? Focusing on personal place attachment and public place image as connecting parameter.

Placeness is believed to play a significant role in enhancing the well-being and place-use of individuals, contributing profoundly to how spaces are experienced and interacted with. Despite its perceived importance, there is ongoing debate and insufficient clarity about how exactly placeness influences people's behavior. This study aims to bridge this gap by theorizing and investigating the pathways from placeness to people's behavioral intentions, emphasizing the roles of personal place attachment and public place image as pivotal mediators in this relationship. To explore these dynamics, we conducted a survey in Japan, examining the complex interplay between placeness and behavioral intentions, given their rich cultural heritage and modern urban pressures. We employed the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) approach for path analysis. The analysis suggests that placeness influences behavioral intention through personal place attachment. While placeness does affect public place image, this public image does not have an impact on behavioral intention. The results demonstrated that an individual's activities, experiences, and cognition of a place are significant factors in creating the intention to engage in word-of-mouth, recommendation, and revisiting behaviors. Policymakers, urban planners, and designers need to understand how to foster people's behavioral intentions when creating a place imbued with placeness.

Scientific epistemology beliefs and acceptance of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A multigroup analysis based on the UTAUT model in Southern China.

Purpose: This study for the first time delves into the intricate relationship between scientific literacy and the acceptance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by employing a multigroup path analysis based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. We adopted Scientific Epistemology Belief (SEB) as an indicator for measuring scientific literacy due to its comprehensive reflection of individuals' understanding of scientific knowledge and knowing. In assessing TCM acceptance, we focused on Chinese parents' receptivity towards pediatric TCM, as it offers a more genuine representation of actual inclinations. Methods: A convenience sample of 1016 Chinese parents in Southern China was assessed using online Likert-scale questionnaires on SEB and UTAUT determinants (including performance expectancy, social influence, risk awareness, and facilitating conditions). A K-means cluster analysis was employed to discern distinct SEB profiles, followed by a multigroup path analysis to ascertain UTAUT model variations across these profiles. Results: Five SEB profiles were identified, namely, intermediate, absolutistic, multiplistic, sophisticated, and evidence-based. Evidence-based believers manifested the highest pediatric TCM acceptance, albeit with elements of blind faith, while multiplistic skeptics, prone to questioning everything, displayed the least acceptance. The absolutistic, intermediate, and sophisticated demonstrated moderate TCM acceptance levels, with the intermediate profile outscoring both absolutistic and sophisticated. These findings highlight that individuals with high scientific literacy do not blindly endorse TCM, nor do those with limited scientific understanding fully appreciate TCM's merits. Conclusion: SEB significantly moderates TCM acceptance factors in the UTAUT model, indicating that extremes in scientific knowledge spectrum result in less balanced TCM perspectives. Our findings pave the way for novel insights into harmonizing modern and traditional medical practices.

Factors associated with intention of HIV testing among Asian American men: a path analysis.

Research has pointed to myriad cultural and socio-psychological factors associated with HIV testing, such as acculturation, social norms about HIV testing, masculinity, homonegativity, and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior. However, the interrelationships of these factors on the intentions of HIV testing among the population of Asian American men remains unknown. A dataset of 425 Asian American men in the U.S., collected online with convenience sampling method during 2020-2021, was analyzed to test a conceptual framework that aimed to fill this gap. Results from a path model with two endogenous variables (homonegativity and HIV testing intention) indicated that perceived social norms about HIV testing, attitude about HIV testing, and perceived HIV risk had directandindirect relationships with the intentions of HIV testing in the study population. However, social norms about HIV testing and perceived HIV risk showed stronger direct effects (standardized estimates = 0.37 and 0.34, respectively, p-value < 0.001). Additionally, we found that the relationships of these factors with HIV testing intention were also mediated by homonegativity. Findings from this study advance our understanding of pathways of associations between a host of cultural and socio-psychological factors with HIV testing intention among an understudied population - Asian American men. Our results will help inform the development of future intervention programs to increase HIV testing in this population.

Determinants of the intention to use mHealth in the future: Evidence from an intervention study of patients with chronic diseases in Slovenia.

BACKGROUND: Mobile health (mHealth) implementation is crucial for developing sustainable healthcare systems, but it faces the challenge of user acceptance. Extending traditional acceptance models allows for the cognitive, emotional and social aspects of engaging with mHealth to be captured, creating a more comprehensive understanding of users' intentions to use it in the future. User-centred intervention studies based on users' real experiences with mHealth are essential for accurate assessments and for improving upon studies that rely merely on anticipated mHealth use. METHODS: An intervention study was conducted with 103 patients with at least one chronic condition (type 2 diabetes and/or arterial hypertension) who had used an mHealth service for three months. They were recruited through purposive sampling at a community health centre in Slovenia. Path analysis was applied to the survey data collected after a three-month testing period to validate an explanatory model with eight hypotheses. RESULTS: The intensity of mHealth use affected usability, which in turn affected acceptability, the psychosocial impacts of engagement with mHealth and intention for future use. The results showed that the intensity of mHealth use did not affect mHealth acceptability. Likewise, acceptability did not affect the psychosocial impacts of engagement with mHealth or the intention for its future use. Notably, perceptions of the psychosocial impacts of mHealth had no significant effect on the intention for future use. CONCLUSION: Usability and intensity of use play a central role in the post-intervention usage of mHealth, offering valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare providers involved in the delivery of mHealth-based treatment to patients with chronic diseases.

Association between blood groups and myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study.

Blood group is a potential genetic element in coronary artery disease. Nevertheless, the relationship between different ABO blood groups and myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) is poorly understood. This study verified whether ABO blood group is a potential MINS influencing factor. This retrospective cohort study included 1201 patients who underwent elective non-cardiac surgery and a mandatory troponin test on postoperative days 1 and 2 from 2019 to 2020 at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. The primary outcome was associations between ABO blood groups and MINS, assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic-regression analyses. Path analysis was used to investigate direct and indirect effects between blood group and MINS. MINS incidence (102/1201, 8.5%) was higher in blood-type B patients than in non-B patients [blood-type B: 44/400 (11.0%) vs. non-B: 58/801 (7.2%); adjusted odds ratio = 1.57 (1.03-2.38); p = 0.036]. In the confounding factor model, preoperative hypertension and coronary artery disease medical history were associated with MINS risk [adjusted odds ratio: 2.00 (1.30-3.06), p = 0.002; 2.81 (1.71-4.61), p < 0.001, respectively]. Path analysis did not uncover any mediating role for hypertension, diabetes, or coronary artery disease between blood type and MINS. Therefore, blood-type B is associated with higher MINS risk; potential mediators of this association need to be investigated.

Using cardiorespiratory fitness to operationalize vitality: a path analysis on the hierarchical structure of intrinsic capacity.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of consensus about the operationalization of vitality, which is one of the intrinsic capacity (IC) domains. In particular, no study has investigated whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) can be considered a vitality indicator. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether vitality is the upstream domain of IC, and establish the validity of CRF as a vitality indicator, using maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) as a representative. METHODS: 561 older adults from a longitudinal cohort study were included. Variables under consideration were VO2 max, other IC domains, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and handgrip strength, which was considered an already validated indicator of vitality. Using handgrip strength as the reference point, path analyses were performed to examine whether VO2 max followed a similar hierarchical structure in predicting change in IADL difficulty through other IC domains. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 75.5 years. The path model in which vitality was measured by VO2 max demonstrated adequate fit, which was similar to the model in which vitality was measured by handgrip strength. Regarding the path coefficients, the model using VO2 max demonstrated significant total and indirect effects. Notably, the indirect effect was due to the locomotor domain (standardized coefficient = -0.148, p < .001), but not the cognitive or psychological domain. CONCLUSION: Vitality is the upstream domain of IC. VO2 max can be considered an indicator to operationalize the vitality concept.

Spatiotemporal drivers of Nature's contributions to people: A county-level study.

Nature's contributions to people (NCP) encompass both the beneficial and detrimental effects of living nature on human quality of life, including regulatory, material, and non-material contributions. Globally, vital NCPs have been deteriorating, accelerated by changes in both natural and anthropogenic drivers over recent decades. Despite the often inevitable trade-offs between NCPs due to their spatially and temporally uneven distributions, few studies have quantitatively assessed the impacts of different drivers on the spatial and temporal changes in multiple NCPs and their interrelationships. Here we evaluate the effects of precipitation, temperature, population, gross domestic product, vegetation restoration, and urban expansion on four key regulatory NCPs-habitat maintenance, climate regulation, water quantity regulation, and soil protection-in Nei Mongol at the county level. We observe increasing trends in climate regulation and soil protection from 2000 to 2019, contrasted with declining trends in habitat maintenance and water quantity regulation. We have identified the dominant positive and negative drivers influencing each NCP across individual counties, finding that natural drivers predominantly overpowered anthropogenic drivers. Furthermore, we discover significant spatial disparities in the trade-off or synergy relationships between NCPs across the counties. Our findings illustrate how the impacts of various drivers on NCPs and their interrelationships can be quantitatively evaluated, offering significant potential for application in various spatial scales. With an understanding of trade-offs and scale effects, these insights are expected to support and inform policymaking at both county and provincial levels.

Do digital health information searches of individuals with chronic diseases affect health literacy and patient empowerment? A path analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the relationship between chronically ill patients' behaviors in acquiring and verifying health information from a digital environment with health literacy and patient empowerment using a structural equation modeling approach. METHODS: This study was carried out in a public hospital in Turkey between February and May 2023. The study consisted of 365 participants and used descriptive and correlation-based designs for statistical analyses. It also executed computations for descriptive statistics and correlations to carry out a path analysis to assess model fitness and to identify direct and indirect effects. RESULTS: This study identified that Web 1.0 and health information acquisition and digital verification variables statistically and significantly affected access to information, understanding information, appraisal (valuing)/evaluation, and application/use variables. The study also found that access to information variables was statistically significant on identity/identicalness, self-control, decision-making, and recognition and comprehension. The tested model fit the data well and adequately explained the direct effects of the variables. CONCLUSION: The study concluded by suggestively improving the chronically ill patients' media or digital literacy levels through special training to stimulate their internet use effectively.

Determinants of sedentary behavior in community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes based on the behavioral change wheel: a path analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior (SB) is deeply ingrained in the daily lives of community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the specific underlying mechanisms of the determinants associated with SB remain elusive. We aimed to explore the determinants of SB based on the behavior change wheel framework as well as a literature review. METHODS: This cross-sectional study recruited 489 community-dwelling older adults with T2DM in Jinan City, Shandong Province, China. Convenience sampling was used to select participants from relevant communities. This study used the Measure of Older Adults' Sedentary Time-T2DM, the Abbreviated-Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale, the Social Support Rating Scale, the Lubben Social Network Scale 6, the Subjective Social Norms Questionnaire for Sedentary Behavior, the Functional Activities Questionnaire, the Numerical Rating Scale, the Short Physical Performance Battery, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Text to assess the levels of and the determinants of SB. Descriptive statistical analysis and path analysis were conducted to analyze and interpret the data. RESULTS: Pain, cognitive function, social isolation, and social support had direct and indirect effects on SB in community-dwelling older adults with T2DM (total effects: ß = 0.426, ß = -0.171, ß = -0.209, and ß = -0.128, respectively), and physical function, walking environment, and social function had direct effects on patients' SB (total effects: ß = -0.180, ß = -0.163, and ß = 0.127, respectively). All the above pathways were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The path analysis showed that the model had acceptable fit indices: RMSEA = 0.014, χ 2/df = 1.100, GFI = 0.999, AGFI = 0.980, NFI = 0.997, RFI = 0.954, IFI = 1.000, TLI = 0.996, CFI = 1.000. CONCLUSION: Capability (physical function, pain, and cognitive function), opportunity (social isolation, walking environment, and social support), and motivation (social function) were effective predictors of SB in community-dwelling older adults with T2DM. Deeper knowledge regarding these associations may help healthcare providers design targeted intervention strategies to decrease levels of SB in this specific population.

Examining the Relation Between Early Violence Exposure and Firearm-Related Experiences in Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Firearms are a leading cause of death among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Early exposure to violence, as a victim or witness, is associated with increased risk of firearm-related experiences, including carrying and threatening others with a gun. These experiences, in turn, increase the risk of both fatal and non-fatal firearm injuries. Using an ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults, we build on prior research by examining the link between early violence exposure at multiple contexts of the social-ecological model and multiple firearm-related experiences (i.e., firearm-threatening victimization, firearm-threatening perpetration, and firearm carriage). We analyzed data from a 10-year longitudinal study of 1042 youth in the Southern United States. Experiencing childhood physical abuse was associated with both firearm-threatening victimization and perpetration in emerging adulthood. Additionally, exposure to neighborhood and interparental violence were linked to threatening others with firearms and carrying firearms, respectively. Counter to expectations, bullying victimization did not emerge as a predictor of any firearm-related experiences. Findings highlight the importance of cross-cutting violence prevention efforts to prevent high-risk firearm-related behaviors among emerging adults. Programs for children and adolescents that address these types of violence exposure should highlight coping skills and sources of positive social support to bolster protective factors against firearm-related outcomes.

Labor linkages and flow paths of industry in China.

As economic power increases and market patterns adapt, labor becomes an increasingly significant factor of production. However, there is a dearth of discourse regarding the structural changes that have occurred in the correlation of the labor force across industries, as well as a visual representation of the labor force's movement across industries. To quantify and analyze the correlation effect with greater precision, it is necessary to establish an input-output model as the foundation of analysis, comparing the changes in the total output of the economic system prior to and subsequent to the exclusion using the vertical integration algorithm. By decomposing the path structure, the average propagation distance of the labor force population's demand for each industry can be determined. By employing labor force population data from the corresponding years and China's input-output tables published by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) from 2005 to 2020, this study conducts a quantitative analysis of the correlation effect between labor force population and the trend of its transfer across 19 industries. The findings indicate that the correlation effect between labor force and population is most pronounced in the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, the construction sector faces an especially critical requirement for labor force personnel from other industries. The article culminates with a recommendation that the government enhance its macro-control endeavors to address labor market risk shocks and take an active stance in response to labor market fluctuations.

Impacts of different slash disposals on soil and water erosion of high-intensity management Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla plantation.

Background: The slash disposal-burning forest-in high-intensity management Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla plantation has accelerated soil degradation. Statement of the problem: Slash disposals is a contributing factor, but its specific role in the correlation between rainfall-runoff and soil erosion remains elusive. Objectives: his study investigated the characteristics of rainfall-runoff and soil erosion resistance in different methods of slash disposals in plantation. Methods: Three methods of slash disposal, namely burning forest (BF), moving away (MA), and spreading evenly (SE), were established. A field simulation experiment of rainfall was conducted, and path analysis was used. Results: The findings revealed that the water holding, infiltrating properties and the time the rainfall-runoff generated of SE were increased by approximately 10∼20 %, 100 %, and 80 %, respectively, compared with BF and MA. Water loss, soil loss and nutrient loss were significantly reduced by 62.23 % and 61.56 %, 69.06 % and 49.55 %, and 58.8 % and 65.42 % in SE and BF compared to MA. Path analysis suggested that different from BF and MA, the correlation between soil water properties and rainfall-runoff factors in SE was weakened, simultaneously considering the result that SE had the lower proportions of silt for sediment component (75.31 %), it stabilized the soil structure. Conclusions and prospect: Consequently, SE mitigated the erosion force by reducing rainfall-runoff and enhancing the anti-erosion of soil through improved water properties, making it a viable slash disposal. This work provides a detailed description of the soil erosion characteristics of plantation, including water, soil, and nutrient losses caused by rainfall-runoff, as well as the soil anti-erosion due to different slash disposals. These findings offer valuable insights for the management of high-intensity Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla plantations.